THE TRANSLATION ANALYSIS ON RIDDLES

Transcription

1 THE TRANSLATION ANALYSIS ON RIDDLES Ike Anisa* Abstract: Humor is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. People of most ages and cultures respond to humor. The majority of people are able to be amused, to laugh or smile at something funny, and thus they are considered to have a sense of humor. One of the kind of humor is riddle. Riddle is a kind of humor that children like to play commonly. They hear other kids ask puzzling questions and then give what appear to be very arbitrary answers that are followed by laughter. So they simply imitate what they hear other kids do. In term of language barrier, problem arises when Indonesia people cannot catch the point of the humor within. For Western, English riddle may be a funny thing because they can catch the point. On the contrary, if riddle is translated literarily into Indonesia, it will lose its point of view because the translation is far from the meaning sense. Keyword: Humor, riddle, translation on riddle INTRODUCTION Humor is one of the most favorite entertainment forms. Humor refers to the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement ( People of most ages and cultures respond to humor. The majority of people are able to be amused, to laugh or smile at something funny, and thus they are considered to have a sense of humor. People love humor because it offers happiness and laughter, and humor helps them by replacing distress emotions with pleasurable feelings. Like beauty being in the eyes of the beholder, humor is in the funny bone of the receiver of the experience. Not only adults, children also love entertainment. Even though children have not yet prepared for having routine business, they need entertainment for amusing themselves from unpleasant emotions of schooling lessons. They simply need a release for the tension or excitement, the general arousal, that escalates during ongoing play and laughter provides that release. At the same time, however, laughter generates or sustains a mood in which children are more likely to experience humor. One of the most striking features of preschoolers free and unstructured play is the sense of exhilaration and joy they show. There is often hearty laughter-and even screaming-in the midst of running, chasing, jumping, making faces, clowning around, etc. By age six, most children become interested in the verbal humor shared by older children around them. Riddle is a kind of humor children like to play commonly. They hear other kids ask puzzling questions and then give what appear to be very arbitrary answers that are followed by laughter. So they simply imitate what they hear other kids doing. One of puzzling questions children likes to play is a riddle. * Magistra No. 86 Th. XXV Desember 2013

2 Quoted from wisegeek.com, a riddle is generally a question devised so as to require clever or unexpected thinking for its answer. Riddles may be considered a form of brain teaser. They have many types based on the theme. In general conversation, a riddle is usually presented to someone who knows that a riddle is being asked and accepts the challenge of guessing the correct response. Children in all over the world show an enjoyment of riddles at this age for the same underlying reason. Riddles are tricky questions. The answer depends on recognizing the trick in the question. Riddles do not always have to be hard; in fact, sometimes riddles are so simple in their solution that people or ridlee will wrestle with the question for hours, convinced it could not possibly be so easy. Humor -riddle humor- are showed in both spoken and written forms. Riddle humor in written form can arouse laughter only if the joke expressed in words is understood by readers. Here, readers have to consider whether the sentences have an ambiguous meaning or in implicit one. Besides, they also have to consider and need to know the cultural background of the setting used in jokes. If the joke or anecdote in the comedy is translated into another language, there is possibility that it will not be funny for the target readers. It means that translating humor or anecdote can be a hard problem since the translator s job not only transfers the sentence but also the cultural side. The impact of this effort is that the readers can get the same feeling as intended by the source language text writer. As the foreign or Western riddle humor comes to Indonesia, problems will arise related to both the language and the experience differences. It is almost impossible for the Indonesian audiences, especially for children to catch the foreign humor of the comedies in the foreign languages. It is because they do not know English. To overcome this problem, the translation plays an important role. DISCUSSION In term of language barrier, problem arises when Indonesia people cannot catch the point of the humor within. For Western, English riddle may be a funny thing because they can catch the point. On the contrary, if riddle is translated literarily into Indonesia, it will lose its point of view because the translation is far from the meaning sense. Surely, Indonesian people (readers) may not be able to catch the meaning of the riddle if it is literally translated. The following extract will exemplify the above point. 08/AHWS-SS/20 Marie : What did the teeth say to the sandwich? Bob : Nice to eat you! 08/DRAS-CC/20 Marie : Mengapa kita harus menggosok gigi dua kali sehari? Bob : Supaya bisa unjuk gigi! The English riddle above can be problematic for an Indonesian translator. It is because the ST is closely bounded to English words in which eat is the manipulation of meet. When the ST is translated literally, it will not be funny. To overcome this problem, the translator translates the above ST into the different question and different answer as the technique. This effort is solely to make the translation is acceptable by the target readers. Magistra No. 86 Th. XXV Desember

