An Exploration of the Cultural Landscape Model of Zhuge Village

Transcription

1 sustainability Article An Exploration Cultural Landscape Model Village Li Xu 1,2, * and Shang-Chia Chiou 1 1 Graduate School Design, National Yunlin University Science & Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; chiousc@yuntech.edu.tw 2 Shang Institute Design, China Academy Art, Hangzhou , China * Correspondence: D @yuntech.edu.tw; Tel.: Received: 6 July 2018; Accepted: 31 August 2018; Published: 5 September 2018 Abstract: Since ancient times, China has adhered to designing human settlement based on concept defending emperor and safeguarding ordinary. With its spatial structure in accordance with Chinese ancient strategist Liang s art war Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation and in line with terrain natural landscape, Village, settlement Liang s descendants in middle Zhejiang Province, has formed a landscape model featuring cultural characteristics. Using literature research, field research, schema cognition and analysis method, this paper investigates and analyzes aspects such as siting settlement, spatial layout, landscape images, ritual activities, and landscape changes so as to explore concepts from ancient art war to spatial design as well as analyze its landscape forms and construction its landscape model. The paper aims to reveal how designer Village transformed spatial deployment battle formation in ancient art war into spatial landscape model living and working in peace and contentment. In addition, this paper intends to explore cultural landscape model traditional settlement on basis Chinese traditional cultural symbol, Eight Trigrams, in hope that it will provide some inspiration for urban public landscape design in China. Keywords: cultural; landscape; village; Liang; Battle Formation 1. Introduction In Timeless Way Building (1994:162), Christopher Alexander points out that, se worldwide models that we fashion are none or than ideas that we create; we imagine, conceive, create, and construct living models in world, because we have equivalent imaginative models in our mind. [1] Feng shui ( 風水 ) (Feng shui: We use Chinese Pinyin to translate traditional Chinese concepts/terms, unless re are internationally accepted translations such as Taoism ( 道教 ).) in Chinese architecture is a spatial model designed by combining ancient spatial science and culture. During Tang ( 唐 ) and Song ( 宋 ) dynasties, Chinese cultural center moved to south, resulting in prevalence Feng shui in south Yangtze River. First, Guo Pu ( 郭璞 ), founder Feng shui (Guo Pu Jin Dynasty wrote in Book Burial ( 葬書 ) [2]: Confucian classics said that, Qi (Energy) is dispersed by wind and absorbed by water, so ancients conserve it and make it continuous; that s so called Feng shui. The ory Feng shui is a comprehensive natural science consisting varied disciplines such as geophysics, hydrogeology, cosmology, meteorology, environmental landscape, architecture, ecology and bioinformatics. It aims to observe and understand natural environment deliberately, utilize and transform nature so as to create a nice living environment.), exerted a huge influence on construction settlement layout. Second, Yang Yun-song ( 楊雲松 ), Feng shui master, introduced Feng shui to Jiangxi Province and gradually created school Xing Shi ( 形勢派 ) telling fortune according to geographical formation Sustainability 2018, 10, 3172; doi: /su

2 ER REVIEW 9 18 m Eight-Sided Battle Formation based on verbal descriptions in gdoms. Table 2 presents and interprets whole arrangements based on Sustainability 2018, 10, e Palaces. The arrangement Eight-Sided Battle Formation and Eight Trigrams ( 文王八卦方位 ) are positioned according to Eight line with Square-Field landscape. ( 井地 Last, ), School which are Li displayed Qi ( 理氣派 in Figure ) in Fujian 3 and Province was formed by combing Feng shui eaven qian and ( 乾 ) Taiji trigram ( 太極 ( ) (Taiji: symbol It is heaven) culturein Chinese northwest; Taoism an important concept, refers to state ake kan ( 坎 ) trigram most primitive ( symbol order water) universe, in back, including belonging yin and to yang differentiation and interdependence, elements ( 五行 ); including formation yin and Cloud yang differentiation gen ( 艮 ) trigram and interdependence. ( symbol First seen in Zhuangzi [3]: Dao ( 大道 ), east, with clouds Above coming Taijiout but not toomountain; high ), Eight formation Trigrams Green ( 八卦 ) ( eight trigrams: It is from in Book ram ( symbol Changes thunder) [4], on translation left, belonging sound: to wood eight ( 木 ) within trigrams, include: 乾 qian, 坤 kun, 震 zhen, 巽 xun, 坎 kan, on White Tiger 离 li, 艮 dui gen, ( 兌 dui, ) trigram used ( to symbolize pond) nature on and right, various personnel in world, and deduct ithin five elements; relationship formation between m.) Earth based on kun ( 坤 founder ) trigram ( Neo-Confucianism, and its interpretation thwest; formation ory. It Rosefinch is a mamatics-based li ( 离 ) trigram genre, ( symbol core fire) which is to determine state Jiugong fire ( 火 ) within Feixing five 九宮飛星 elements; ( Jiugong formation Feixing : ItWind is core xun ( Liqi 巽 ) School Feng shui School, which reflects d) in souast; truth main formation Feng shui and round. nucleus Nine Stars Eight-Sided are one white, two black, three blue, four green, troops ( 中軍 ) with five a commander yellow, six white, in seven center, red, belonging eight white to soil and( 土 nine ) within purple. Nine Palaces is also called Luoshu erning Eight-Sided ( 洛書 ) Battle arrangement, Formation, surrounded trajectory by meteor formation moving in order Luoshu with Zhonggong ry. Toger with ( 中宮 ) 24 as mobile starting troops point) cavalry, ory. InEight-Sided a word, with Battle emphasis on importance Nine complementary Squares spatial and system Eight which Trigrams, combines yinmotion and yang, and stillness, five elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth), ge. movement emanative material forces, and twenty four azimuths, Neo-Confucianism and Mind studies in Song and Ming ( 明 ) dynasties all contributed to development Feng shui [5]. Designed on basis Eight Trigrams and in line with terrain natural landscape, Village is situated at juncture school Xing Shi and school Li Qi Combining strategist Liang s ( 諸葛亮 ) ( Liang ( ) was ancestor Village, Three Kingdoms Period China ( ), The Shu State, an outstanding politician and strategist. He created The Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation and deducted art war.) art war 2. kun 9.li Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation ( 八陣圖 ) (The Diagram Eight-sided Battle Formation was recorded (Earth) first in Three Kingdoms, Shu Book Volume 5 Liang Zhuan [6]) (Rosefinch) and local prevalent idea Feng shui, settlement constructs cultural model system with traditional Chinese cultural characteristics. Specifically speaking, village lays out space according to model Eight Trigrams symbolizing universe, and extends practical wisdom Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation in Liang s art war integrating physical environments such as mountains, 7. rivers and buildings, trying to make m correspondent to Heaven, Earth, 5.middle Man, Deity and constructing Dui an integrated world Heaven, Earth, Man, Deity. Beyond that, in accordance with oretic on soil (Tiger system Book Changes ( An Interpretation Eight Trigrams within Book Change ( version Zhou Dynasty) introduced cosmology ) Eight Trigrams : The qian trigram is Heaven, kun trigram is Earth, zhen trigram is Thunder, xun trigram ismetal Wind, kan trigram is Water, li trigram is Fire, gen trigram is Mountain, dui trigram is Pond.) and on basis connection between Heaven and Man and law nature [7], whole settlement shapes cultural landscape model in conformity with n 1. settlers kan(snake) psychology and mind. Starting from field research 6. qian by conducting local inspections, this paper examines settlement s d) water genealogy, local chronicles, (heaven) as well as previous research literature using schema cognition and content analysis. In addition, this paper tries to analyze spiritual images spatial landscape model and explore discernable spatial landscape forms as well as landscape model system Outside, re are 24 mobile cavalry in Village integrating universe and spatial culture Eight Trigrams in Book Changes, Liang s art war Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation, and concept Feng shui. yout Liang s Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation.

