Vocoders We Have Loved, Loathed, and Laughed at. DAFX 2009 Keynote. Perry Cook Princeton University Computer Science (also Music) also Sonic Mule
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1 Vocoders We Have Loved, Loathed, and Laughed at DAFX 2009 Keynote Perry Cook Princeton University Computer Science (also Music) also Sonic Mule Plan of Attack: Pre-History: Vocal Imitation, Shamanism Early History: Parlor Tricks, Magic, Ventriloquism History: Speaking Machines Later History: Communications, Codes and Coding (Information Theory), Cryptography Voice as Instrument, Instrument as Voice Making Things Sound Like Us: Cross Synthesis Making Us Sound Better: Pitch Shift/Correction 1
2 All Part of Upcoming Book: La Bella Voce et la Macchina (the beautiful voice and the machine) A History of Technology and the Expressive Voice Technology: Any human-fashioned tool, technique, method, law, notation, enhancement, etc. Expressive Voice: Singing, acting, preaching, rapping, praying, etc. Steamo Pre-History: Vocal Imitation 2
3 Animal Cries, Magic, Expression Imitating birds, animal howls, nature Language acquisition itself is/was imitative Storytelling, song, music (tonal speech) Shamanism, healing, magic, control Sternomancy, Ventral Fatiloquency, Gastromancy, Voix et l ombilique, Engastrimythy, Bauchrednung (Ventriloquism) Spirits, divination, séances Spirit Trumpets, Spirit Telegraphs, etc. A Brief History of /u/a/u/a/ (WahWah) Animal Cries => Pre-Lingual Babbling => Hands at Mouth => Object at Mouth Lip instruments (brass, mutes) Reeds and Free Reeds, and Digeridoo! (vocal tract interactions) Electrical Era: Working the tone-control knob (1961, Chet Atkins) And finally, the electric Wah-Wah pedal. Right? Nope Not quite yet 3
4 Early History: Speaking Machines "We represent and imitate all articulate sounds and letters, and the voices and notes of beasts and birds Francis Bacon ( ) from The New Atlantis, 1626 Early Speaking Machines Kratzenstein s (1779) Speaking Tubes Abbot Mical s (1783) Speaking Heads Von Kempelen s (1791) Speaking Machine 4
5 More Speaking Machines (-1937) Faber s Euphonia (1840) Marage s Vocal Tracts (1900) Riesz s Vocal Tract (1937) Speaking Machines: Into The Electrical Era Bell: Helping the deaf communicate, Dogs, Cadaver heads, the Telephone, Harp Telephone (Harmonic Telegraph) Helmholtz Konig Stewart (1922) 5
6 1939 World s Fair Operators (female) manipulate console Dudley s Voder Voder: Source/Filter Model Noise/Pulse (wrist bar) Pitch control (foot pedal) Resonances (10 finger sliders) Consonant/Stop Presets (thumb buttons) 6
7 Dudley s Voice Coder (VoCoder) Subband decomposition of voice signal Voiced/unvoiced source detection/modeling Immediately CLASSIFIED by US Government Later History: Communications, Coding, Compression, Cryptography Ciphony (Secure Speech) 7
8 Secure Vocoders (US Army/NSA/UK) SIGSALY (1940 s) 10 Bands 0 3kHz Vacuum tubes DEMO! 55 Tons!! Delilah, System X, others KY-9 (1953) 510 lb. Tom Tremaine HY-2 (1961) Meanwhile, in the Time Domain 8
9 Linear Predictive Coding (Atal, 1970) Waveform: next sample = linear combination of previous samples Spectral: best predictor coefficients are least-squares spectral filter Perceptual: formant peaks Physical: source + ladder filter Music composition (Lansky, Dodge, Moorer, Peterson, others 1980 s) Speak&Spell, other TI products Coders of all types, LPC10, etc. to eventually, VCELP (Cell phones) Parametric speech manipulation: Oh No! Did Paul Lansky Invent AutoTune?!!!! More on that shortly 9
10 LPC for Ciphony STU Series (LPC10 secure phones) STU-III circa 1986 Tremaine Back to the Frequency Domain (sort of) 10