3 On the contrary, when the TT is quite accepted by literal translation technique, the translator only translates the ST riddle into the same question and same answer. This technique is exemplified as: 05/AHWS-BT/14 Archie : Can you jump higher than a house? Dot : Yes! Houses can t jump! 05/DRAS-TT/14 Archie : Dapatkah kamu melompat lebih tinggi daripada rumah? Dot : Tentu saja! Rumah kan tidak dapat melompat! The questions in the ST and TT are intended as translating in the same question since both are asking about the same idea. They are asking about the capability of the second speaker whether or not she can jump higher than a house. Translating in the same answer, similarly, occurs when the answer in the ST and TT are telling about the same thing. Both are telling about the capability of the second speaker to jump higher than houses and the certainty that houses cannot jump. When the question and answer of the ST cannot be translated into the same question and same answer in the TT, the translator must take another technique to translate riddle. A. Definition of Translation There are many definitions of translation. Here are some quotes of the definitions to give a view of translation in general. Catford (1969: 20) states that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language). Newmark (1981: 7), meanwhile, had his opinion that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and or statement in another language. Other definition is pointed out by Roger T. Bell who defines translation as the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language (1991: 6). All those theories have the same idea that translation is only the replacement of the message from the source language to the target language without any particular considerations. On the other hand, Nida and Taber (1974: 74) explained that translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first, in term of meaning and secondly in term of style. Here, Nida put the style at the bottom of his definition. It means that Nida does not only consider the transferring message on the final result but also the style of the target language. Nida seems to shorten the gap between the old method of translation, whose focus is on the transfer of form, and the new method which concerns to the transfer of meaning without leaving the style. From his statement, Nida states that a new method of translating should focus on the response of the message receiver. It means that the translation will create a good result if it is understandable, readable, acceptable, and enjoyable for the receiver. Meaning, style and tone transferred in the target language should not diverge from the meaning, style and tone in the target language. Therefore, Nida said that in the target language, there should be the closest equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of 66 Magistra No. 86 Th. XXV Desember 2013

4 style. However, the equivalent must be natural, appropriate to the idiom of the target language or receiver. Based on three definitions above, it can be synthesized that translation is a process of replacing, reproducing, and transferring the message from source language either the written text, material, or statement into its target language equivalent in such a way that the translator retains the meaning and style. Translation also means as communication. Translation is something necessary and really quite important to exchange information. Having skilled in translating text does not mean I can speak both in English and Indonesia very well, as what Larson and Smalley (in Widyamartaya: 1989) said that: Translation is a sophisticated, advanced linguistic skill, not something for beginners It is valuable for communication if one already knows two languages well Translation not only requires a good knowledge of two languages, but special training and experiences To be able to talk two languages does not mean that one can translate between them effectively and skillfully. Switching from one to the other must be learned. Translation is very important in terms of exchanging the information and findings. Without translation, perhaps students and experts will be left behind of the science development. Moreover, they will get lost if they can not read and master the foreign language. It is strengthened by Dick Hartoko (in Widyamartaya: 1989) who said that Kebutuhan menerjemahkan bukanlah tanda keterbelakangan. Justru sebaliknya, tanda keterbukaan, tanda kegiatan hendak ikut serta dalam tukar-menukar informasi. Different from what has been said by Robinson (in Nababan: 2004, p ) that translation is different things for different groups of people. For people, who are not translators, it is primarily a text; for people who are, it is primarily an activity. In other words, it is a product from the perspective of target readers and a process from the perspective of translators. For target readers, a translation is a means of communication with the original author. From the perspective of the other side, translator plays his/her major role to bridge a communication gap between the original author and the consumers. From those statements, it can be said that translation can be seen as a means of communication. Translation itself is also called a bilingual communication in which two languages, source language and target language, are involved. A source language is the language in which the text requiring the translation is couched and a target language is the language into which the original text is to be translated (Harvey, Higgins and Haywood, in Nababan 2004: 11). The translation mostly relates to the presence of two languages (as we have stated in the first chapter of this research); a particular source language (SL) and a particular target language (TL). The translator usually deals with a certain target language in his/her aim of translating. For example, if a translator plans to translate an English text into Indonesian, what struck first in his mind is that he will only deal with English language and Indonesian language. Magistra No. 86 Th. XXV Desember