3 Sustainability 2018, 10, Literature Review 2.1. Relevant Literature on Sustainability Feng shui is a spatial model for sustainable development that maintains nature, humanity, culture and human behavior. In Feng shui hook on The Source Chinese Anthropology, Ai Dingzeng (1998) summarized history Feng shui development, interpretation system Feng shui, and operating system Feng shui. Chinese people advocate concept sustainability nature and believe wind and water are inseparable. He promotes study and inheritance Feng shui culture with open thinking to achieve sustainable development Feng shui concept [8]. In The Source Ideal Landscape The Significance Feng shui Culture, Yu Kongjian (1998) concludes that ideal Feng shui model is derived from cultural patterns deep in heart Chinese people in maintaining Chinese production, habitat mode life, as well as performance sustainable accumulation farming culture experience [9]. The Feng shui works Jiang Dahong in Qing Dynasty The Secret Water Dragon focused on to shape water, showing that water can express landscape patterns such as flexion, retrospective, wrap, oblique flight, straight flush, rebound, come and go, and so on, thus reflecting eternality water [10]. Schools Feng shui in South Yangtze River by Zhang Jueming (2006) explained prevalent spatial concept Feng shui in south Yangtze River from aspect spreading Feng shui culture. That is, landscape construction is based on water, reflecting sustainability created environment [5]. Mark Elvin (2004) explained roots Chinese farming culture and environmental sustainability using control system through water [11] from An Environmental History China. Jala Makhzoumi and Gloria Pungetti (2003) in Ecological Landscape Design and Planning: The Mediterranean Context investigated landscape design and planning that meets ecological and cultural requirements. On one hand, landscape is exacerbated by impact urbanization and tourism. On or hand, it is found that traditional landscapes play a sustainable role in regional ecology [12]. In Spatial Behavior A Geographic Perspective, Reginald Goletch and Robert Stinson revealed from a microscopic perspective relationship between behavioral mechanisms, laws and spatial forms, and introducing sustainability in many aspects such as behavioral decision-making, spatial cognition and spatial activities [13]. Michael Y. Mak and S. Thomas Ng (2005) explored ideal Feng shui model under situationalism [14]. They (2007) explored Feng shui: An Alternative Framework for Complexity in Design. They believe that Feng shui is a traditional Chinese wisdom for building a sustainable harmonious relationship between environment, architecture and people [15]. Shangyi Zhou and Weiling Xu (2018) believe that Feng shui is a sustainable cultural heritage [16] because it consists a symbolic spatial pattern and a symbol five elements philosophy by discussing from perspective geography and history. Iga Solecka, Beata Raszka, and Piotr Krajewski (2018) discussed landscape analysis for sustainable land use policy [17]. Francesca Nocca (2017) believes cultural landscapes play a sustainable role in social, economic, cultural and urban planning [18]. Bixia Chen, Chris Coggins, Jesse Minor, Yaoqi Zhang (2018) briefly report threat industrial pollution, urbanization and or economic forms in Feng shui Forest ( 風水林 ). They recommend support existence Feng shui Forest with an interdisciplinary view history and culture, and promote sustainable development strategy rural areas [19] Early Literature Eight-Sided Battle Formation Since Liang ( A.D.) created diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation, re have been many related descriptions. For example, Emperor Taizong ( 唐太宗 A.D.) Tang dynasty and his strategist Li Jing ( 李靖 A.D.) mentioned many times Liang s art war. The Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation in Questions & Answers between Taizong and Li Jing. Du Fu ( 杜甫 A.D.) Tang Dynasty wrote poetry Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation. (Du Fu once wrote a poem, Diagram Eight-Sided Battle

4 Sustainability 2018, 10, Formation, describing figure eight formations, which was used to drill army or fight.) It explained Liang s creative system Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation and praised Liang s great achievements. Su Shi ( 苏轼 A.D.) (Su Shi Norrn Song Dynasty wrote a poem called Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation praising wisdom Liang s eight Array Pictures ) Norrn Song Dynasty in Eight-Sided Battle wrote: Since Liang finally led army, beat army all opponents. It is with Eight-Sided Battle Formation, Kui xia ( 夔峡 ) witnessed tragic battlefield. Chen Shou ( 陳壽 A.D.), historian Western Jin dynasty, wrote that Liang deduced art war and created diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation in Biography Liang Three Kingdoms ( Records Sichuan Volume). This has been circulating until now, forming core culture and spirit Village Literature Related to Village and Its Model Now with more and more people studying Village, research angles have become more and more unique. For example, Chen Zhihua and Li Qiuxiang, by using grounded ory, measured buildings village and collected relevant literature in Vernacular Architecture Chinese Heritage: Village [20]. A local scholar Zhu Lianfa sorted out formation and development Village and or basic literature in The Eight-Trigram Village [21]. A paper by Hu Xiaoli discussed comprehensive spatial image Village [22]. Jing Su published Heaven, Earth, Human: An Analysis Landscape Structure Traditional Residential Settlement in The Eight-Trigram Village [23]. Liu Senlin conducted research on traditional Chinese dwellings from both physical and spiritual perspectives. Western scholars have also done research on spatial model since early times [7]. For instance, Christopher Alexander summarized language construction model [1]; Christian Norberg-Schulz explored genius loci in GENIUS LOCI Towards a Phenomenology Architecture [24]. Martin Heidegger interpreted systematic hierarchy and structure cluster space in Urbanism [25]. Based on relevant literature, we find that Feng shui transcends through traditional Chinese culture. It is an environmental science that has been continuously developed in China for thousands years. It concentrates on human space and landscape to create experience and wisdom. On one hand, Feng shui has continued to develop for thousands years. The materials for creating Feng shui are mainly wind and water that maintain a natural and sustainable cycle. Feng shui can integrate various factors such as nature, human, culture and human behavior to create a sustainable landscape environment. On or hand, it can regulate sustainable interaction between humans, space and nature through social, economic, cultural and urban planning. The environment and landscape are now exacerbated by impact industrialization, urbanization, and tourism. However, traditional landscape construction concept can still play a sustainable role in regional ecology. The unique spatial landscape pattern Village has been formed for over 800 years. It is a long and constantly-changing and perfectly sustainable development process. Although it has caused many researchers to question connection between initial establishment and Taiji eight trigrams, creation Village is a dynamic process. The village landscape undoubtedly reflects family s worship Liang and its spiritual inheritance Eight Diagrams in Art War. 3. Method 3.1. Schema Cognition and Content Analysis This concept schema was originally proposed by Immanuel Kant ( ). He believes that schema is a technique that is hidden in depths human mind. It is human beings who use existing knowledge and experience to express specific concepts through cognitive structure things or events. It also refers to pattern or form morphology, or a computer