11 Making Things Talk The Talk Box Sound source excites vocal tract Sound source => Hose => Mouth => Mic 1976 Frampton Comes Alive, right? 1940 The SonoVox Kay Kaiser, others Nope DEMO! Alvino Rey (1939) Pete Drake s Amazing Talking Steel Guitar (1964) Then Frampton, right? Nope! Then, the VoxWah pedal (1966, Brad Plunkett, Warwick Electronics) demoed by Del Casher MOVIES! Making Things Talk, The TalkBox Comes of Age Finally, the modern Talk Box (speaker/hose/mic) Frampton Comes Alive right? Nope, not yet The Bag, Kustom Electronics (Doug Forbes, 1969) Mike Pinera, Iron Butterfly THEN Heil s (1971) Stevie Wonder (1972) THEN, Frampton (1976) MOVIES! 11
12 The Tragedy of the TalkBox: Dental Fatigue and Damage Fortunately there was an alternative The Cross-Synthesizing Vocoder Vocoder, with non-parametric (audio) source Subbands Optional /s/ Optional fuzz Optional patching Harald Bode and Walter Carlos DEMO! Switched On Bach (1968) (Clockwork Orange 1971) 12
13 The Phase Vocoder Lots of bands (hundreds to thousands) Track and use magnitude AND phase Sinusoidal tracking/resynthesis Can implement frequency domain LPC Pitch/Time shifting Cross-synthesis Composition: Dolson, Moorer, others Coding/compression: the burbles and bubbles of the bathtub bells (Stockham) DEMO! Commercial Vocoders (70-80 s) Korg, Roland, Others (90 s) PAIA Kit (00 s) Plug-in Software 13
14 Speaking of Commercial Vocoding but for a very different purpose Autotune! Antares Inc. (1997) Vocoder (LPC+) to Detect pitch Pitch-shift to steer toward target pitch Retune speed [0.0,1.0] sets speed at which correct pitch is approached (0.0 = Cher ) Best selling plug in for last couple of years Dirty secret: everyone uses it (not set to 0.0) T-Pain and others proudly set it to 0.0 Newest dirty secret: increasingly used live 14
15 Autotune Pre-History Rotating head pitch/time shifting Eltro (1965) Eventide Harmonizer (overlap-add, 1976) De-glitched Harmonizer (PSOLA, 1977) Smart Harmonizer (real/tonal shift, 1980 s) AHA! Factor/Agnello etal invented AutoTune? Formant correction: Digitech (Studio) Vocalist Autotune History Cher Believe (1998) Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee) (1999) Soon, countless others Soon, everyone (Chicks, Avril, ) Soon, many using it live (Reba, Garth, ) T-Pain then. the backlash: Jay Z DOA (Death of Autotune) Grammy Blue Ribbon Campaign 15
16 Vocoders as Social Commentary Autotune the News Michael and Andrew Gregory Take great (and not so great) speeches, moments in history, stupid news, etc. Run them through Autotune Add music, effects, make videos, put on YouTube, go viral, get famous. Yea! So is AutoTune Dead? Tired/Tiring/Cliché? Annoying? Become it s own Parody? ( Ashlee MOVIE!) Industry Outrage/Backlash? Audience Outrage/Backlash? Movie! 16
17 Probably not It s still a pretty cool effect T-Pain was top-selling ring-tone last year, and is still (one of) the top Hip-hop artists Many want it, many (hip-hop, country, comedy, ) want to do videos with Pain Worst case, the sound of it will always say the late 00 s AutoTune for the Masses? T-Pain + Sonic Mule (Smule) + Antares = I Am T-Pain AutoTune for the iphone 17
18 Some Conclusions The word vocoder has (at least) Three definitions: Voice Coder (parameterize human speech) Cross synthesizer (singing cows) Pitch/time manipulator (frequency domain) The Future? Gender/Age Transformation Accents (remove/transform) Language Interpretation (The Universal Translator) Aliens!! 18
19 THE END! 19
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