5 B. Translation for Children Literature Children s literature was assigned the same role and therefore held the same status as literature written for adults. With children s minds being even more impressionable than those of adults, it was clear that the influence would be more effective and longer lasting. Translating for children shares one major problem than translating for adults. Like other translations, it is anonymous, even invisible. While we acknowledge original literature written for child readers, we do not acknowledge translating for children. We do not hegemonically think of translators as human beings with their own child images. Yet translators cannot escape their own ideologies, which here means: their child images. According to Riitta Oittinen in her book entitled Translating for Children, despite similarities like translating in a situation and translating for some readers, the dialogic situation of translating for children differs in significant ways from that of translating for adults. The situation of translating for children includes several other elements besides the text in words, e.g. the translation of picture books. The translator for children, too, should be clearly visible; and that the translator, by being loyal to the reader of the translation, may be loyal to the author of the original. The translators should bring their cultural heritage, their reading experience, and, in the case of children s books, their image of childhood and their own child image to the translation (in Steffensen, 2003: 106). When speaking of child and children s literature, moreover, we should be able to define them somehow. Yet there is little consensus on the definition of childhood, child, and children s literature. For this reason, the researcher had avoided explicit definitions for these topics but prefer to define them implicitly. Children s literature has its own special features. Children s books are often illustrated and often meant to be read aloud. Illustrations are of major importance in children s literature, especially in books written for illiterate children. The illustrations in picture books may often be even more important than the words, and sometimes there are no words at all. The key issue in translating for children: first, the real reading experience of the translator, who writes her/his translation on the basis of how s/he has experienced the original; second, the future readers reading experience imagined by the translator. The translator reaches toward the future child readers, who are the beneficiaries of the whole translation process. Translators are readers who are always translating for their readers, the future readers of the translation. One of the greatest aspects of literature is that it not only entertains us, but also broadens our mind and our view of the world by providing us information about other cultures and times, other types of ideas and values than those that prevail in our own society. This applies to both literatures for adults and children which is why children too should have the right to enjoy stories where cultural references are translated in a logical, consistent way. 68 Magistra No. 86 Th. XXV Desember 2013

6 C. Humor Humor is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. Many theories exist about what humor is and what social function it serves. People of most ages and cultures respond to humor. The majority of people are able to be amused, to laugh or smile at something funny, and thus they are considered to have a sense of humor. A sense of humor is the ability to experience humor, although the extent to which an individual will find something humorous depends on a host of variables, including geographical location, culture, maturity, level of education, intelligence, and context. For example, young children may possibly favor slapstick, such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or cartoons (e.g., Tom and Jerry). Satire may rely more on understanding the target of the humor, and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences ( / The meaning of humor is changing significantly since the word of humor is announced. Freud considers that the nature of humor lies on the funny sides. He believes that enjoyment of humor depends on the release of suppressed tendencies in human behavior. He says that laughter arises when physic energy is freed from its more or less static function on repressing the forbidden thought. A joke has its origin in a less function. This tendency must be kept away from the consciousness, so it disappears into unconsciousness (Freud, 1975). Freud reserves the term humor for situations in which a person is able to see a funny side in his misfortune. He and his audience enjoy the saving in affect since a state of affairs that otherwise evoke strong unpleasant emotion is taken lightly. Saving in affect refers to an expectation done by the audience when they hear or read a humor. When someone is reading, watching, or listening a humor, there is an expectation that they will get something more than just story, something that seems initially hard to understand. That is the reason of why then humor is related to laughter. Humor itself is not necessarily ended with laughter but with discovery of the funny side within the story. Shortly speaking, audience or reader considers a story is humorous only if they could catch the silliest thing of the story. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, humor can be explained into two phase of time. In ancient, Medieval and Renaissance, humor is considered normal when the fluid of human s body are in balance. When the body does not own proper humor fluids, the condition leads abnormal temperament and the abnormality is balanced by laughter. In modern, humor is used to denote anything comic or anything that makes people laugh (1970: 841). Audrieth defines that humor is a kind of mental faculty of discovering, expressing, or appreciating the ludicrous or absurdly incongruous. Ludicrous is an adjective meaning amusing or laughable through obvious absurdity, incongruity, exaggeration or eccentricity. People may laugh at an incident on the street, at a wrong dressed lady in party or at weird people (1998: 3-4). Magistra No. 86 Th. XXV Desember