5 Sustainability 2018, 10, simulation schema, mode, and system. It is also related to fractal or geometry topology. In cognitive-developmental ory Jean Piaget ( ), schema refers to an organized, repeatable pattern or structure. The use schemas can organize and generalize complex information, making it easier to understand information. Schema can play an important role in cognitive process. It can filter and organize information unrelated to subject research and create a new schema to make it a holistic cognition. In this paper, Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation concept map, settlement map and its contents will be patterned from literature and field surveys: (1) Interpret research structure and process with landscape maps to give readers a clearer insight into effective inference this study. (2) Provide certain facts based on information obtained from fieldwork to fill gaps in literature. Draw structure pattern eight trigrams array, topographical map introduced by settlement, and settlement landscape structure pattern with image Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation as imagery. (3) Try to simulate three-dimensional space environment and construct spatial pattern structure Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation landscape, in order to provide a reference model for future similar landscape space creation. Scheme is used in Chinese traditional culture to explain spatial orientation and law operation between all things. Taiji and eight trigrams are typical patterns for analyzing traditional space concepts. Understanding space is a complicated process. In this process, information just obtained and original cognitive structure, primary and secondary information, way information availability and researcher s expectations, motivations, and encounter situations all have an impact on spatial cognitive processes and content. This paper also uses content analysis method in addition to inducting schema. Content analysis method refers to a systematic and quantitative description method. This paper firstly compares and analyzes amount information and its changes contained in contents Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation and Village. Then furr dimensional analysis is carried out on spatial pattern formed by it. The so-called dimensional analysis, also called category analysis, is based on research design needs. The dimensions and categories analysis and discussion in this paper are designed according to research objectives. First, this paper aims to familiarize and analyze relevant information materials, and n develop and analyze sustainable spatial landscape pattern dimension created by Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation. Then this paper tries to discuss three dimensional characteristics this spatial model: (1) Analyze and discuss landscape image dimensional system shaped by Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation, and deeply understand that overall environment does not only have a single spatial image, but includes many groups images, overlapping and interrelated, and jointly constructing sustainable landscape features. (2) The construction settlement space landscape, centering on human settlements, mainly brings security to residents in terms space defense and spiritual security, and is closely related to life and behavior residents, and jointly constructs a sustainable place spirit; (3) Integrate spirit eight trigrams Book Changes : The development and change universe is not only dialectical opposition yin and yang, but also integration time and space. The cultural landscape model is based on Taiji and eight trigrams patterns, and combines different landscape elements to form a mutually reinforcing, mutual responsive, and overall harmonious spatial relationship, and to construct a sustainably changing landscape.

6 Sustainability 2018, 10, Research Steps and Research Framework First, starting from Book Changes, paper examines compositional form myriad things in universe by understanding symbolic spatial meaning and combination law Eight Trigrams in book; Second, paper studies settlement s genealogy, local chronicles, historical literature, and Sustainability searches 2018, for 10, x FOR ideological PEER REVIEW basis Feng shui and art war in early constructing period 6 18 Village (Figure 1); Thirdly, this this paper paper uses uses schema schema cognition cognition and content and analysis content method, analysis sorting, method, summarizing sorting, and summarizing describingand describing Liang s eight-figure Liang s map eight-figure and landscape map layout and with landscape integrated layout mountains with and integrated watersmountains Village; and waters Village; Finally, it it analyzes and discusses landscape pattern and its dimensional characteristics Village s continuous Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation, which includes three aspects: landscape imagery, landscape behavior and landscape change. Cultural Landscape Village Collecting literature Field investigation Schema Cognition and Content Analysis Eight-sided Battle Formation eight trigrams Village Pattern Landscape Landscape Activities Landscape Image Landscape Change Figure Figure Research Research framework. framework. 4. From Arrangement Battle Formation in Art War to Construction Home Introduction Introduction Eight-Trigram Eight-Trigram Village Village Village Village is is located located in in hilly hilly area area middle middle Zhejiang Zhejiang province province (Figure (Figure 2). 2). Around Around miles miles north north Village, Village, re re are are Tianchi Tianchi Mountain Mountain and and Daci Daci Rock Rock ( 大慈岩大慈岩 ); ); on on west, west, Xian Xian Mountain Mountain winds winds around around 4 miles; miles; on on east east village, village, a few few small small hills hills run run northsouth; northsouth; and and on on south south village, village, re re is is Jingtanghou Jingtanghou Hill. Hill. These These mountains mountains form form a unique unique geographical geographical environment environment for for Village. Village. The The village village lies lies at at bottom bottom a pot, pot, with with higher higher ground ground all all over over village. village. Because Because this, this, rivers rivers are are not not able able to to run run through through village. village. Thus, Thus, many many ponds ponds and and wells wells were were dug dug throughout throughout village. village. The The altitude altitude se se hilly hilly mountains mountains are are between between to to m. m. From From overview, overview, whole whole village village face face souast, souast, with with its its back back facing facing northwest northwest [26]. [26]. Because Because Chinese Chinese tradition tradition maintaining maintaining cultural cultural ties ties and and worshiping worshiping ancestors, ancestors, village village was was originally originally called called Gaolong Gaolong Village, Village, which which implied implied experience experience ir ir ancestor ancient ancient strategist strategist Liang Liang once once staying staying in in Longzhong. Longzhong. It It was was a metaphor metaphor for for talented talented person from Longzhong. Later on, with development family, name village has been changed into Village [21]. The cultural landscape model Village integrates Liang s art war Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation with Chinese traditional Feng shui. The Caution Hall Village collected Genealogy Family (1947) [27]. It was recorded that Eight-Sided Battle Formation was so useful and

7 Sustainability 2018, 10, person from Longzhong. Later on, with development family, name village has been changed into Village [21]. The cultural landscape model Village integrates Liang s art war Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation with Chinese traditional Feng shui. The Caution Hall Village collected Genealogy Family (1947) [27]. It was recorded that Eight-Sided Battle Formation was so useful and applicable in warfare that essence it has been written in Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation. Doing research on Feng shui, twentieth-generation from Liang looked for a fortunate settlement. Finally y settled down in Gaolong. The association between Village and Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation can also be traced. According to Genealogy Family (1947), on 31 March 1134, Emperor Gaozong wrote a letter to Hui, descendant Liang, I heard re is an original copy Eight-Sided Battle Formation by Liang. Can you bring it for me to take a look? The Chinese Confucianism and Taoism view nature, society and life with an integrated cosmology. The early settlers, depending on ir model, built up a system closely related to it [28]. The Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation is a spatial battle formation referring to eight-trigram idea containing astrology and geography and representing everything in universe in Book Changes [4]. So cultural landscape model Village constitutes traditional Chinese cosmology, patriarchy and etiquette, ecology Feng shui, and reflects spiritual pursuit traditional Chinese human settlement, that is to defend emperor and safeguarding ordinary. The Taoist natural generative ory universe holds that myriad things start from Tao. Through development from Qin ( 秦 ) Dynasty to Jin ( 晉 ) Dynasty, symbolic system Chinese cosmology was built Taiji (It s written in The Works Chuang Tzu that Tao is above zenith but does not seem high; it is beneath nadir but does not seem low; it came into existence before heaven and earth but does not seem long ago; it was re before time immemorial but does not seem old. An Exposition Diagram Taiji ( Great Ultimate) develops from Taiji philosophy and combines ideals Confucianism and Taoism.) standing for yin and yang, Five Elements (The Five Element series (also called Five Elements) refers to that ancient Chinese divided everything in universe into five categories as Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water, and described ir movement and transformation. The earliest record was from Book History: The five elements are water, fire, wood, metal, and earth.) on basis metal, wood, water, fire and earth, as well as Eight Trigrams [10]. Therefore, with Taiji -shaped Zhong Pond in center symbolizing beginning myriad things, Village (Table 1) integrates traditional culture with natural geographic features. The village creates its inner outer layout corresponding to Liang s military thought and geographic elements mountains and rivers, which presents cultural landscape model human settlement based on Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation. The geographic elevation map shows settlement hidden in pot-like terrain (low and level in middle) and surrounded by eight small hills. Many artificially created ponds are evenly distributed in settlement space. Settlement includes landscape elements such as houses, ponds, mountains, roads, halls, pavilions and temples. The village forms an extraordinary layout Eight Trigrams with inner and outer spatial structures relating to each or. To summarize, not only arrangement battle formation in Liang s art war but also construction Village always abide by spirit Chinese traditional cosmological symbols such as Taiji, yin and yang, five elements, eight trigrams and so on, which is revealed by teachings original designer village Dashi ( twentieth generation from Liang). I have devoted all my life to doing research on Feng shui and constructing settlement according to it; in future, if re is any misfortune in village, undoubtedly, it will have nothing to do with Feng shui re. [27]. This shows that Village has integrated Chinese traditional space culture, and its ancestors spent a lifetime energy to create it. It is hoped that village will continue to develop even if it encounters disaster.

8 Sustainability 2018, 10, Table 1. The historical origin Village. settlement origin family name constructor construction concept landscape order in village Village moving in in 1018 A.D. ( Song Dynasty) Dashi, twentieth-generation descendant Liang Referring to Nine Squares and Eight Trigrams to memorize Liang Zhong Pond in center, surrounded by eight extending lanes in eight directions; all buildings are placed in positions kan, gen, zhen, xun, li, kun, dui, qian. landscape layout outside village eight surrounding small mountains outside village form outer Eight Trigrams Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 18 way living medicine, commerce spiritual ideal spiritual ideal preservation preservation If y do not become good government ficials, y will be good doctors. If y do not become good government ficials, y will be good doctors. Village boasts eight halls, eights ponds and eighteen wells. Now re are more than Village boasts eight halls, eights ponds and eighteen wells. Now re are more than two hundred well-preserved dwelling houses and halls Ming and Qing Dynasties. two hundred well-preserved dwelling houses and halls Ming and Qing Dynasties. Figure 2. Village location in China. Figure 2. Village location in China The Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation 4.2. The Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation It was recorded in Genealogy Family that some poetries were written to It was recorded in Genealogy Family that some poetries were written to accolade accolade various implications and applications Eight-Sided Battle Formation and eight various implications and applications Eight-Sided Battle Formation and eight trigrams. trigrams. That clearly shows descendants in village worshiped art war by That clearly shows descendants in village worshiped art war by Liang. The core Liang. The core diagrams Eight-Sided Battle Formation in art war is its moving diagrams Eight-Sided Battle Formation in art war is its moving formation, mostly formation, mostly reflecting intangible formation change. This paper, however, focuses on reflecting intangible formation change. This paper, however, focuses on spatial layout spatial layout landscape village. The diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation in landscape village. The diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation in fact can be used to fact can be used to study spatial arrangement landscape. For example, in Questions and Answers study spatial arrangement landscape. For example, in Questions and Answers by Lijing, it said, by Lijing, it said, Small formations constitute big formations; small battle fields add up to big battle Small formations constitute big formations; small battle fields add up to big battle fields. Things and fields. Things and locations are interconnected. They complement each or. The battle formations locations are interconnected. They complement each or. The battle formations are actually location are actually location oriented. The eight battle formations and eight trigrams were closely related oriented. The eight battle formations and eight trigrams were closely related to Six Yao ( 爻 ) in to Six Yao ( 爻 ) in Book Changes. The 64 different formations in Bagua are correspondent to Book Changes. The 64 different formations in Bagua are correspondent to Hexgram in Hexgram in Book Changes [29]. Book Changes [29]. The Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation was a battle array based on Taichi and Bagua The Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation was a battle array based on Taichi and Bagua Image. The earliest Taichi Bagua Image was created by Fuxi ( 伏羲 ), a cultural hero in Chinese legend Image. The earliest Taichi Bagua Image was created by Fuxi ( 伏羲 ), a cultural hero in Chinese legend and mythology, to explore nature. According to Book Changes, in system Change, re and mythology, to explore nature. According to Book Changes, in system Change, re is is Great Ultimate. It generates Two Modes (yin and yang). The Two Modes generate Four Great Ultimate. It generates Two Modes (yin and yang). The Two Modes generate Four Forms (major and minor, yin and yang). The Form Forms generate Eight Trigrams. Later, based Forms (major and minor, yin and yang). The Form Forms generate Eight Trigrams. Later, based on on Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation from Bagua Images, Taoists assigned Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation from Bagua Images, Taoists assigned meanings to meanings to eight images. Qian refers to a horse; Kun, a cow; Zhen, a dragon; Xun, a chicken; eight images. Qian refers to a horse; Kun, a cow; Zhen, a dragon; Xun, a chicken; Kan, a pig; Li, Kan, a pig; Li, a pheasant; Gen, a dog; Dui, a sheep. a pheasant; Gen, a dog; Dui, a sheep. Just as Luo Guanzhong wrote in Chapter 84 Romance Three Kingdoms [30] that, Liang arranged eight-trigram battle formation, consisting leisure, life, injury, du (hiding), jing (good luck), death, panic, opportunity, in sixty-four formations as a whole, which, plus anor twenty-four mobile troops cavalry, scared away hundreds thousands elite soldiers from Kingdom Eastern Wu. Liang held that military formation ( 陣 ) and Shi ( 勢 ) position) depended not only on wear condition ( 天時 ), but on human deliberation ( 人謀 ). Taking in arrangement Square-Field and Eight Trigrams, Diagram Eight-Sided Battle

9 Sustainability 2018, 10, Just as Luo Guanzhong wrote in Chapter 84 Romance Three Kingdoms [30] that, Liang arranged eight-trigram battle formation, consisting leisure, life, injury, du (hiding), jing (good luck), death, panic, opportunity, in sixty-four formations as a whole, which, plus anor twenty-four mobile troops cavalry, scared away hundreds thousands elite soldiers from Kingdom Eastern Wu. Liang held that military formation ( 陣 ) and Shi ( 勢 ) position) depended not only on wear condition ( 天時 ), but on human deliberation ( 人謀 ). Taking in arrangement Square-Field and Eight Trigrams, Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation (The arrangement eight battle formations is actually Diagram Wenwang Eight Trigrams or Azimuth Diagram Eight Trigrams ). Each formation is composed six smaller formations, referring to six lines in eight trigrams (where solid line represents positive and broken line represents negative) Book Change ( version Zhou dynasty). There are sixty-four smaller battle formations (eight battle formations plus middle troops), Sustainability corresponding 2018, 10, x tofor PEER sixty-four REVIEW hexagrams in Book Changes ( version Zhou dynasty) 9 18 constructed spatial relationship among Heaven, Earth, and Human [31]. The Figure 3 below shows shows a remake a remake Diagram Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Battle Formation based based on on verbal verbal descriptions in in Romance Three Three Kingdoms. Table Table 2 2 presents and and interprets whole arrangements based on on Eight Diagrams and and Nine Palaces. The arrangement Eight-Sided Battle Formation and Diagram Wenwang Eight Eight Trigrams ( ( 文王八卦方位 ) are ) are positioned positioned according according to to Eight Eight Trigrams Trigrams and shaped and shaped in line in with line with Square-Field Square-Field ( 井地 (), 井地 which ), which are displayed are displayed in Figure in Figure 3 and3 and Table Table 2: The 2: formation The formation Heaven qian qian ( 乾 )( 乾 trigram ) trigram ( ( symbol heaven) in in northwest; formation Turtle and and Snake kan kan ( 坎 ( 坎 ) ) trigram ( ( symbol water) water) in in back, back, belonging to to water water ( 水 () 水 within ) within five five elements elements ( 五行 ( 五行 ); ); formation formation Cloud Cloud gen ( gen 艮 ) trigram ( 艮 ) trigram ( symbol ( symbol mountain) mountain) in norast, norast, with with clouds clouds coming coming out out mountain; mountain; formation formation Green Green Dragon Dragon zhen zhen ( 震 ) trigram ( 震 ) trigram ( ( symbol symbol thunder) thunder) on on left, left, belonging to to wood ( ( 木 ) ) within five elements; formation White Tiger dui ( 兌 ) trigram ( symbol pond) on on right, right, belongingto to metal (( 金 )) within five elements; formation Earth kun ( 坤 ) trigram ( ( symbol earth) in southwest; formation Rosefinch li li ( 离 ) trigram ( symbol fire) fire) in front, belonging to to fire fire ( 火 ( 火 ) within ) within five five elements; elements; formation formation Wind Wind xun ( xun 巽 ) ( 巽 ) trigram trigram ( symbol ( symbol wind) wind) in souast; souast; main main formation formation and and nucleus nucleus Eight-Sided Eight-Sided Battle Battle Formation Formation middle middle troops troops ( 中軍 () 中軍 with) awith commander a commander in in center, center, belonging belonging to soil to ( 土 soil ) within ( 土 ) within five elements five elements and governing and governing Eight-Sided Eight-Sided Battle Battle Formation, Formation, surrounded surrounded by by formation formation 24 mobile 24 mobile troops troops cavalry. cavalry. Toger Toger with with 24 mobile 24 mobile troops troops cavalry, cavalry, Eight-Sided Eight-Sided Battle Battle Formation Formation has formed has formed a complementary a complementary spatial system spatial which system combines which motion combines and stillness, motion integrates and stillness, orderintegrates and change. order and change. Table 2. Bagua Jiugong to explain major Layouts Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation in Figure xun trigram: souast, formation Wind coming out mountain, formation Cloud 4.xun (wind) 3. zhen trigram: left, wood, formation Green Dragon 8. gen trigram( symbol mountain): norast, clouds 9. li trigram: front, fire, formation Rosefinch 5. middle troops with a commander in center, belonging to wood within five elements and governing 9.li eight trigrams (Rosefinch) 1. kan trigram: back, water, formation Turtle and Snake 2. kun trigram: southwest, formation Earth 2. kun (Earth) 7. dui trigram: back, metal, formation White Tiger 6. qian trigram: northwest, formation Heaven 3. zhen (Dragon ) wood 5.middle soil 7. Dui (Tiger ) metal