7 Pranata, an Indonesian humor author, defines humor as: Humor adalah bumbu masak yang menyedapkan hidup, cat bagi kanvas jiwa kita, atau embun pagi bagi hati kita yang gersang dan kering kerontang. Humor membuat otot-otot di wajah kita berolahraga (2006: xvii). According to Pranata, humor could touch the participant s feeling as a stimulant. Humor can be used as a tool to express idea, feeling and thought. It can also serve as a self-defense mechanism in confrontation without vulgar words or physical contact. In addition, humor can reduce mental stress and relax one s mind. The individual deals with emotional conflict or external stressors by emphasizing the amusing or ironic aspects of the conflict or stressor. Humor helps us by replacing distressing emotions with pleasurable feelings. It adjusts the meaning so that the event is not so powerful. As Mustamir (2009: 16-17) said: Humor diartikan sebagai keriangan dalam sikap hidup dan tanggapan terhadap peristiwa. Orang yang mempunyai rasa humor tidak akan mencela situasi dan tidak akan tersinggung bila ada orang yang menertawakan kesilapannya. By humor, people may accept their personal situation and surroundings, and avoid angriness to other people. Humor, therefore, reduces stress by assisting us to view the world with perspective. It shifts the ways in which we think, and distress is greatly associated with the way we think. It is not situations that generate our stress, but the meaning we place on the situations. In conclusion, humor is a complex phenomenon. Humor is a quality of perception that enables us to experience joy even when faced with adversity. Humor is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. The impact of it all, a fresh and healthy body will be got if we enjoy humor thoroughly. Humor helps people learn and work together more effectively. A fun, exciting workplace where people love to work is a very productive workplace. Like beauty being in the eyes of the beholder, humor is in the funny bone of the receiver of the experience. D. Riddle By age six, most children become interested in the verbal humor shared by older children around them. Riddle is a kind of humor that children like to play commonly. They hear other kids ask puzzling questions and then give what appear to be very arbitrary answers that are followed by laughter. So they simply imitate what they hear other kids do. One of puzzling questions children likes to play is a riddle. So what is meant by riddle anyway? Quoted from wisegeek.com/ what-is-a-riddle.htm, a riddle is generally a question devised so as to require clever or unexpected thinking for its answer. Riddles may be considered a form of brain teaser. 70 Magistra No. 86 Th. XXV Desember 2013

8 As stated earlier, riddle humor, are showed in both spoken and written forms. Riddle humor in written form can arouse laughter only if the joke expressed in words is understood by readers. Here, readers have to consider whether the sentences have an ambiguous meaning or in implicit one. Besides, they also have to consider and need to know the cultural background of the setting used in jokes. In general conversation, a riddle is usually presented to someone who knows that a riddle is being asked and accepts the challenge of guessing the correct response. Children in all over the world show an enjoyment of riddles at this age for the same underlying reason. The guesser may get one or multiple guesses. Sometimes the asker gives clues, but sometimes the guesser just does the best she or he can. There is usually one correct answer to a riddle, and it is common for the correct answer to be given, even if the guesser doesn t think of it. Rogow (2005) adds that riddles are trick questions. The answer depends on recognizing the trick in the question. According to Encyclopedia Britannica (2007: 58) which is also browsed from riddle is a deliberately enigmatic or ambiguous question requiring a thoughtful and often witty answer. The riddle is a form of guessing game that has been a part of the folklore of most cultures from ancient times. There are two main kinds of riddle: the descriptive riddle and the shrewd or witty question. The descriptive riddle usually describes an animal, person, plant, or object in an intentionally enigmatic manner, to suggest something different from the correct answer. What runs about all day and lies under the bed at night? suggests A dog, but the answer is A shoe. Descriptive riddles deal with appearance, not function. Paradoxical riddles provide descriptions in terms of action. Common examples of these are: - What grows bigger the more you take from it? The answer is A hole - The man who made it did not want it; the man who bought it did not use it; the man who used it did not know it The answer is A coffin. Descriptive riddles are universal, but they rarely occur in folktales or ballads. An unusual example of one in a folktale is that asked by the Sphinx, the monster that terrorized the Boeotian Thebans of ancient Greece: What has one voice, and walks on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the evening? The answer was given by Oedipus: A man, who crawls on all fours in infancy, walks on two feet when grown, and leans on a staff when aged. Clearly the answer is a man who crawls as a baby, walks upright as an adult, and goes with the help of a walking stick when elderly. Shrewd questions riddle, meanwhile, may be classified by subject and form. Those dealing with letters of the alphabet, words, and symbols are generally statements calling for interpretation. Some examples of the shrewd question are: - ICUR YY 4 me ( I see you are too wise for me ) ICUR YY 4 is the mixture of alphabets and number. Magistra No. 86 Th. XXV Desember