10 symbol earth) in southwest; formation Rosefinch li ( 离 ) trigram ( symbol fire) in front, belonging to fire ( 火 ) within five elements; formation Wind xun ( 巽 ) trigram ( symbol wind) in souast; main formation and nucleus Eight-Sided Battle Formation middle troops ( 中軍 ) with a commander in center, belonging to soil ( 土 ) within five elements and governing Eight-Sided Battle Formation, surrounded by formation 24 mobile troops cavalry. Toger with 24 mobile troops cavalry, Eight-Sided Battle Sustainability Formation 2018, 10, 3172 has formed a complementary spatial system which combines motion and stillness, integrates order and change. 4.xun (wind) 9.li (Rosefinch) 2. kun (Earth) 3. zhen (Dragon ) wood 5.middle soil 7. Dui (Tiger ) metal 8. gen (Cloud) 1. kan(snake) water 6. qian (heaven) Outside, re are 24 mobile cavalry Figure 3. The Layout Liang s Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation. Figure 3. The Layout Liang s Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation The Landscape Structure Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation In accordance with arrangement Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation, Village creates temporal-spatial landscape structure connecting mountains, rivers, fields and four seasons in shape eight trigrams, constructing strength heaven and earth surrounded by mountains and rivers (shown in Figure 4). Located in center village, grand hall is surrounded by mountains and rivers: safeguarding mountain Shilingxi on left symbolizing Green Dragon, safeguarding mountain Gaolong City on right symbolizing White Tiger, distant mountains in front symbolizing Rosefinch, barrier-like Gaolong Ridge in back symbolizing Turtle and Snake, all toger forming typical Feng shui model four deities protecting center. The square, ponds, hills, arcades, decorated archways, arches can all become landscape nodes, and toger with passages, y form link network, landmark complex or areas. Located on bottom land basin in valley, Village digs ponds and wells to meet needs irrigation, drainage, washing, and fire control in balance. Positioned in center, Taiji-shaped pond Zhong Pond (Figure 5) extends in eight directions like Eight Trigrams into eight lanes, and toger with such pond system spreading all through village in lower ground. Totally eight ponds, namely, Shangfang Pond, Jiqing Pond, Xiwu Pond, Beilou Pond, Julu Pond, Hongyi Pond, Shang Pond, and Xia Pond, are situated in eight different locations like eight trigrams. These ponds are not only useful to prevent flood and drought, but also beautiful landscapes village. The whole space is as The Commentaries in Book Changes: The Appended Remarks states, in system I re is Grand Terminus, which produced two elementary forms. Those two Forms produced four emblematic symbols, which again produced eight trigrams. In or words, way heaven and earth, from Non-Ultimate to Great Ultimate, is producing everything by yin and yang, localizing space from east, south, west and north, symbolizing myriad

11 grand hall is surrounded by mountains and rivers: safeguarding mountain Shilingxi on left symbolizing Green Dragon, safeguarding mountain Gaolong City on right symbolizing White Tiger, distant mountains in front symbolizing Rosefinch, barrier-like Gaolong Ridge in back symbolizing Turtle and Snake, all toger forming typical Feng shui model four deities protecting center. The square, ponds, hills, arcades, decorated archways, arches can Sustainability 2018, 10, all become landscape nodes, and toger with passages, y form link network, landmark complex or areas. on bottom basin in valley, Village and wells to things Located in universe, whichland reflects interrelationship between mandigs andponds nature, explains meet needs drainage, washing, and fire control in balance. Positioned center, growing process irrigation, everything, and constitutes a special cultural landscape model. inthrough field Taiji-shaped pond Zhong Pond (Figure 5) extends in eight directions like Eight Trigrams research, we found that re was Azimuth Diagram Eight Trigrams painted on screen into eight in lanes, and6)toger with such system spreading compared village init wall (shown Figure beside Zhong Pond in pond center village, all andthrough when we with lower ground. Totally eight ponds, namely, Shangfang Pond, Jiqing Pond, Xiwu Pond, Beilou Pond, real spatial layout, I also found that it proved that Village, in accordance with Eight Julu Pond, Hongyi Pond, Shang Pond, and Xia Pond, are situated in eight different locations like Trigrams and in combination with mountains, rivers and architectural spatial layout, created eight trigrams. These ponds are not only useful to prevent flood and drought, but also beautiful landscape structure inner and outer eight trigrams. landscapes village. Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW Figure Thespatial spatiallayout layout mountains, mountains, water, and Village. Figure The and buildings buildingsininand andsurrounding surrounding Village. Notes: Mountain:a.a.Shixia Shixia Hill; Hill; b. Mouse Hill; d. d. Jingtanghou Hill;Hill; e. Leigu Hill; Hill; f. Notes: Mountain: MouseHill; Hill;c.c.Zuzhai Zuzhai Hill; Jingtanghou e. Leigu Taigong Hill; g. Guotai Hill; h. Dayuan Hill. Water: A. Shangfang Pond; B. Xin Pond; C. Jiqing Pond; f. Taigong Hill; g. h. Dayuan Hill. Water: A. Shangfang Pond; B. Xin Pond; C. Jiqing Pond; Xiwu Pond; BeilouPond; Pond;F.F.Julu JuluPond; Pond; G. Hongyi Ponds; I. Zhong Pond. D. D. Xiwu Pond; E.E.Beilou Hongyi Pond; Pond;H. H.Shang Shangand andxia Xia Ponds; I. Zhong Pond. Building: HuaideHall; Hall;2.2.Chongxin Chongxin Hall; Hall; Shangli Prime Minister Shrine; Building: 1. 1.Huaide ShangliHall; Hall;4.4.Dunhou DunhouHall; Hall;5.5. Prime Minister Shrine; 6. Zhouji Hall; ShangzhiHall; Hall;8.8.Dagong Dagong Hall. Hall. (Bird s earth). 6. Zhouji Hall; 7.7.Shangzhi (Bird seye eyeview viewmap: map:google Google earth). Sustainability 2018, 10,Figure x FOR PEER REVIEW picture on wall store in Village Reshooting The whole space is as The Commentaries in Book Changes: The Appended Remarks states, in system I re is Grand Terminus, which produced two elementary forms. Those two Forms produced four emblematic symbols, which again produced eight trigrams. In or words, way heaven and earth, from Non-Ultimate to Great Ultimate, is producing everything by yin and yang, localizing space from east, south, west and north, symbolizing myriad things in universe, which reflects interrelationship between man and nature, explains growing process everything, and constitutes a special cultural landscape model. Through field research, we found that re was Azimuth Diagram Eight Trigrams painted on screen wall (shown in Figure 6) beside Zhong Pond in center village, and when we compared it with real spatial layout, I also found that it proved that Village, in accordance with Eight Trigrams and in combination with mountains, rivers and architectural spatial Figure 5. picture outer wall eight store store in Village. Village. Figure 5. Reshooting Reshooting wall in layout, created landscape structure inneronand trigrams. The whole space is as The Commentaries in Book Changes: The Appended Remarks states, in system I re is Grand Terminus, which produced two elementary forms. Those two Forms produced four emblematic symbols, which again produced eight trigrams. In or words, way heaven and earth, from Non-Ultimate to Great Ultimate, is producing everything by yin and yang, localizing space from east, south, west and north, symbolizing myriad things in universe, which reflects interrelationship between man and nature, explains growing process everything, and constitutes a special cultural landscape model. Through field research, we found that re was Azimuth Diagram Eight Trigrams painted on screen wall (shown in Figure 6) beside Zhong Pond in center village, and when we compared it with real spatial layout, I also found that it proved that Village, in accordance with Eight Trigrams and in combination with mountains, rivers and architectural spatial layout, created landscape structure inner outer eight trigrams. Figure 6. Photographed in Village: Image and Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation. Figure 6. Photographed in Village: Image Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation. 5. Analysis and Discussion 5.1. Analysis Eight-Sided Formations Village

12 Sustainability 2018, 10, Analysis and Discussion 5.1. Analysis Eight-Sided Formations Village Just as natural language, pattern language is a generation system, which tells us rule arrangement and shows us how to make arrangement meet rule as much as possible [1]. Influenced by ancestor Liang s art war Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation, early settlers Village integrated mountains and rivers with buildings, creating eight-trigram cultural landscape model human settlement on basis Taiji, four emblematic symbols, inner and outer eight trigrams. Corresponding wholly to real map Village, spatial structure cultural landscape model is arranged by use mountains, rivers and buildings in accordance with position Eight Trigrams (Table 3): According to Map Gaolong City in Genealogy Family, and associations with Eight-Sided Battle Formation, halls within village formed inner eight trigrams, while eight hills surrounding village formed outer eight trigrams. (1) Halls representing Inner Eight Trigrams Dagong Hall in north is positioned as Kan, representing snake formation in Eight-Sided Battle Formations. Duhou Hall in south is positioned as Li, representing flying bird formation. East is Zhouji Hall positioned as Zhen, symbolizing flying dragon formation. West is Chongxin Hall in position Dui, representing Tiger Wing Formation. Norast is Shangzhi Hall in position Gen, symbolizing Cloud Formation. Souast is Prime Minister Shrine in position Xun, representing Wind Formation. Southwest is Shangli Hall in position Kun, meaning Earth Formation. Northwest is Huaide Hall in position Qian, symbolizing Heaven Formation. (2) Hills Symbolizing Outer Eight Trigrams Dayuan Hill in north is position Kan, following Jingtanghou hill in south in Li position, Taigong Hill in east in position Zhen, Mouse Hill in west in position Dui, Guotai Hill in norast in position gen, Leigu Hill in souast in position Xun, Zuzhai Hill in Southwest in position Kun, and Shixia Hill in northwest in position Qian. (3) Eight Sights representing Flying Position Apart from inner and outer eight trigrams, Eight Sights in Gaolong was recorded in Genealogy Family in Gaolong. It clearly shows layout based on eight trigrams. The Eight Sights Gaolong directly connect with broader nature, reflecting ancestors passion for and spiritual pursuit pastoral, mountains and rivers, life part-time work and part-time study. The mountains and rivers Village feature unique shapes, continuous models, clear directions and visual development. After materialization, y represent and disintegrate world, forming a unique cultural landscape model. The cultural landscape is not only observer s point view [25], but also focus changing steps and sights, which attracts observers to different extent and enhances spatial richness.

13 bility 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 18 a remake Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation based on verbal descriptions in mance Three Kingdoms. Table 2 presents and interprets whole arrangements based on Sustainability 2018, 10, 3172 Diagrams and Nine Palaces. The arrangement Eight-Sided Battle Formation and m Wenwang Eight Trigrams ( 文王八卦方位 ) are positioned according to Eight ms and shaped in line with Square-Field ( 井地 ), which are displayed Table in 3. Eight-Sided Figure 3 and Formations Village. : The formation Heaven qian ( 乾 ) trigram ( symbol heaven) in northwest; ion Turtle and Snake kan ( 坎 Elements ) trigram ( Eight-Sided symbol Formations water) in back, belonging to Inside Village Outside Village ( 水 ) within five elements Eight ( Directions 五行 ); formation Nine Palaces Cloud Eight gen Formations ( 艮 ) trigram ( symbol Inner Eight Trigrams Outer Eight Trigrams Eight Sights Gaolong ( 八景 ) untain) in norast, with east clouds coming out 震 zhen mountain; 飞龙阵 flying formation dragon Green Zhouji Hall Taigong Hill Nanyang Academy, n zhen ( 震 ) trigram ( south symbol thunder) 離 on li left, belonging 翔鸟阵 flying to wood bird( 木 ) within Dunhou Hall Jingtanghou Hill Gu Pond Bright Moon ements; formation White west Tiger dui ( 兌 ) dui trigram ( 虎翼阵 symbol tiger pond) wing on right, Chongxin Hall Mouse Hill Yanshan Sunset ing to metal ( 金 ) within north five elements; formation 坎 kan Earth 蛇蟠陣 kun snake( 坤 ) trigram ( Dagong Hall Danyuan Hill Shiling Auspicious Clouds l earth) in southwest; norast formation Rosefinch 艮 gen li ( 离 ) trigram 云阵 cloud ( symbol fire) Shangzhi Hall Guotai Hill Shuangjin Spring northwest 乾 qian 天阵 heaven Huaide Hall Shixia Hill Cuiyou Morning Bells front, belonging to fire ( 火 ) within five elements; formation Wind xun ( 巽 ) souast 巽 xun 风阵 wind Prime Minister Shrine Leigu Hill Qingxi Night Hulling, ( symbol wind) in southwest souast; main 坤 formation kun and 地陣 nucleus earth Eight-Sided Shangli Hall Zuzhai Hill Xiban Farming Formation middle troops ( middle 中軍 ) with a commander 中 centre in center, 中軍 belonging Middle troop to soil ( 土 ) within Taiji pond e elements and governing Eight-Sided Battle Formation, surrounded by formation bile troops cavalry. Toger with 24 mobile troops cavalry, Eight-Sided Battle tion has formed a complementary spatial system which combines motion and stillness, tes order and change. 4.xun (wind) 9.li (Rosefinch) 2. kun (Earth) 3. zhen (Dragon ) wood 5.middle soil 7. Dui (Tiger ) metal