9 - What is in the middle of Paris? The answer is R R in the answer is an alphabet. It is a shrewd question. - Spell dry grass with 3 letters! The answer is Hay. Similarly, the use of number is found in the question above, which is 3. The Encyclopedia Britannica s definition about riddle is strengthened by The Merriem- Webster s Online Dictionary in which riddle is a mystifying, misleading, or puzzling question posed as a problem to be solved or guessed: conundrum, enigma. A riddle is a statement or question having a double or veiled meaning, put forth as a puzzle to be solved. From some definitions above, it can be concluded that riddle is an enigmatic or ambiguous mystifying and puzzling question which is requiring a thoughtful and often witty answer. Riddles are of two types: enigmas, which are problems generally expressed in metaphorical or allegorical language that require ingenuity and careful thinking for their solution, and conundrums, which are questions relying for their effects on punning in either the question or the answer. The biggest reason for the exhilaration shown in hearing and telling riddles is the sheer intellectual pleasure derived from making a meaningful link between two pieces of information that seem to be initially unrelated, which is the way it always appears when we don t get the joke. When this is done in the spirit of fun and play, it is a great source of joy. Riddles typically use one of several techniques to create the twist that makes them difficult to guess (wisegeek.com). One common technique is double meanings. If the double meaning is in the words of the riddle, then a kind of equivocation is going on: the asker intends one meaning and hopes that the guesser will understand a different meaning. An example is: Railroad crossing, watch out for cars. Can you spell that without any r s? In the riddle above, the question is given to enable the guesser to understand that the word that is a demonstrative pronoun and assume that spelling Railroad crossing, watch out for cars without any r s which is an impossible task is the goal. The goal is really to spell the word that without any r s: T-H-A-T. Another technique is when there is a deliberate attempt to fix an erroneous assumption in the guesser s mind. An example is: A woman has 7 children. Half of them are boys. How can this be possible? Because there is a dichotomy of boy versus girl, the guesser is likely to assume that if half of the children are boys, the other half must be girls; but with an odd number, this does not work out. By recognizing this assumption as fallacious, one can reach the correct answer: since all the children are boys, half of them are also boys, even though in any other terms 3,5 children doesn t make much sense except as a statistic. 72 Magistra No. 86 Th. XXV Desember 2013

10 1. Types of Riddles According to Rogow, riddles can be classified as phonological, syntactical or semantic. Riddles and jokes demonstrate the flexibility and multiple aspects of language. Language play can also be encouraged in play situations. Children who show an understanding of riddles reveal the depth of their understanding and interest in language. It can be concluded that riddles often talk in circles. They use double meaning (ambiguity) to make us think about the answer. Simply put, a riddle is a play on words. A riddle is a question or statement so framed as to exercise one s ingenuity in answering it or discovering its meaning; conundrum. It is generally a question devised so as to require clever or unexpected thinking for its answer. If we are finding ourselves frustrated trying to find the answer, walking away can help. Clearing our mind will allow us to look at the riddle from a different perspective. Sometimes the answer will even come to us while we are sleeping. 2. Technique of Translating Riddles Translating riddle is different from translating other forms of text because riddle has some parts: a dialogue. The sense of humor and the events of history make the translators difficult to find out appropriate words in translating SL to TL. Translating riddle humour requires creativity, changing the structure of the humorous sequence proved to be an effective technique. CONCLUSION Humor is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement. People of most ages and cultures respond to humor. The majority of people are able to be amused, to laugh or smile at something funny, and thus they are considered to have a sense of humor. By humor, people may accept their personal situation and surroundings, and avoid angriness to other people. Humor, therefore, reduces stress by assisting us to view the world with perspective. It shifts the ways in which we think, and distress is greatly associated with the way we think. It is not situations that generate our stress, but the meaning we place on the situations. Humor helps people learn and work together more effectively. A fun, exciting workplace where people love to work is a very productive workplace. By age six, most children become interested in the verbal humor shared by older children around them. Riddle is a kind of humor that children like to play commonly. They hear other kids ask puzzling questions and then give what appear to be very arbitrary answers that are followed by laughter. So they simply imitate what they hear other kids do. One of puzzling questions children likes to play is a riddle. Riddle humor, are showed in both spoken and written forms. Riddle humor in written form can arouse laughter only if the joke expressed in words is understood by readers. In general conversation, a riddle is usually presented to someone who knows that a riddle is being asked and accepts the challenge of guessing the correct response. Magistra No. 86 Th. XXV Desember

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