14 time study. The mountains and rivers Village feature unique shapes, continuous models, clear directions and visual development. After materialization, y represent and disintegrate world, forming a unique cultural landscape model. The cultural landscape is not only observer s point view [25], but also focus changing steps and sights, which attracts observers to different Sustainability extent and 2018, enhances 10, 3172 spatial richness Cultural Landscape Village Cultural Landscape Village Traditional Chinese living communities focus on unity families with emphasis interdependence Traditional Chinese and completeness. living communities In terms focus space, on re is unity a clear families distinction with between emphasis inside and outside. interdependence Inside is and living completeness. space for In human terms beings. space, Outside re is is a for clear activities distinction [32]. between The constructions inside and outside. Inside village is strictly living followed space for human Eight-Sided beings. Battle Outside Formation, is for activities showing [32]. wisdom The constructions art war by village Zhege Liang. strictly In followed center Eight-Sided village is Battle Zhong Formation, Pond, with showing eight lanes wisdom pointing to eight art different war bydirections Zhege Liang. forming In center inner eight village trigrams. is Zhong Outside Pond, and with surrounding eight lanes pointing village are to eight eight hills, different naturally directions forming forming outer inner eight eight trigrams. trigrams. The Outside inner and andouter surrounding trigrams have village made are eight village hills, naturally an ideal living forming place for outer human eight beings, trigrams. as shown The inner Figure and 7. Inside trigrams buildings have are: made Huide Hall village in Northwest an ideal representing living placeqian human (E), Shangli beings, Hall as shown in Southwest in Figure representing 7. Inside buildings Kun (B), are: Zhaoji Huide Hall Hall in in Northwest east representing representing Zhen (C), Prime (E), Shangli Minister Hall Shrine Southwest in souast representing representing Kun (B), Zhaoji Xun (D), Hall Dagong in Hall east representing north representing Zhen (C), Prime Kan Minister (A), Dunhou ShrineHall in souast south representing Xun Li (H), (D), Shangzhi Dagong Hall in norast representing representing Kan (A), Gen Dunhou (G), and Hall Chongxin Hall southin representing west respresenting Li (H), Shangzhi Dui (F). Hall Outside in are norast eight representing hills representing Gen (G), eight and Chongxin battle formations Hall in with west Shixia respresenting Hill Dui northwest (F). Outside symbolizing are Heaven eight hills(e), representing Zuzhai Hill eight in battle southwest formationssymbolizing with Shixia Hill Earth in (b), northwest Leigu Hill symbolizing in souast Heaven (e), symbolizing Zuzhai Hill Wind (d), southwest Guotai Hill symbolizing in norast Earth for (b), Cloud Leigu (g), HillTaigong in souast Hill in symbolizing east for Dragon Wind (d), (c), Mouse Guotai Hill in in norast west for Tiger for Cloud (f), Jingtanghou (g), Taigong Hill in in east south for for Dragon Bird (h), (c), Mouse and Dayuan Hill inhill west in for north Tiger for (f), Snake Jingtanghou (a). The earlier Hill insettlers south in for Bird (h), village and Dayuan ideally Hill combined north nature for and Snake human (a). The wisdom. earlier The settlers eight insights in village village ideally are combined like eight nature moving and battle human positions wisdom. in TheEight-Sided eight sights battle in formations. village arethe likewhole eight moving environment battle positions in invillage Eight-Sided reflects battle life formations. philosophy The whole Liang: environment One cannot in show village high reflects ideals without life philosophy simple living. One cannot Liang: have Onelty cannot aspirations show high without ideals without a peaceful simple state living. mind. One cannot have lty aspirations without a peaceful state mind. Figure 7. The cultural landscape model Eight Trigrams Village. Figure 7. The cultural landscape model Eight Trigrams Village Discussion 5.2. Discussion From 1018 to 2018, Village has maintained 1000-year life and space creation, reflecting From 1018 to 2018, Village has maintained a 1000-year life and space creation, reflecting sustainable settlement culture landscape model. Based on abovementioned spatial sustainable settlement culture landscape model. Based on abovementioned spatial construction construction method Village, this paper furr analyzes and discusses characteristics method Village, this paper furr analyzes and discusses characteristics its landscape pattern. Village creates a landscape image sustainable Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation, and strengns sustainability its place spirit through settlement ancestral sacrifices. Following dialectical opposition in process development and change, this paper discusses sustainable changes in cultural landscape model Village The Landscape Image Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation A whole environment includes not only a single all-inclusive image, but also many overlapping and interrelated groups images [33]. Based on Christopher Alexander (1994) [1], image environment can be analyzed through three elements: Characteristics, structure, and meaning.

15 Sustainability 2018, 10, The constructed images village are shown in Figure 6. First, spatial design settlement is very recognizable. With Zhong Pond in center, pond and its riparian line have formed Taiji graphics yin and yang, which symbolizes construction Taiji space and becomes unique morphological characteristics. Moreover, in accordance with images Eight Trigrams, village designs such physical spatial structures as mountain, water and building complex, extends eight lanes in eight directions from center Zhong Pond, and places settlement in eights positions. Last, based on Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation Liang, village has formed a cultural landscape model, from which both inhabitants and observers can be linked to spiritual sphere through cultural essence Eight Trigrams. Though Village is an objective existence, inhabitants and observers will look differently upon image living being because ir different perspectives; however, images Eight Trigrams are shared by both psychologically, commonality which can exist in interaction single entity, common culture and basic physiological nature [33] The Landscape Activities Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation The activities worshiping ir ancestor Liang has passed down in Village, which not only enhances cultural landscape model settlement, but also increases cohesion whole family [34]. According to The Preface to Ancestral Hall Genealogy Family in Gaolong, since Jiajing ( 嘉靖 ) period Ming dynasty, standard ritual ancestor worship has started, and developed with ongoing expansion ancestral hall for Prime Minister Liang. However, worship ritual suffered repeated interruptions and experienced restoration, and up till now, it has been performed in total accordance with traditional process since 1990s [9]. The traditional worship process in Village is closely tied to spatial battle formation Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation, with parading route, band composition, color guard honor, parading number corresponding to spatial formation eight trigrams in Village and five elements in traditional Chinese culture. The ritual parade marches through main cultural landscape places, and parading route surrounds Taiji -shaped Zhong Pond, diverging and meeting in line with diagram five elements and eight trigrams. The parade is composed over two hundred people and divided into eight small teams from front to back fire spear team, military drum team, gong team, band, guard honor, team sacred pigs and sheep, processional banner team, and dragon and lion dance team [21]. Through five elements, five directions, five colors, five sounds and eight trigrams, parade associates public space with public behavior, forming spectacular activity and cultural landscapes settlement. The green, white, red, black and yellow banners processional banner team symbolize five directions such as east, west, south, north, middle and divide Heaven and Earth into those directions, and drum team consists eight drums. Starting from ancestral hall for prime minister, parade first marches towards entrance to village, n goes back and circles around commercial Tai Chi street Shangtang, and at last ends in front grand hall. The close connection Tai Chi between ritual parading activity landscape and cultural landscape constructs a cultural landscape model virtual-actual combination, bearing traditional Chinese culture, extending art war spirit Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation, and symbolizing defense, misfortune removal, blessings, peace-seeking The Landscape Change Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation Zhu Xi, a famous scholar Neo-Confucianism in Ming Dynasty, holds that everything contains rule universe, has its special position, and links itself to or things to produce its relative position and relationship [35]. Integrating mountains and rivers and imitating layout Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation, Village creates unique traditional Chinese

16 Sustainability 2018, 10, cultural landscape model. First, based on oretical basis Taiji and eight trigrams, model connects spatial cultural landscape elements, whose combination fashions changing relationship reinforcing and echoing each or as well as harmonizing as a whole. Second, model makes one associate it with spiritual connotation Eight Trigrams Book Changes ( version Zhou Dynasty). The development and change everything is in dialectical opposition like yin and yang, and controls space with time as its spindle, forming spatial-temporal integration [35]. Third, just as cosmology The Commentaries in Book Changes: The Appended Remarks describes, in system I re is Grand Terminus, which produced two elementary forms. Those two Forms produced four emblematic symbols, which again produced eight trigrams. The model reflects constructing order spatial structure in cultural landscape from Taiji to eight trigrams. Liu An once said in Huai Nan Zi: Searching out Tao that, Tao supports Heaven, carries Earth, extends into all four directions and extends into remotest areas in all eight directions. [36] In accordance with Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation, Village builds up spatial organic system and connects with outer things through division border and area by time and space, holding universe and symbolizing everything. Heidegger once said, border is not stop something, but is, as Greek realized, that something begins to appear here [37]. While doing research on eight trigrams, Wenwang Zhou Dynasty found that, compared with Early Eight Trigrams, corresponding directions Azimuth Eight Trigrams could be more adaptable to changes in nature; thus, with border shaped according to Azimuth Eight Trigrams, Village links human to architecture space, mountains and rivers, and reveals changing relationship between human and nature through displaying Eight Sights Gaolong in open field. The model can stimulate observer in it to produce a rich imagination and divide it into different areas referring to traditional etiquette and patriarchal clan system, ritual activities, distance clan relationship, which contains rich and systematic social relationship Taiji-pattern Zhong Pond in center just like venerable in middle, all areas designed according to Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation. In a word, it combines landscape space, activities and images, and becomes a unique cultural landscape model with a clear landscape order and a changing landscape relationship. 6. Conclusions Through overall cognition and research on field investigation and literature Village, we discover that referring to settlement s ancestor and Chinese ancient strategist Liang s art war Eight-Sided battle formation, Village constructs a clear spatial pattern and an integrated cultural landscape model in accordance with traditional Chinese universe ( 宇宙觀 ) symbols such as Taiji ( 太極 ), five elements ( 五行 ), eight trigrams ( 八卦 ), Originating from ancient art war Diagram Eight-Sided Battle Formation, spatial wisdom fers a unique designing idea cultural landscape: (1) An orderly cultural landscape model could be entrusted with human spiritual belief and creating residential environment living and working in peace and happiness for settlers; (2) A unique spatial image could enhance transition from human experience and wisdom to spatial construction, building up harmonious relationship between human and nature, and create a sustainable living space. The outlook constructing an integrated cultural landscape model can not only form discernable landscape graphical representations, but also integrate complex landscape order, maintain space sustainability, carrying traditional Chinese culture and creating a place spirit, and maintain space sustainability. Facing noisy, complex and disturbing urban spatial environment, if spatial

17 Sustainability 2018, 10, ory could be put into practical design, it may be some help to urban public landscape design in China. Author Contributions: All authors contributed to paper. L.X. wrote manuscript with supervision from S.-C.C. and L.X. acted as a corresponding author. Funding: This research received no external funding. Acknowledgments: First all, I sincerely thank two anonymous reviewers for ir constructive criticism, suggestions, and corrections, making this research more complete and better. Secondly, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Village which assisted in consulting The Genealogy Family, and Xing Jiaman who drove and accompanied me to site visit, which provided great support to completion paper. Conflicts Interest: The authors declare no conflict interest. References 1. Alexander, C. The Timeless Way Building; Translated by Zhao, B.; Liuhe Press: Taipei, Taiwan, 1994; ISBN Guo, P. Book Burial; Proread Cheng, Z.H.; Hualing Press: Beijing, China, 2010; ISBN Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi; Translated by Fang, Y.; Zhonghua Book Company: Beijing, China, 2015; ISBN Xing, Z. An Illustration Book Change; Warwick International Ltd.: New Taipei, Taiwan, 2015; ISBN Zhang, J.M. Schools Feng shui in South Yangtze River; Mucun Books Ltd.: Taipei, Taiwan, 2006; ISBN Chen, B.; Coggins, C.; Minor, J.; Zhang, Y. Fengshui forests and village landscapes in China: Geographic extent, socioecological significance, and conservation prospects. Urban For. Urban Green. 2018, 31, [CrossRef] 7. Liu, S.L. China Homes: An Analysis Traditional Residential Buildings; Tongji University Press: Shanghai, China, 2009; ISBN Heidegger, M. Wegmarken; Translated by Sun, Z.X.; The Commercial Press: Beijing, China; p. 1998, ISBN X. 9. Dai, W.R.; Hu, W. The Historical Origin and Sacrificial Ceremony Ancestral Worship by Descendants Family in Lanxi. Available online: (accessed on 12 May 2015). 10. Lv, S.M. An Outline Neo-Confucianism; The Eastern Publishing, Co. Ltd.: Beijing, China, 2012; ISBN Ai, D.Z. Feng shui s Hook Shen: The Origin Chinese Anthropology; Rural Urban Culture: Taipei, Taiwan, 1998; ISBN Yu, K.J. Exploration Ideal Landscape: Significance Geomantic Culture; Commercial Press: Beijing, China, 1998; ISBN Jiang, D.H. Secret Water Dragon Sutra; Inner Mongolia People s Publishing House: Hohehot Municipality, China, 2010; ISBN Elvin, M. The Retreat Elephants: An Environmental History China; Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA, 2004; ISBN Makhzoumi, J.; Pungetti, G. Ecological Landscape Design and Planning: The Mediterranean Context; Translated by Chen, S.Z.; Liuhe Publishing House: Taipei, Taiwan, 2003; ISBN Golledge, R.; Stinson, R. Spatial Behavior: A Geographic Perspective; Translated by Chai, Y.W.; Cao, X.S.; Long, T.; A Business Press: Beijing, China, 2013; ISBN Mak, M.Y.; Ng, S.T. The art and science Feng shui A study on architects perception. Build. Environ. 2005, 40, [CrossRef] 18. Mak, M.Y.; Ng, S.T. Feng shui: An Alternative Framework for Complexity in Design. In Proceedings CIB World Building Congress, Cape Town, South Africa, May 2007; pp Zhou, S.; Xu, W. Interpreting Inheritance Mechanism Wu Yue Sacred Mountains in China Using Structuralist and Semiotic Approaches. Sustainability 2018, 10, [CrossRef]

18 Sustainability 2018, 10, Chen, Z.H.; Li, Q.X. Vernacular Architecture Chinese Heritage: Village; Tsinghua University Press: Beijing, China, 2010; ISBN Zhu, L.F. The Eight-Trigram Village; Shanghai People s Publishing House: Shanghai, China, 2007; ISBN x. 22. Hu, X.L. An Analysis Overall Spatial Images in Village Lanxi, Zhejiang. Shanxi Archit. 2008, 34, Jin, S. Heaven, Earth, Human: An Analysis Landscape Structure Traditional Residential Settlement in Eight-Trigram Village. J. Nanjing For. Univ. (Humanit. Soc. Sci.) 2011, 11, Norberg-Schulz, C. Genius Loci: Towards a Phenomenology Architecyure; Translated by Shi, Z.; Huazhong University Science & Technology Press: Wuhan, China, 2010; ISBN Heidegger, M. Uterwegs zur Sprache; Translated by Sun, Z.X.; The Commercial Press: Beijing, China, 2004; ISBN Jiang, J.; Chen, M.; Jiang, J.; Li, N.; Wang, F. Analysis on spatial form traditional streets and lanes in village, Lanxi based on hilly terrain. J. Zhejiang Sci-Tech Univ. (Soc. Sci.) 2016, 36, Committee. Clan Genealogy; The Family: Lan Xi, China, Corbusier, L. Urbanisme; Translated by Ye, C.X.; Garden City Publishing: Taipei, Taiwan, Available online: (accessed on 15 August 2018). 30. Luo, G. Romance Three Kingdoms; People s Literature Publishing House: Beijing, China, 2018; ISBN Chen, S.H. Military Integration Chinese Dynasties; Solidarity Press: Beijing, China, 1999; ISBN Huang, S. The Philosophical Connotation Binary Treatment in Chinese Architecture: Take Zhou-Yi as Core Discussion. J. Build. Plan. 2012, 19, [CrossRef] 33. Kevin, L. The Image City; Translated by Hu, J.X.; Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd.: Taipei, Taiwan, 2014; ISBN Lin, M.R. The Sacrifice Circle and Local Society; Boyang Cultural Enterprise Ltd.: Taipei, Taiwan, 2008; ISBN Liu, C.L. China s Scientific View Image Scicence; Social Sciences Academic Press: Beijing, China, 2008; ISBN Liu, A. Huai Nan Zi; North Literature & Art Publishing House: Harbin, China, 2013; ISBN Heidegger, M. Sein and Zeit; Translated by Wang, Q.; Jiuda Cultural Enterprise Ltd.: Taipei, Taiwan, by authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under terms and conditions Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (