Table of Contents. SIPR NIPR Access Point. Radio Frequency (RF) Assembly and Components. Initial System Deployment OCONUS

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2 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 SIPR NIPR Access Point Antenna installation ODU Equipment Radio Frequency (RF) Assembly and Components Initial System Deployment OCONUS Baseband Theory Baseband Components Backup/Restore Router Configuration through Console Chapter 9 TACLANE (KG 175D) Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Troubleshooting Command Device Commands Preventive Maintenance Satcom Definitions

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4 SIPR NIPR Access Point The SIPR NIPR Access Point (SNAP) is a Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) used by the Warfighter to support in-theater communications.

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6 System Overview (1) RF Case: Antenna Control Linkway S2 Modem 2.0M Antenna Assembly NIPR Baseband Case: 2811 Cisco Router Citrix WAN Accelerator SIPR Baseband Case: 2811 Cisco Router Citrix WAN Accelerator KG-175D-TACLANE CENTRIX Case: 2811 Cisco Router Citrix WAN Accelerator KG-175D-TACLANE UPS Case 2 The SNAP package contains 11 cases upon shipment. Below is the breakdown of all cases: 1 Case containing antenna base 1 Case containing 1 center reflector and 4 pedals 1 Case containing 4 legs, 2 strut bars for boom, 4 strut bars for leg assembly, & 1 boom 1 Antenna assembly case 1 Block UpConverter (BUC) 3 Low Noise Blockers (LNB) 1 TX/RX cable 1 Power Cable 1 HMMV Power Cable 1-RF Case Antenna Control Linkway S2 Modem TrackStar Handheld 1 IP Phone 1 CF-30 Laptop 3

7 Accessory Cables 1-UPS Case UPS 1-NIPR Case 2811 Cisco Router CITRIX WAN Accelerator 1-SIPR Case 2811 Cisco Router CITRIX WAN Accelerator KG-175D-TACLANE 1-CENTRIX Cases 2811 Cisco Router CITRIX WAN Accelerator KG-175D-TACLANE 1-Spares Case 3 Spare LNBs 1 Spare BUC 1-User Accessory Case 4 IP Phones 3 CF-30 Laptops Accessory Cables Rack Mounted Router Configuration 1-NIPR Case 2811 Cisco Router CITRIX WANScaler IP Accelerator 1-SIPR Case 2811 Cisco Router CITRIX WANScaler IP Accelerator KG-175D-TACLANE (GFE) 1-Centrix Case 2811 Cisco Router CITRIX WANScaler IP Accelerator 4

8 Embedded Router Configuration 1- Embedded Case 1- NIPR 2811 Cisco Router CITRIX WANScaler IP Accelerator External Power supply with Input power measurement 1-SIPR 2811 Cisco Router CITRIX WANScaler IP Accelerator KG-175D TACLANE Mount kit. 1-Accessories bag including all RJ-45 cables needed for cabling 5

9 System Overview (2) SNAP System Contains: VSAT: Very Small Aperture Terminal - Sub-System that includes RF transit Case NIPR: Non-Secure Internet Protocol Router - Data Case SIPR: Secret Internet Protocol Router - Data Case CENTRIX: CENTCOM Regional Intelligence Exchange System Data Case UPS: Uninterruptible Power Supply Sub-System System Overview (3) The antenna system for the SNAP terminal is an easy-to-setup antenna system. The basic operations include proper placement of the pedestal, the installation of the feet and struts. The feed assembly with BUC and appropriate LNB are attached to the boom, the boom is then attached to the antenna Connect Antenna Assemblage to the local grounding system Connect the power and transmit/receive cables from the antenna to the RF Equipment Case located inside Distance between the Antenna and RF Case can not exceed 100ft Completion time is usually minutes for two people 6

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11 Antenna Installation

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13 Installation of 2.0 M Antenna (1) During the site survey, establish a safety zone a minimum 10 feet beyond the front of the feed horn and extend in an arc to 90 degrees of a center line on either side of the feed horn around any SNAP VSAT Satellite System. The safety zone should be marked off to prevent others from entering the area. The operator must also keep a minimum of a 15 foot radius behind the antenna in order to avoid any electromagnetic interference. The compass and GPS antenna on the feed boom are very susceptible to magnetic interference. The operator must also ensure the direction of the Antenna Positioner is faced towards the equator as marked on the positioner. This will mean the Positioner will be facing due south in most situations. It is recommended that antenna assembly be performed at wind speeds under 35 MPH. At wind speeds of 45MPH or greater, the antenna should be placed in the stowed position (See Stowing Antenna procedures). Installation of 2.0 M Antenna (2) RF Hazards 10ft Safety Zone 10 ft Wind Loading Hazard 35 MPH wind speed limitation Compensations Sand Bag placed in antenna base Anchors 3

14 Installation of 2.0 M Antenna (3) The satellite dish should be at a minimum 50 ft from any fueling station or high explosives Access to all electrical power should be regulated by the respective unit s local policies Identify all tripping hazards and unsafe conditions with proper identification Any equipment over 40 pounds requires a two-man-lift Use only approved power sources at your location 4

15 Installation of 2.0 M Antenna (4) Feed Assembly contains components for signal conditioning of TX & Rx signals 2. Feed Boom Supports the Feed Assembly 3 3. Reflector Antenna Pie Pieces (8) 4. Positioner Positions the antenna Antenna Pedestal Antenna support base 6. Pedestal Legs Supports and sustains the antenna assembly 6 1. Feed Assembly contains components for signal conditioning of TX & Rx signals 2. Feed Boom Supports the Feed Assembly 3. Reflector Antenna Pie Pieces (8) 4. Positioner Positions the antenna 5. Antenna Pedestal Antenna support base 6. Pedestal Legs Supports and sustains the antenna assembly 5

16 Installation of 2.0 M Antenna (5) Installation of 2.0 M Antenna (6) 6

17 Installation of 2.0 M Antenna (7) 7

18 Installation of 2.0 M Antenna (8) Note: Make sure that the LNB is the correct one 1. Connect the antenna assembly to the boom by sliding the assembly onto the boom securely clamping the assembly 2. Match cable labeling with input on assembly and attach 3. Ensure the LNB mounted on the feed assembly is correct for the region 8

19 Space Segment Ku-band (Europe): Downlink: FSS: GHz Uplink: FSS and Telecom: GHz; Ku-band (America): Downlink: FSS: GHz Uplink: FSS: GHz Ku-band (Asia, Afghanistan, Iraq): Downlink: FSS: GHz Uplink: FSS: GHz Frequency bands and reference satellites are a part of the space segment. There are different frequencies per geographic locations. In the SNAP spares, case there will be three redundant LNBs. Each LNB is dedicated to a specific geographic location as depicted above. It is important for the operator to use the correct LNB for the specific location. Using the incorrect LNB will cause the VSAT antenna to scan a frequency band not associated with the area. 9

20 Installation of 2.0 M Antenna (9) 1. Mount the feed boom to the reflector by aligning the bottom hole in the Mounting bracket with the corresponding hole in the reflector-mounting bracket. NOTE: Ensure the color coding of the struts match the color of the feed boom collar 10

21 Installation of 2.0 M Antenna (10) 1. With a person on the end of each feed strut, rotate the feed boom upward while walking the struts around the edge of the reflector towards the lower connection point. 2. Insert the 2nd captive ball detent pin into the upper reflector pivot bracket hole to secure the feed boom to the reflector. 3. Connect the lower end of the feed strut to its ball joint by sliding back the locking collar. 4. Connect lower cables on the boom assembly to the antenna positioner 11

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23 ODU Equipment

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25 Wavestream Block UpConveter The Block UpConverter (BUC) up-converts an L-Band frequency to a Ku Band or extended Ku Band frequency to transmit to the satellite. The Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) amplifies your upconverted signal to give it the power it needs to reach the satellite. The Ku-Band BUC s Local Oscillator (LO) frequency is 12.8GHz. Ku Output range is 13.75GHz GHz An external 10MHz is needed to provide signal stability. This is received from the 10 MHz signal generator on the front side of the RF Case 3

26 Low Noise Block LNB Down Converter Low Noise Block Down Converter (LNB) down-converts a signal returning from the satellite to an L-Band frequency for use with baseband equipment. The LNB also amplifies the weak signal Easily changeable for maintenance or geographic reasons Three LNB options are available for the SNAP system to support worldwide. 1. Ku-Band to 11.70GHz, w/ External 10MHz 2. Ku-Band to 12.20GHz, w/external 10MHz 3. Ku-Band to 12.75GHz, w/external 10MHz Signal passes through the waveguide portion of the LNB and is sent toward the baseband portion via an F-Type coaxial Connector. An external 10MHz is needed to provide signal stability. This is received from the 10 MHz signal generator on the front side of the RF Case. 4

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28 Radio Frequency (RF) Assembly And Components

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30 RF Signal Flow (1) The Radio Frequency (RF) signal flow for the SNAP terminal is the same as most other RF systems. The picture above indicates transmit with the dashed line, receive is designated by a solid line. On receive, the initial signal flows from the satellite to the reflectors, then to the Low Noise Block (LNB). The LNB acts as a down-converter for the signal which is then transferred to the Outdoor Equipment Enclosure (OEE), which is located directly under the dish on the antenna system The OEE contains both the Antenna Control Unit (ACU) and Spectrum Analyzer circuit boards and passes the signal to the pedestal where the system s 100 transmit/receive Cable carries the signal into the RF Equipment Case. Within this case the signal travels into the Linkway S2 Modem for demodulation and transfer into the Baseband segment of the terminal. On the transmit side, the signal begins in the Baseband segment of the terminal and is sent to the Modem via a Cat 5 cable connecting the NIPR case to the RF Equipment Case. 3

31 This data is then modulated in the Linkway S2 modem into an Intermediate Frequency (IF) for transmission out through the 100 transmit/receive cable where it connects to the antenna pedestal. The pedestal connection passes the signal up the boom to the Block Up Converter (BUC) which up-converts the signal to the appropriate satellite transmits frequency and amplifies the signal to the appropriate power level. From there the signal is sent to the feed assembly where it is transmitted into the reflectors and sent back up to the satellite. 4

32 RF Signal Flow (2) The Radio Frequency (RF) signal flow for the SNAP terminal is the same as most other RF systems. The picture above indicates transmit with the dashed line, receive is designated by a solid line. On receive, the initial signal flows from the satellite to the reflectors, then to the Low Noise Block (LNB). The LNB acts as a down-converter for the signal which is then transferred to the Outdoor Equipment Enclosure (OEE) which is located directly under the dish on the antenna system The OEE contains both the Antenna Control Unit (ACU) and Spectrum Analyzer circuit boards and passes the signal to the pedestal where the system s 100 transmit/receive Cable carries the signal into the RF Equipment Case. Within this case the signal travels into the LinkWay S2 Modem for demodulation and transfer into the Baseband segment of the terminal. On the transmit side, the signal begins in the Baseband segment of the terminal and is sent to the Modem via a Cat 5 cable connecting the NIPR case to the RF Equipment Case. This data is then modulated in the LinkWay S2 modem into an Intermediate Frequency (IF) for transmission out through the 100 transmit/receive cable where it connects to the antenna pedestal. The pedestal connection passes the signal up the boom to the Block Up Converter (BUC) which up-converts the signal to the appropriate satellite transmit frequency and amplifies the signal to the appropriate power level. From there the signal is sent to the feed assembly where it is transmitted into the reflectors and sent back up to the satellite. 5

33 IFL Cable Diagram (1) Run the transmit (TX) and receive (RX) RF cables; and the antenna power and M&C cable between the indoor equipment location and the antenna assembly location 2. Connect the antenna control cable to J1 on the positioner base. 3. Connect the red TX cable to the TX connector on the positioner base. 4. Connect the blue RX cable to the RX connector on the positioner base. 5. Connect the antenna power and M&C cable to J1 on the rear of the RF Equipment Case 6. Connect the red TX cable to TX on the rear of the RF Equipment Case 7. Connect the blue RX cable to RX on the rear of the RF Equipment Case 8. Remove the 10 MHz reference GPS antenna from its pouch in the lid of the RF Equipment Case 9. Connect the GPS antenna to J4 on the rear of the RF Equipment Case 6

34 IFL Cable Diagram (2) Run the transmit (TX) and receive (RX) RF cables; and the antenna power and M&C cable between the indoor equipment location and the antenna assembly location Connect the antenna control cable to J1 on the positioner base. Connect the red TX cable to the TX connector on the positioner base. Connect the blue RX cable to the RX connector on the positioner base. Connect the antenna power and M&C cable to J1 on the rear of the RF Equipment Case Connect the red TX cable to TX on the rear of the RF Equipment Case Connect the blue RX cable to RX on the rear of the RF Equipment Case Remove the 10 MHz reference GPS antenna from its pouch in the lid of the RF Equipment Case Connect the GPS antenna to J4 on the rear of the RF Equipment Case 7

35 RF Case Components Front Rear Satellite Modem (Linkway S2) TDMA satellite modem RF Control Panel Houses the antenna ODU circuit breaker, the Moxa NPort Serial to IP Converter the 10Mhz reference generator and contains input for TracStar & Phone/Laptop Storage Shelf Houses the CF-30 laptop and IP phone Rear RF Patch Panel Signal entry for 100 ft TX/RX cable,10mhz Reference GPS, Antenna Control/Power Cable, and an RF-45 input for NIPR in Power Strip Extra power source used for laptop and embedded kit Ground Bar Ground all RF devices within the case 8

36 Equipment Descriptions 2.0M Antenna Antenna Power TX RX Above is the connection from the Antenna to the Antenna Control Unit (ACU). Proper connection allows RF signals to and from the satellite and data packets to be transmitted and received. Ground Ground wire connection point Antenna Power & Control Provides power and control functioning from the ACU to the antenna TX Transmit connection from RF case to antenna RX Receive connection from RF case to antenna 9

37 Equipment Descriptions LinkWay S2 Modem Modem Lock Indicator Multi-carrier, multi-rate, Multiple-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access (MF-TDMA) Satellite Modem under the control of the Network Master Reference Terminal (MRT): Supports multiple network topologies (Mesh, Star or Multi-Star) Data Rate Up to 5MS Dynamically allocates bandwidth on demand Provides high-speed connection between remote terminals and a hub Output of Modem is L Band ( GHz). The MRT modem passes control bursts Controls timing and operation of all SNAPs in the network. Without a MRT there is no Network 10

38 LinkWay S2 Modem The S2 is the connection point between your RF and Baseband side. Without Modem, lock there is no end-to-end communication. Once the SNAP terminal attains all reference satellites and is deployed, the MODEM should have full lock. To verify MODEM lock look at the SAT LED on the front of the modem. If there is a green flashing LED, the modem has RX lock. After the Transmit Acquisition bursts have been acknowledged by the MRT and your terminal has been activated, the SAT LED should be solid, indicating full TX & RX lock. The MODEM also serves the purpose of modulating and demodulating the data transmitted from the local baseband equipment and received from the distant baseband equipment. Through modulation, the MODEM adds a carrier to the digital data suitable for transmission to follow on equipment (BUC). Through demodulation, the carrier is stripped to recover the raw digital data for follow on equipment (baseband). For configuration, load parameters from a Boot File via a RJ45 port from a laptop or by Visual VSAT GUI. Boot files are to be obtained through the MRT (hub) supporting the specific mission. After a SAR (satellite access request) is approved, an SAA (satellite access approval) will be granted and the POC listed on the SAA will receive the modem boot files 11

39 Identify Components Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Case Front Rear 1 2 The Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) system provides AC power for all baseband and RF stacks to draw power. Upon loss of external power, the internal battery of the UPS provides power to all stacks maintaining communications. On average, with all stacks drawing battery power from the UPS, communications will be maintained for about 15 to 20 minutes. Battery Compartment Houses the external battery Power Strip Located on the rear of the UPS rack, provides power to all other cases within the SNAP system. Can also provide power for other devices (laptops, IP Phones, ect). 12

40 AVCOM Spectrum Analyzer (1) The SNAP system is equipped with a laptop based Spectrum Analyzer GUI. The AVCOM SpecAn is capable of most everything a physical SpecAn is capable of. The signal is received directly into the OEE where the Spectrum Analyzer board is located. This signal is routed through the MOXA NPORT Serial to IP converter Setting up the AVCOM 1. Click the Configure Tab 2. Set Connection Type to Serial Set COM number to COM 9 4. Click the ADD button 5. Click the Close Button 13

41 AVCOM Spectrum Analyzer (2) The SNAP system is equipped with a laptop based Spectrum Analyzer GUI. The signal is received directly into the OEE where the Spectrum Analyzer board is located. This signal is routed through the MOXA NPORT Serial to IP converter Setting up the AVCOM: Click the Configure Tab Set Connection Type to Serial 232 Set COM number to COM 9 Click the ADD button Click the Close Button 14

42 TracStar Antenna Controller Four Main Menus Ready page, User Setup, Tech Page and Diagnostic page. Move through the menus by using the MAIN button for vertical movement (select one of the four Main menus) and the key for horizontal (submenu) movement. Main-1-Ready Page: Main page displayed after powering up. From this page, the user can access satellite and orbital position in degrees west longitude. Main-2-User Setup: From this page, users can jog the antenna, input satellite parameters, and input the reference satellites. Main-3-Tech Setup: From this page, users can run several pre-set tests. From here, a user can also set the LNB parameters. Main-4-Diagnostics: From this page, users can look at the antenna information such as look angles, level sensor readings, GPS data, and correction factors for the three axis. 15

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44 Initial System Deployment OCONUS

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46 OCONUS ACU Setup This portion of the manual is designed for TracStar ACU configuration in OCONUS locations only. Upon setting up the SNAP system in an OCONUS (Europe/Asia) location, several things must occur before the operator should begin TracStar ACU configuration. Firstly, it must be ensured that the correct LNB for the region is in use. This LNB should be NJR2637E with a local oscillator of 10.00GHz. Also upon setup, the operator must ensure the front of his or her positioned is facing the equator. In Europe and Asia, as well as CONUS this is facing due South. 3

47 Configuration of the ACU (1) From the Ready Page, Press the Main Button two times till you reach Tech Setup Press the ENTER button till the CODE setting is flashing Press the + button to Code 13 and press ENTER to input the Code The configuration of the TracStar Antenna Control Unit is specific to the location in which the operator will be positioning the antenna system. When setting up in CONUS locations satellite acquisition is easier, simply because TracStar has already pre-programmed a library of reference satellites. When setting up in Europe and Asia the ScanSky function must be performed to build the reference satellite library. The ScanSky process takes a minimum of twenty minutes. During this time, the antenna system is scanning the arc of the sky at different angles, peaking, and frequency locking on all satellites 80 degrees from the front side of the dish. The following pages will walk the operator through the TracStar ACU procedure. The first portion will cover CONUS Setup. Firstly, the operator must set up the library of satellites known as reference data. When setting up CONUS there is, no need to clear the reference data since the USA REF SETUP command automatically does this procedure. Before any configuration changes can be made, the operator must set the Tech Setup Code-to-Code 13. 4

48 Configuration of the ACU (2) The configuration of the TracStar Antenna Control Unit is specific to the location in which the operator will be positioning the antenna system. When setting up in CONUS locations satellite acquisition is easier, simply because TracStar has already pre-programmed a library of reference satellites. When setting up in Europe and Asia the ScanSky function must be performed to build the reference satellite library. The ScanSky process takes a minimum of twenty minutes. During this time the antenna system is scanning the arc of the sky at different angles, peaking and frequency locking on all satellites 80 degrees from the front side of the dish. The following pages will walk the operator through the TracStar ACU procedure. The first portion will cover CONUS Setup. Firstly, the operator must set up the library of satellites known as reference data. When setting up CONUS there is no need to clear the reference data since the USA REF SETUP command automatically does this procedure. Before any configuration changes can be made the operator must set the Tech Setup Code to Code 13. 5

49 Clearing the Reference Data From the Ready Page, press the MAIN button twice to TECH SETUP. Ensure code 13 is selected. Press the Arrow over twice to Set Test Using the + or button toggle to CLEAR REF DATA, Press ENTER Press the + button to RUN NOW, Press ENTER Before making any configurations or changes using the TracStar, all reference data must be cleared from the Antenna Control Unit (ACU) using the TracStar. This procedure should only be done for strategic location changes; i.e. country location. NOTE: If redeploying within the same local location, the same user data previously input into the system by the previous ScanSky should be used. At this point all reference information will be cleared from the ACU. The ready page should ready

50 Programming the Geographical Area From the Ready Page press the MAIN button twice to TECH SETUP From TECH SETUP press the Arrow button seven times to GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Press the + or button to ensure MIDEAST is selected, press the ENTER button When the LO is flashing toggle the + or button to ensure the correct local oscillator for the us is input (10.00GHz) Press the enter button until Fb L (frequency band Low) is flashing and toggle the + or button to ensure the value is GHz and press ENTER After pressing ENTER, The Fb H (Frequency band High) should be flashing. This value should read GHz It is necessary for the operator to verify the ACU is set to the proper LNB Local Oscillator. If these parameters are not correct, the ScanSky function, which is to be performed, next may not populate a correct list of Reference Satellites. By inputting these settings, the ACU the dvb receiver is now programmed to correlate with the MIDEAST region LNB and lock onto OCONUS satellites. 7

51 Programming the Reference Satellites From the Ready Page press the Arrow over once to SET REF SAT Press the ENTER button until Ref X is highlighted. Press the + or - buttons to select a Reference Satellite. Press Enter to select. NOTE: it cannot be the same as the Data Satellite Press the ENTER button until Ref Y is selected. Press the + or buttons to select a Reference Satellite. Press Enter to Select. NOTE: it cannot be the same as the Data Satellite Now the operator has programmed the reference satellite. It is optimal to program reference satellites fairly close to the data satellite to ensure the line of site to the satellite. For example, if the Data Satellite annotated on the SAA is in the orbital longitude of 121W, the operator should program his two reference satellites at orbital locations such as 110W, 119W, 127W, etc. NOTE: When in CONUS locations it is perfectly fine to leave both RefX and RefY on Auto. This will simply use the compass and GPS on the antenna to pick the first reference satellite in the stored in the NVRAM. 8

52 Programming the Data Satellites From the Ready Page, press the over Arrow two times to SET DATA SATELLITE. Press The ENTER button to highlight SatA and use the + or to toggle to SatA. Press the ENTER Button till SatA is highlighted in the lower left hand corner. Using the + or buttons input the longitudinal orbit of the data satellite. NOTE: All western satellites (CONUS) will be a positive number (121W = 121). All eastern satellites (OCONUS) will be negative (54E = 54). Press the ENTER Button til SatB is highlighted in the lower right hand corner. Using the + or buttons input the longitudinal orbit of the same data satellite. Verify you have pressed ENTER to input all values and all settings are correct. Now that the reference satellites have been programmed, the operator must program the data satellite. NOTE: The operator must reference the SAA for this information. The operator is given the option to program two data satellites, one primary, and one secondary. In most cases, the mission will not call for two satellites as bandwidth must be purchased on two satellites and this is unusual. The operator must then program SatA and SatB to the same orbital longitude. Now the Data Satellite has been input. When at the Ready Screen it should read XXX (XXX = longitudinal orbit of the satellite). 9

53 Programming the Polarity From the Ready Screen press the Arrow over three times to reach the Polarity Page. Press the ENTER button to highlight the POL value Using the + or buttons toggle between HorzDN and VertDN Press ENTER to input the correct POL value Following the programming of Data/Ref satellites, the operator must now program the polarity as determined by the SAA. In most cases, the Polarity will be Horizontal Down (HorzDN). At this point, the correct parameters for Polarity have should have been inputted by the operator. 10

54 Programming the Geographical Area From the Ready Page press the MAIN button twice to TECH SETUP From TECH SETUP press the Arrow button seven times to GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Press the + or button to ensure USAdvb is selected, press the ENTER button When the LO is flashing toggle the + or button to ensure the correct local oscillator for the us is input (10.75GHz) Press the enter button until Fb l (frequency band Low) is flashing and toggle the + or button to ensure the value is 11.7 GHz and press ENTER After pressing ENTER, The Fb H (Frequency band High) should be flashing. This value should read 12.2 GHz It is necessary for the operator to verify the ACU is set to the proper LNB Local Oscillator. If these parameters are not correct, you will not achieve satellite lock on the ACU. By inputting these settings, the ACU the dvb receiver is now programmed to correlate with the US region LNB and lock onto CONUS satellites. 11

55 Programming Frequency Scan Parameters From the Ready Page, press the MAIN button to USER SETUP Menu. Press the Arrow button over twice to SATELLITE PARAMETERS PAGE Using the + or buttons ensure SatA is selected, Press ENTER. At this point the first frequency should be flashing, using the button ensure the frequency reads 10799, press the ENTER button and ensure the second frequency is also and press ENTER. Press the Arrow key once to the reference satellite page and repeat the procedure above ensuring the frequency span being scanned is to When the dish begins scanning the sky in search for a strong reference satellite carrier and secondly a strong data satellite carrier to ensure maximum signal and frequency strength, it is important that before entering auto-acquisition mode, the reference and data satellites aren t associated with a specific frequency range. This is why the system must be allowed to scan the entire frequency range of Ku- Band, which is GHz to GHz. 12

56 Acquiring the Satellite Deploying the Positioner From the Ready Page, press Either the RUN button or hold + for 3 seconds. If outside near the ODU the operator can also press the green deploy button. After pressing the button, the operator will see XXX. This means the acquisition has begun. Throughout the entire process, the operator will notice the numbers on the top left change (e.g. B21, B22, B23, etc). These are the mechanical steps of the system and are not to be taken into consideration. The next part of the sequence will read COMPASS and an after reviewing all the steps listed above and ensuring the correct parameters are input into the TracStar handheld ACU, The operator is now ready to acquire the satellite. From the Ready Page, press Either the RUN button or hold + for 3 seconds. If outside near the ODU the operator can also press the green, deploy button. Associated number count (e.g. Compass -98, , etc). If the operator were to monitor the dish at this point, he or she would see the dish move in accordance with the calibration of the compass. After the compass has finished calibrating, the operator should see the GPS calibrating. The GPS will pull as many GPS satellite readings and begin passing NMEA data streams to the modem. TDMA requires constant GPS updates to synch its TX bursts. 13

57 Upon completion of the GPS Calibration, the operator will see the ACU begin to scan for its first reference satellite. The AGC (Automatic Gain Control) reading in the lower left hand corner will rise and fall growing with signal strength. If the ACU fails to lock onto its first reference satellite, it will use the second satellite programmed by the operator. Pending successful acquisition of the reference satellite the antenna will cut directly to the data satellite programmed by the operator. The operator will notice the values in the lower right corner of the screen changing between AGC value and frequency strength value (e.g. F ). Once the system has peaked in both signal and frequency strength the TracStar Handheld should read XXX (XXX = orbital longitude of the data satellite programmed by the operator). The System is now ready for modem boot file configuration. 14

58 Saving Configuration to NVRAM From the READY PAGE, press the MAIN button twice to TECH SETUP From the TECH SETUP page, Press the Arrow over twice to SET TEST Toggle the button to SAVE EEP, Press Enter, + to RUN NOW, Press Enter. After all reference data has been input into the ACU via the TracStar it must be saved; otherwise entered data may be erased upon any power outage or shut down. After all reference data has been input into the ACU via the TracStar it must be saved; otherwise entered data may be erased upon any power outage or shut down. 15

59 ACU Peak-Up Procedure In the case of low BER, low SNR, or any other symptoms of poor receive levels it may be necessary to re-peak and POL on the data satellite. The procedure for this is simple. When the system is in Run mode, simply double tap the RUN button and if done properly the operator should see XXX 16

60 : ACU Cross Polarization Procedure (1) From the Ready Page press MAIN once to User Setup From User Setup, Press the Over Arrow once to Jog Page, Press the Enter button and then + or button to select JogSlow Press the RUN button to enable Jog Mode, you will know you are in Jog mode when JogSlow becomes JOgSlow. While in Jog Mode, press Enter to top right corner for E (elevation) and + or to adjust. Press Enter for A (Azimuth) on bottom left and + or to adjust. Press Enter again for P (POL) at bottom right and + or to adjust. The process of performing an antenna peaking and cross polarization, or Peak & Pol for short, is required by DISA when accessing a satellite with bandwidth leased or owned by the US Military. The Peak & Pol procedure serves two purposes. First, the operator at the control segment will be able to inform the operator of the Traffic Terminal (SNAP) when he or she has reached optimal signal strength by viewing the SNAP s unmodulated carrier on specialized spectrum analyzers. An unmodulated carrier, or carrier wave (CW), is a pure carrier without any data or modulation. Second, the other purpose of the Peak & Pol procedure is to ensure the Traffic Terminal is not operating on the incorrect polarity. For example, if the SNAP coming into the TDMA network is supposed to be operating on the Horizontal Polarity the feed must be rotated to match the horizontal polarity set by the Satellite. If a TT is operating on the wrong polarity, even the slightest bit, it could easily knock other customers paying for bandwidth on the other polarity out of the network and become an expensive problem. Even though the SNAP system is capable of performing a perfect Peak and Pol 99 times out of 100, it is mandatory that upon accessing a satellite using US military bandwidth, the peak and pol procedure must be performed. 17

61 The procedure is as follows: Open up a HyperTerminal session and login as root. When at the # prompt, call the bandwidth provider and request to do a cross-pol check. Ask the operator for a Ku-Band frequency in Hz to bring your CW up on. NOTE: You must inform the earth station operator that your BUC Local Oscillator is 12800GHz and not the standard 13050GHz. After you have been given the frequency, and been told to bring up the carrier type this command into the HyperTerminal session: cw power -25 frequency xxxxxxxxxx time 60 This can be shortened to: cw p -25 f (freq in Hz) t (0 to 300 seconds). Be sure to include all spaces and dashes. If done correctly the CLI (command line interface) will echo back: Switching LED 7 to 0 and your CW will be up for the allotted time programmed. The earth station controller will take an isolation reading, nominal isolation is 30db. From the Ready Page press MAIN once to User Setup If the operator asks you to manually jog the AZ, El, or POL, this is the procedure. 18

62 ACU Cross Polarization Procedure (2) Secondly, the other purpose of the Peak & Pol procedure is to ensure the Traffic Terminal is not operating on the incorrect polarity. For example, if the SNAP coming into the TDMA network is supposed to be operating on the Horizontal Polarity the feed must be rotated to match the horizontal polarity set by the Satellite. If a TT is operating on the wrong polarity, even the slightest bit, it could easily knock other customers paying for bandwidth on the other polarity out of the network and become an expensive problem. Even though the SNAP system is capable of performing a perfect Peak and Pol 99 times out of 100, it is mandatory that upon accessing a satellite using US military bandwidth, the peak and pol procedure must be performed. The procedure is as follows: Open up a HyperTerminal session and login as root. When at the # prompt, call the bandwidth provider and request to do a cross-pol check. Ask the operator for a Ku-Band frequency in Hz to bring your CW up on. NOTE: You must inform the earth station operator that your BUC Local Oscillator is 12800GHz and not the standard 13050GHz. After you have been given the frequency, and been told to bring up the carrier type this command into the HyperTerminal session: cw power -25 frequency xxxxxxxxxx time 60 This can be shortened to: cw p -25 f (freq in Hz) t (0 to 300 seconds). Be sure to include all spaces and dashes. If done correctly the CLI (command line interface) will echo back: Switching LED 7 to 0 and your CW will be up for the allotted time programmed. The earth station controller will take an isolation reading, nominal isolation is 30db. From the Ready Page press MAIN once to User Setup If the operator asks you to manually jog the AZ, El, or POL, this is the procedure 19

63 Stowing the Antenna From the Main menu Press and hold the - button for three seconds -The TracStar should read Stowing - The antenna should only be stowed in cases of tear-down or excessively high wind speeds where anchoring or sand bagging does not secure the dish. Note: After deploying the Antenna, set the TracStar box down. Pressing any button afterwards will cancel the antenna deployment. 20

64 Loading the boot file to LinkWay S2 Modem The operator must now configure the modem by loading the boot file. This is done through the Admin laptop by connecting a straight through RJ-45 cable to the Laptop/Phone on the front side of the RF Case. The boot file should come in.txt format and should look like this: NOTE: Depending on the MRT which created the boot file its formula may change. The operator may also receive a boot file without echo back commands or command lines with the associated directory. As long as the operator is able to load the boot file then the format is not an issue, however some formats may not load through the Visual VSAT GUI. If this is the case, the operator will receive a bad boot file notice. 21

65 Loading the Boot File on LinkWay S2 Modem Using CLI 1 3 COM Open HyperTerminal on your laptop as follows: Start - Programs - Accessories - Communications HyperTerminal The main HyperTerminal window will appear but will be inactive. The Connection Description dialog box will be active and will appear within the HyperTerminal window. 1. Enter an easy to remember name in the Name field within the Connection Description dialog box. Ex: boot file.txt, and then Click the OK button. 2. When the Connect To window appears, pull down the line menu in the Connect using: field. 3. Choose the correct Com port that your console cable is connected to. 4. Click OK. 5. The Com port is assigned by using the NPORT Administrator and is usually set to Com 7. 22

66 When the Com X Properties window displays, choose Bits per second and leave the remaining fields at their default setting (8, none, 1, hardware). 6. Click OK. Once the HyperTerminal is displayed again, hit Enter a few times to trigger the communication between the Com port and the console port of the router. 7. When prompted to, login as root 8. Directed to the # prompt. 9. From the # prompt click the Transfer tab 10. Select Send Text File 11. The boot file should appear on the screen 12. The operator should then type init 6 to load and reset the modem 23

67 Loading the Boot File on Linkway S2 Open HyperTerminal on your laptop as follows: Start - Programs - Accessories - Communications - HyperTerminal Open HyperTerminal on your laptop as follows: Start - Programs - Accessories - Communications - HyperTerminal The main HyperTerminal window will appear but will be inactive. The Connection Description dialog box will be active and will appear within the HyperTerminal window. 1. Enter an easy to remember name in the Name field within the Connection Description dialog box. Ex: boot file.txt, then Click the OK button. 2. When the Connect To window appears, pull down the line menu in the Connect using: field. 3. Choose the correct Com port that your console cable is connected to. 4. Click OK. 5. The Com port is assigned by using the NPORT Administrator and is usually set to Com 7. 24

68 When the Com X Properties window displays, choose Bits per second and leave the remaining fields at their default setting (8, none, 1, hardware). 6. Click OK. Once the HyperTerminal is displayed again, hit Enter a few times to trigger the communication between the Com port and the console port of the router. 7. When prompted to login as root 8. Directed to the # prompt. 9. From the # prompt click the Transfer tab 10. Select Send Text File 11. The boot file should appear on the screen 12. The operator should then type init 6 to load and reset the modem 25

69 Loading the Boot File on LinkWay S2 Modem Using Visual VSAT GUI System Login Window Set the Network card on the laptop as such: IP: SUB: DG: Open the Visual VSAT Application Login as Admin using Password as the password Ensure the display reads: COMMS: Connected ACU: Ready (green) NOTE: If there is no connectivity you cannot use the Visual VSAT to load boot files. Click the Network/Configuration tab 26

70 Loading the Boot File in LinkWay S2 Modem Using Visual VSAT GUI Click on the Modem tab Click Load Config File Locate the saved boot file and open the file If successful you will see the following messages from the GUI. 27

71 Common LinkWay Commands Common Linkway Commands/Information 2100 COMMAND LWS2 COMMAND DEFINITION DESIRED RESULT K (115200) Baud rate for consoling Will be able to console in "" (blank) root Login Will be logged into the device as Administrator ttelnet logs into UNIX shell COSMIX Password will load - Hit Enter (password is blank "") CTRL-C (gets # prompt) takes you from UNIX shell to Hardware console A "#" sign will appear netstat -r routing table Can diagnose problems with LinkWay routing show_ber show_ber Raw BER statistics of all received bursts 1X10-3 to 1X10-7 BER - Can get each Terminal in meshes HEX LW ID rb rb Receive Burst Statistics 0 CRC Errors - used show_ber to get Hex LW ID and you can determine the numerical ID rt rt or rtprt IP Route IP address for local and all remote modems should be present ping X.X.X.X -i 1 -t n 4 ping X.X.X.X -i 1 -t n 4 Ping IP address of distant end modem, -i 1 directs the modem to use interface 1, -t 2000 holds the ping up for 2000 milliseconds, and n 4 repeats the ping 4 times. Ping response is successful Can be -I 0 based on the interface you are using, MRT, HUB or STT rx rx Receive Statistics Modem in receive synched. (RX SYNCH) tx tx Transmit Statistics Modem is transmit synched (TX SYNCH) tc tc Terminal Configuration Most important field is Tx Power, should match planned power level. Console field shows power level of 0 to 60, divide the reading by 2 to calculate actual level. dbpr siteconf Site Configuration Lat/lon should match position as read by the ACU, if not notify the MRT operator of current position. hw reboot Hardware Reset Modem will reboot dbset termconf txpower XX termid 0x0XXX cacmodeminfo cacmodeminfo ODU (Outdoor Unit) Configuration caclnbpower on caclnbref on cw -freq xxxx -pow xx (power level in dbm i.e.- 14) caclnbpower on caclnbref on cw -freq xxxx -pow xx -t xxx(power level in dbm i.e.-14, -t time in seconds) Set transmit power on the modem in case baseline config is too low to achieve transmit synch, -xx is the new power level, 0x0xxx is the terminal ID (boot file number) for your terminal. To increase power by 1 db, increase the tx power level by 2. LNB Power and Reference should be off, BUC power should be off. Enables 18 VDC output on the modems Rx port to power the LNB. Should only be used in case of equipment failure. Enables 10 MHz output on the modems Rx port to provide an external reference to the LNB. Should only be used in case of equipment failure. Continuous Wave (clears when time runs out or with hw, reboot Modem will transmit a continuous wave signal. Freq is L-band or LWS2_Stop and LWS2_Start commands) (i.e ) Displays LW IP address, if system is online address should be one less than router address on port F0/1 dbpr ipifconf dbpr ipifconf Shows Modem IP conficuration received from the MRT 28

72 TAB Insert Tab # 6 Here

73 Baseband Theory

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75 System Overview SIPR Encrypted via TACLANE and Tunneled through NIPR Above is a simple block diagram of a Point-to-Point SNAP network. The diagram breaks out all vital equipment indicating the transmit (TX) and receive (RX) signal flow. It is important to understand the signal flow of the system. Understanding the signal flow provides a clear understanding of how a data flows through the system. For instance, the diagram shows how SIPR data has to flow through the NIPR router on TX and RX via a secure tunnel created by the TACLANE. This leads to the understanding that SIPR relies on NIPR to transfer packets; a very important piece to understand during troubleshooting. Note: The VLANS depicted in the diagram are only examples and may not be the actual VLANS used for the deployed SNAP. 3

76 TAB Insert Tab # 7 Here

77 Baseband Components

78 2

79 Baseband Components Block Diagram The Baseband equipment segment for the SNAP terminal consists of several pieces of networking equipment. The NIPR case consists of a Cisco 2811 router with a 16-port switch module and a Citrix WANScaler. SIPR is exactly the same, except that it also contains the TACLANE 175Dencryption device to allow SIPR traffic to be encrypted and tunneled through the NIPR router. These terminals also come with a 3 rd Baseband equipment case called CENTRIX system, which is exactly the same in equipment layout as the SIPR case, but is used for Coalition forces communications at remote Forward Operating Bases (FOB). 3

80 Baseband Components SIPR Front Rear KG-175D TACLANE Micro Type-1 data encryptor Cisco Router Provides SIPR connectivity 3 WANScaler Accelerator Maximizes data speeds on satellite networks 4 SEP Signal Entry Panel to interface with the NIPR Baseband Case 5 Ground Bar Grounds all equipment in the SIPR Baseband Case 6 Power Strip Provides power distribution for internal and external components The SIPR case is a 4-unit transit case consisting of: KG-175D TACLANE Micro Cisco 2811 Router 16 port switch module Citrix WANScaler Signal Entry Panel (SEP) grounding bar and Power Strip This system s baseband connection passes from the KG-175D s through to the SEP labeled KG-CT where it connects out to the Fa 0/1 connection on the NIPR SEP. 4

81 Baseband Connections To Connect the Linkway S2 Modem to the Cisco 2811, the operator must simply connect a NIPR (green) straight-through RJ-45 cable from the rear of the RF case to the Gigabit 0/0 Port. The Citrix WanScaler should stay permanently connected to ports 15 (LAN) and 16 (WAN). Connect the Gigabit 1/0 port to rear of the SIPR case labeled KG CT When connecting the KG-175D ensure the red SIPR cable is connecting to the Plain Text (PT) side and the green NIPR cable is connected to the Cipher Text (CT) side. 5

82 Baseband Components NIPRNET Front Rear Cisco Router Provides NIPR connectivity 2 WANScaler Accelerator Maximizes data speeds on satellite networks 3 SEP Signal Entry Panel to interface with the RF and SIPR Case 4 Ground Bar Grounds all equipment in NIPR Baseband Case 5 Power Strip Provides power distribution for internal and external components 6

83 Baseband Components SIPRNET/CENTRIX KG-175D TACLANE Micro Type-1 Data Encryptor Cisco Router Provides SIPR connectivity 3 WANScaler Accelerator Maximizes data speeds on satellite networks 4 SEP Signal Entry Panel to interface with the NIPR Baseband Case 5 Ground Bar Grounds all equipment in the SIPR Baseband Case 6 Power Strip Provides power distribution for internal and external components The SIPR and CENTRIX case are identical equipment layout. The only difference between the two is where they connect to the NIPR case. Where SIPR connects to the NIPR SEP port Fa 0/1, the CENTRIX case connects from its KG-CT connection on the SEP into the GE1 connection on the front of the NIPR routers 16-port switch module. 7

84 TAB Insert Tab # 8 Here

85 Backup/Restore Router Configuration through Console

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87 Connect to Router Open HyperTerminal on your laptop as follows: Start - Programs - Accessories - Communications HyperTerminal The main HyperTerminal window will appear but will be inactive. The Connection Description dialog box will be active and will appear within the HyperTerminal window. Enter an easy to remember name in the Name field within the Connection Description dialog box. Ex: Router Config, then Click the OK button. When the Connect To window appears, pull down the line menu in the Connect using: field. Choose the correct Com port that your console cable is connected to. Click OK. When the Com X Properties window displays, choose 9600 Bits per second and leave the remaining fields at their default setting (8, none, 1, hardware). Click OK. Once the HyperTerminal is displayed again, hit Enter a few times to trigger the communication between the Com port and the console port of the router. 3

88 Backup Configuration Capture Configuration in HyperTerminal (1) Configuration backup should be a regular procedure for properly maintaining a system. To do so, Login to the router using credentials obtained from the JOC and type show running-config and press Enter. Press the space bar when the "-More -" prompt appears. NOTE: This command displays the active running configuration of the router that is stored in the RAM memory of the router. Capture the router configuration file. In the HyperTerminal window pull down menu, click on the Transfer menu option, and then click on Capture Text. When prompted, provide a path for the destination of the new file to be saved, and the new filename. Use a descriptive name of the router for the filename and use the.txt for the extension. REMEMBER the location of this file for later use. 4

89 Enter the command show running-config at the router prompt. Press the space bar when the "-More -" prompt appears. Note: All the text that you will see appearing/scrolling on the HyperTerminal screen is also being captured to the text file that you created. After the # prompt re-appears, stop capturing the configuration file by going to the HyperTerminal pull-down menu, and clicking on the "Transfer" menu option, then click on "Capture Text. A new menu appears. Click on "Stop. The captured text has also been saved to the file created earlier. 5

90 Backup Configuration Capture Configuration in HyperTerminal (2) Configuration backup should be a regular procedure for properly maintaining a system. To do so, Login to the router using credentials obtained from the JOC and type show running-config and press Enter. Press the space bar when the "- More -" prompt appears. NOTE: This command displays the active running configuration of the router that is stored in the RAM memory of the router. Capture the router configuration file. 1. In the HyperTerminal window pull-down menu, click on the Transfer menu option, then click on Capture Text. 2. When prompted, provide a path for the destination of the new file to be saved, and the new filename. Use a descriptive name of the router for the filename and use the.txt for the extension. REMEMBER the location of this file for later use. 3. Enter the command show running-config at the router prompt. Press the space bar when the "-More -" prompt appears. Note: All the text that you will see appearing/scrolling on the HyperTerminal screen is also being captured to the text file that you created. 4. After the # prompt re-appears, stop capturing the configuration file by going to the HyperTerminal pull-down menu, and clicking on the "Transfer" menu option, then click on "Capture Text." A new menu appears. Click on "Stop. The captured text has also been saved to the file created earlier. 6

91 Backup Config Clean up Captured Configuration (1) Clean up the captured configuration file. Open Windows Notepad by clicking Start - Run - and type "Notepad" in the window. Press the Enter key. Once in Notepad, click on File/Open. Find the file you created from the capture in step 4` and click "Open. The displayed captured text will have some text that is not required for the router to read (e.g. "- More -" prompts.). The exclamation mark "!" is used in the file for user comments. Do not delete any text comments that are preceded with!. These comments are helpful in describing information in the text file to the user. The router will ignore any lines of text that are preceded by a!. Delete the lines with Sh run, Building configuration..., Current configuration... Also, delete each line that has the "- More -" prompt. Delete any lines that appear after the word "End. Save the cleaned up version of the configuration by clicking on File/Save. Your captured file is now ready for the router to read. Close Notepad by clicking on File Exit Make sure to save the configuration file so all the changes are updated. 7

92 Backup Config Clean up Captured Configuration (2) You now have a backup copy (.txt) file of your router s running configuration that can be used to restore the routers running configuration or you can edit the file offline and then copy it to your router. 8

93 Change Line Delay for Configuration Restore 1 2 Loading a configuration file into a Router using HyperTerminal. NOTE: This procedure is usually done when a user needs to restore a router s running configuration or update the router s configuration file offline and then load it back into a router. Follow the directions previously for connecting to a router (Steps 1-5). Once the HyperTerminal is displayed again, hit Enter a few times to trigger the communication between the Com port and the console port of the router. In the HyperTerminal window, click File Properties. In the Properties window that will display, click the Settings tab. Within the Settings tab, click the ASCII Setup button at the bottom of the window. In the Line Delay field, enter 50 milliseconds. This allows for a smoother transfer of the configuration file into the router. 9

94 Restore Configuration (1) Login to the router and if a > prompt appears, then enter the Privileged EXEC mode by typing enable and pressing Enter and entering the password obtained from the JOC. Otherwise, you will get a prompt with a # contained within it and you are ready to move to step 2. Enter the command configure terminal. You will get a prompt with (Config) contained within it. Click on Transfer Send - Text File in the HyperTerminal pull-down menu Browse for the backup file you are going to use. Once you choose the router s backup file, click Open. Each line in the text file will be entered automatically into the router for you. Once the lines of text have been entered automatically into the router, press and hold Control-Z on your keyboard to exit global configuration mode. Then save the router s new configuration that is currently running in the router s RAM to the router s NVRAM by typing the command copy running-config startup-config. Verify that the router s configuration was saved into the NVRAM by typing show startup-config. If lines of text are displayed, then the router s running configuration was correctly saved to NVRAM. The next time the router reboots it will use the new startup configuration file for its active configuration. 10

95 Restore Configuration (2) 1. Login to the router and if a > prompt appears, then enter the Privileged EXEC mode by typing enable and pressing Enter and entering the password obtained from the JOC. Otherwise, you will get a prompt with a # contained within it and you are ready to move to step Enter the command configure terminal. You will get a prompt with (Config) contained within it. 3. Click on Transfer Send - Text File in the HyperTerminal pull-down menu 4. Browse for the backup file you are going to use. Once you choose the router s backup file, click Open. Each line in the text file will be entered automatically into the router for you. 5. Once the lines of text have been entered automatically into the router, press and hold Control-Z on your keyboard to exit global configuration mode. Then save the router s new configuration that is currently running in the router s RAM to the router s NVRAM by typing the command copy running-config startup-config. 6. Verify that the router s configuration was saved into the NVRAM by typing show startup-config. If lines of text are displayed, then the router s running configuration was correctly saved to NVRAM. The next time the router reboots it will use the new startup configuration file for its active configuration. Login to the router and if a > prompt appears, then enter the Privileged EXEC mode by typing enable and pressing Enter and entering the password obtained from the JOC. Otherwise, you will get a prompt with a # contained within it and you are ready to move to step 2. Enter the command configure terminal. You will get a prompt with (Config) contained within it. Click on Transfer Send - Text File in the HyperTerminal pull-down menu Browse for the backup file you are going to use. Once you choose the router s backup file, click Open. Each line in the text file will be entered automatically into the router for you. Once the lines of text have been entered automatically into the router, press and hold Control-Z on your keyboard to exit global configuration mode. Then save the router s new configuration that is currently running in the router s RAM to the router s NVRAM by typing the command copy running-config startup-config. Verify that the router s configuration was saved into the NVRAM by typing show startup-config. If lines of text are displayed, then the router s running configuration was correctly saved to NVRAM. The next time the router reboots it will use the new startup configuration file for its active configuration. 11

96 Network Configurations The NIPRNET, SIPRNET and CENTRIX networks configurations will be discussed but not printed in manual due to the classifications of the networks. 12

97 IP & IP Subnetworking Overview IP: Short for Internet Protocol, an IP address is a unique numerical identification number assigned to a networked device. Subnetwork Mask: Often referred to as just Subnet, it is the number of digits in the IP address that are ignored, or masked, for the purposes of identifying the size of the local network. Both IP Addresses and Subnet Masks are 32 bits in length and are broken down into 4 groups of 8 bits. 8 bits can produce, in decimal, the range of numbers IP & IP Subnetworking Subnetworking The Subnet mask can be written in the long form x.x.x.x or using a short hand /x format where the /x will be the number of bits masked. We will assume, for this course, the subnet is in the form xxx. Because the first 3 numbers are all 255 we know the mask must be at least 24bits in length (8bits x 3 = 24bits). Therefore, a subnet of can be written as /24 after the IP address (e.g /24 ). 13

98 IP & IP Subnetworking Binary to Decimal Translation As mentioned before, each of the numbers in an address is in the range 0-255, which requires 8 bits. In binary, each consecutive bit doubles in value. The lowest valued bit is on the right side, just as in our decimal number system. When calculating the Subnet mask, sum the values under the number of bits masked. For example, 2bits would be = 192. Position Value Sum IP & IP Subnetworking Calculating Subnet Mask Subnet Short Form # of IPs Usable IPs 0 / / / / / / / Each Network requires 2 IPs to be used as overhead: network and broadcast, that is why the usable number of IPs is smaller. 14

99 IP & IP Subnetworking Why it is Used The number of IP addresses on the Internet is limited. Therefore, networks should not be built that waste IP addresses. For example, in a network with 27 devices, the smallest usable subnetwork size would be which has 30 usable IPs. A device uses its subnet mask to determine if another device s IP address is in the same local area network (LAN). If they are not in the same LAN, the device will forward the data to a router instead of attempting to send the data directly to the other device. Therefore, if the subnet mask is set incorrectly this routing decision by the device will be incorrect! 15

100 TAB Insert Tab # 9 Here

101 TACLANE (KG-175D)

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103 TACLANE Configuration Power Console Port CIK Install the CIK in the front panel of the TACLANE Connect Laptop to CONSOLE port on front panel of TACLANE. Ensure the TACLANE is powered on. If necessary, power-on by pressing green button on front panel of TACLANE. NOTE: There are often issues using a NIPR or SIPR imaged computer to connect to and setup the TACLANE because of device security settings. Because of this, it is recommended to use the laptop supplied with the SNAP terminal to access and configure the TACLANE. 3

104 TACLANE Configuration Entering/Setting Pin Open a browser on CF-29 computer and enter the TACLANE Default IP address of to open the TACLANE GUI. Navigate to Maintenance/Security Administration/Enable SSO Privileges. The Enable Site Security Officer Privileges page will be displayed. Enter appropriate PIN (this pin should be located on the Master CIK tag, or in the upper left of the display after Device Name ) and click YES. The menu should show SSO Enabled and icon in green. Note: is the default PIN number for all KG-175Ds. This PIN should only be set if the device has not been previously setup. 4

105 TACLANE Configuration Entering Local IPs Same IP All local IP addresses will come from the user data spreadsheet. Verify all local TACLANE IP addresses before entering them into the TACLANE. Click Network ->IP Comm ->IPv4 Addresses. Enter the Plain Text (PT) and Cipher Text (CT) assigned IP addresses and subnet mask from the user data spreadsheets. PT and CT should be the same IP address. Click YES. 5

106 TACLANE Configuration Static Routes (1) Static Routes must be entered for HUB/MRT and all distant SNAP terminals within the TDMA network. Click Security->Static Routes->Route management. On the Static Routes screen, click CREATE 6

107 TACLANE Configuration Static Routes (2) Enter values for NET ID/Prefix Length, Remote CT Address, and Remote PT Address. Click YES to save. 7

108 Operation TACLANE Configuration Security Level Click Operation->Security Level to enable security level. The Set Security Level screen is displayed. Select appropriate security level according to your key fill. SIPRNET will be Secret. Click YES to save 8

109 TACLANE Configuration Secure Communications Click Operation->Secure Comm. You will receive a warning message. The TACLANE Secure Communication screen is displayed. Click Yes to enable secure communication. You will receive confirmation of the communication change. 9

110 TACLANE Configuration Loading Firefly (1) Click Key Management->FIREFLY Vector Set. The Manage FIREFLY Vector Set screen is displayed. Click the FILL button. 10

111 TACLANE Configuration Loading Firefly (2) Connect the Data Transfer Device (DTD) Select the desired key and send the key from the DTD After the fill is complete, details are displayed 11

112 TACLANE Configuration Static Routes To verify configuration, navigate to Operation/Security Association Info/SA Table. Verify the static route is present. To verify connectivity, Ping the distant end SIPR router. (This will only work if the distant end configuration is accurate and complete.) 12

113 TAB Insert Tab # 10 Here

114 Troubleshooting

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116 RF Troubleshooting Visual VSAT Access (1) A common problem with the Visual VSAT application is ensuring it has sole rights to the appropriate COM port for communicating to the Linkway S2 Modem and that the designated laptop has the correct IP address for COM port communication. First, on the laptop make sure the IP address is set to with a Net Mask of , no Gateway, and no DNS server IP addresses. Once the IP address is set, make sure that HyperTerminal is not connected to COM 7 this is the COM port used to connect to the Linkway S2 Modem. If either of these are not accomplished before opening this application then it will display a connection error message and must be closed and re-opened after settings are made. Another indication that there are issues with the software connecting to devices are the Comms indicators under both the Linkway and ACU sections. If either of these is Red then it indicates that the Visual VSAT application cannot communicate with the device. If this occurs then the application must be closed, settings checked/changed and then the application re-opened. 3

117 The Visual VSAT is an accurate troubleshooting tool. In the case where the SNAP has encountered any problems in the RF component of the system, the Visual VSAT will often provide an indication of the location of the problem by not illuminating on the specific step the problem occurred. The SNAP can be split into two sections for troubleshooting using the Visual VSAT. From Startup to Data Sat Lock indicates RF components. From RX Lock to Network Lock indicates problems with the Modem. Using the Visual VSAT a technician is able to narrow down what section to begin troubleshooting. To access the VisualVSAT program: 1. Double click the VisualVSAT icon on the desktop screen of the laptop computer 2. Click the drop-down box and log in as Admin with Password as the password. 3. Click Login. The Visual VSAT Setup Screen is displayed. This screen gives you a status of the full end-to-end acquisition process. NOTE: While settings changes can be made to the ACU (TracStar) through this program it is NOT RECOMMENDED. Doing so will also write any other settings from within the application whether they conflict with the current settings or not. Note that the nine indicators show a series of steps. It must start at the left and go one indicator at a time to the right. Each step must be completed successfully before progressing to the next step. 4

118 RF Troubleshooting Visual VSAT Access (2) A common problem with the Visual VSAT application is ensuring it has sole rights to the appropriate COM port for communicating to the Linkway S2 Modem and that the designated laptop has the correct IP address for COM port communication. First of all, on the laptop make sure the IP address is set to with a Net Mask of , no Gateway and no DNS server IP addresses. Once the IP address is set, make sure that HyperTerminal is not connected to COM 7 this is the COM port used to connect to the Linkway S2 Modem. If either of these are not accomplished before opening this application then it will display a connection error message and must be closed and re-opened after settings are made. Another indication that there are issues with the software connecting to devices are the Comms indicators under both the Linkway and ACU sections. If either of these is Red then it indicates that the Visual VSAT application cannot communicate with the device. If this occurs then the application must be closed, settings checked/changed and then the application re-opened. The Visual VSAT is an accurate troubleshooting tool. In the case where the SNAP has encountered any problems in the RF component of the system, the Visual VSAT will often provide an indication of the location of the problem by not illuminating on the specific step the problem occurred. The SNAP can be split into two sections for troubleshooting using the Visual VSAT. From Startup to Data Sat Lock indicates RF components. From RX Lock to Network Lock indicates problems with the Modem. Using the Visual VSAT a technician is able to narrow down what section to begin troubleshooting. 5

119 RF Troubleshooting Visual VSAT Access (3) To access the VisualVSAT program: Double click the VisualVSAT icon on the desktop screen of the laptop computer Click the drop-down box and log in as Admin with Password as the password. Click Login. The Visual VSAT Setup Screen is displayed. This screen gives you a status of the full end to end acquisition process. NOTE: While settings changes can be made to the ACU (TracStar) through this program it is NOT RECOMMENDED. Doing so will also write any other settings from within the application whether they conflict with the current settings or not. Note that the nine indicators show a series of steps. It must start at the left and go one indicator at a time to the right. Each step must be completed successfully before progressing to the next step. To access the VisualVSAT program: 1. Double click the VisualVSAT icon on the desktop screen of the laptop computer 2. Click the drop-down box and log in as Admin with Password as the password. 3. Click Login. The Visual VSAT Setup Screen is displayed. This screen gives you a status of the full end-to-end acquisition process. NOTE: While settings changes can be made to the ACU (TracStar) through this program it is NOT RECOMMENDED. Doing so will also write any other settings from within the application whether they conflict with the current settings or not. Note that the nine indicators show a series of steps. It must start at the left and go one indicator at a time to the right. Each step must be completed successfully before progressing to the next step. 6

120 RF Troubleshooting Power is applied and the system is initializing. The GPS unit has acquired data from GPS satellites and has determined the location of the SNAP system. The system has found the data satellite. The system has transmitted a signal to the satellite and it has been acknowledged. The system is transmitting and receiving on the TDMA network. The compass has acquired data to determine the direction the reflector is pointing. The system has found a known reference satellite The system has received a signal from the satellite. When lit, indicates that the proper satellite and network have been found. The system has acquired the satellite and established the transport layer. The VisualVSAT status indicators. Full lock is indicated with green illumination while un-illumination indicates non-lock. This visual provides an excellent depiction of the problem at hand; narrowing down what needs to be troubleshot. For instance, in the example above, the VisualVSAT indicates that the data satellite is not locked in. This means the SNAP system has not found the data satellite. There are several things to troubleshoot: Using the TracStar, check to see if the data satellite was acquired during a scan the sky process If the data satellite was found, using the TracStar, make sure the correct data satellite was input The following steps will provide troubleshooting steps to perform for each Visual VSAT indicator. 7

121 RF Troubleshooting: Startup Check power switch is on Check for proper setup of MOXA 5450 Check cables from OEE to antenna base for proper connection Check GUI for good TracStar status In the case where the Startup LED is not illuminated: Check to make sure power is applied to the RF stack Check to make sure all power switches are in the ON position Check power switches on RF case (front and back) and on VSAT Antenna Make sure the Comm indicator is connected for both the ACU on the Visual VSAT Verify all cables are connected to proper connection ports on VSAT and RF stack Make sure COM ports are properly mapped via the Moxa Switch 8

122 RF Troubleshooting: Compass Lock Be sure you re not near a source of magnetic interference such as on metal rooftop, near a metal building or vehicle. Reposition the terminal away from such objects by 10 to 20 feet and restart. Check the compass connector on the rear of the reflector. Manually input LAT and LON data in ACU and restart In the case where the Compass Lock LED is not illuminated: The VSAT terminal may be too close to magnetic interferers such as large metal or other magnetic objects. To resolve, relocate the VSAT terminal at least 10 to 20 feet from the interferer. Make sure the compass is connected and secure on the VSAT Compass data can manually be input into the TracStar handheld. If all else fails perform this step Note: Compass interference can be caused by being too close to objects, which cause magnetic interference. 9

123 RF Troubleshooting: GPS Lock Check for any obstructions from the antenna to satellite Check if GPS cable is fully connected to OEE Check the ACU status; the GPS requires a minimum of three satellites to triangulate coordinates and lock. A reading of 1 or 2 indicates that the GPS antenna may not have sufficient overhead view and may need repositioning GPS satellites move slowly overhead, so waiting a few minutes may also bring one more into view to get the required three A 0 indicates a disconnected cable or failed GPS Manually input Lat and Lon data in the ACU and restart In the case where the GPS Lock LED is not illuminated: Make sure there is no damage to GPS receiver located on antenna boom. Make sure connection from GPS to OEE is secure (J8). Note: GPS interference can be caused by being too close to objects, which cause magnetic interference. GPS signal loss can be caused by obstructions to satellite line of sight; like buildings. Repositioning the GPS receiver will eliminate many GPS receiver issues. 10

124 RF Troubleshooting: Reference Satellite Lock Check for any obstructions to satellite line of sight Check if the correct reference satellites are loaded Check for correct S2 modem boot file Check for correct VisualVSAT configurations Check if correct LNB is installed for the region Check if LNB is receiving voltage Check if IFL cables are fully connected and color codes match Check if feed polarization is correct for the satellite If problem persists, it may be a bad LNB or modem In the case where the Reference Satellite Lock LED is not illuminated: Verify that VSAT antenna is pointed in the correct direction Check the TracStar or Visual VSAT to verify correct Reference satellite settings Polarization Frequency Bands Verify that the correct LNB has been installed on the antenna feed assembly for your specific region: Asia: USA: Europe: Make sure power is applied to LNB Verify that receive cables are securely connected on: Rear of RF case Rear of antenna base signal entry point LNB located on Antenna Feed Assembly With a continuity-testing device, verify that all receive cables pass the continuity check. Note: Anytime the boom will be lowered, the VSAT must be in the STOW position and fully powered down (BUC power and Main power). 11

125 RF Troubleshooting: Data Satellite Lock Check ACU to insure the reflector is pointed at the correct data satellite Check if correct LNB installed for the region Check for correct S2 modem boot file Check for correct VisualVSAT configurations Check if feed polarization is correct for the satellite If problem persists, it may be a bad modem In the case where the Data Satellite Lock LED is not illuminated: Verify that VSAT antenna is pointed in the correct direction. Check the TracStar or Visual VSAT to verify correct: Reference satellite settings Polarization Frequency Bands Verify that the correct LNB has been installed on the antenna feed assembly for your specific region: Asia: USA: Europe: 12

126 RF Troubleshooting: RX Lock Severe weather can attenuate signal enough to stop ACU function Verify correct S2 modem boot file Check feed polarization setting and data satellite frequency Ensure that there are no line of sight obstructions to the data satellite and verify the compass and elevation data indicated on cutsheet In the case where the Receive (RX) Lock LED is not illuminated: Verify all cables are correctly and secure on back of modem Verify correct boot file in MODEM. Modem command: ls /home/db/ This command allows you to view the active boot file in the modem. name of boot file.default denotes the default boot file. cat /home/db/ boot file This command displays the boot file contents. boot file = name of actual boot file Note: It is best not to open the boot file in NotePad as it has the potential of corrupting the boot file. If the boot file must be opened or modified on a Microsoft Windows computer then use WordPad instead of NotePad. 13

127 RF Troubleshooting TX Lock The indicator blinks green during sweep commands ( are you there signals from the hub) and stays green once a network handshake is successful. The modem requires sufficient SNR, as well as GPS information before it will attempt to send a transmit signal (or Tx RF). If signal and GPS are correct, click the modem MSG button and look for periodic sweep command information on the display. If commands do not show after a few minutes, terminal information may be incorrect at the hub NMS. Call the network hub for service In the case where the Transmit (TX) Lock LED is not illuminated: Verify all cables are connected and secure on back of modem Verify that BUC power switch is in the ON position on VSAT antenna Verify there is no attenuation set on TX signal Verify that transmit cables are securely connected on: Rear of RF case Rear of antenna base signal entry point BUC located on Antenna Feed Assembly Verify correct boot file in MODEM. Modem command: ls /home/db/ This command allows you to view the active boot file in the modem. name of boot file.default denotes the default boot file. cat /home/db/ boot file This command displays the boot file contents. boot file = name of actual boot file. Note: It is best not to open the boot file in NotePad as it has the potential of corrupting the boot file. If the boot file must be opened or modified on a Microsoft Windows computer then use WordPad instead of NotePad. If problem continues to exist, verify settings with HUB node. 14

128 RF Troubleshooting Satellite Lock If multiple sweep commands are observed and the TX RF indicator blinks periodically, but the Sat Acquired indicator has not turned green, a Tx power issue may exist with the VSAT. A partial blockage of the data satellite may be the problem. If severe weather is present in the area, the weather may need to pass before attempting acquisition. Check all transmit-associated cables and waveguide connections. Check for moisture in the waveguide and feed structure damage or misalignment In the case where the Sat Acquired LED is not illuminated: Verify there is no attenuation set on TX signal Check for damage on any TX components on Antenna Feed Assembly Restart the MODEM If problem continues to exist, verify settings with HUB node. 15

129 RF Troubleshooting Network Lock In the case where the Network Locked LED is not illuminated: Verify correct boot file in MODEM Restart MODEM Re-deploy antenna If problem continues to exist verify settings with HUB node. In the case where the Network Locked LED is not illuminated: Verify correct boot file in MODEM Restart MODEM Re-deploy antenna If problem continues to exist, verify settings with HUB node. 16

130 RF Troubleshooting The components tab under the Visual VSAT also provides real time system status. Both the RX state and TX state indicators in the left menu are linked to the status of each of these functions in the Linkway S2 Modem. The status of these functions corresponds to the actual status of the Linkway S2 Modem. A green indication means the particular part of the system is good. Yellow indicates a problem with that specific section of the system. 17

131 Removal and Replacement of Feed Assembly Components Replacing any feed assembly components requires the dish to be placed in the STOW position and power to the dish and BUC to be removed. Do not attempt to replace any antenna feed assembly components with power applied. 18

132 Loading Boot File 1 3 COM At times, the boot file for the LinkWay S2 Modem must be reloaded such as if, the primary Modem of the SNAP terminal fails. If this is the case, then the operator must log into the secondary modem and load the appropriate boot file onto the device. This file, if not located on the laptop computer provided with the SNAP terminal can be obtained from the MRT or Regional Hub node. Open HyperTerminal on your laptop as follows: Start - Programs - Accessories - Communications HyperTerminal The main HyperTerminal window will appear but will be inactive. The Connection Description dialog box will be active and will appear within the HyperTerminal window. Enter an easy to remember name in the Name field within the Connection Description dialog box. Ex: Router Config, then Click the OK button. When the Connect To window appears, pull down the line menu in the Connect using: field. Choose the correct Com port that your console cable is connected to. Click OK. When the Com X Properties window displays, choose Bits per second and leave the remaining fields at their default setting (8, none, 1, hardware). Click OK. Once the HyperTerminal is displayed again, hit Enter a few times to trigger the communication between the Com port and the console port of the router. 19

133 20 Select Send text file Change txt to all files Select boot file from desktop Hit enter After screen scrolls through, there should be 3 checksums displayed, make sure all 3 match. Type in hw, hit enter

134 7961 IP Phone Reset (1) Line Buttons CISCO 7960/7961 IP Phone Line Buttons CISCO 7940/7941 IP Phone There will be times when your IP phone will not register with the Call Manager Express (CME). Some indications are the phone continuing to cycle, indicating that the phone is registering but never acquires an IP address (NOTE: the phone will recycle power about 2-3 times as part of the normal registration process, any more than that and there may be registration issues). Another indicator of invalid registration will be the phone locked on a boot status screen or the Cisco splash screen. In instances like these, it is good to know how to reset your IP phone. Below are procedures for resetting the Cisco 7961/7941 IP phone and the Cisco 7960/7940 IP phones (NOTE: the 7961 model comes standard with the SNAP system, but others may be issued by NETOPS). There are different versions of IP Phones that may interface with the SNAP system. All reset procedures can be found at Cisco 7961/7941 IP Phone Reset Procedures: Recycle power on the phone. As soon as the phone boots press and hold the #, key. Wait until the line buttons start to illuminate. Once the line buttons start to illuminate, enter the key sequence: *0#. The phone will reboot and start to upgrade. Note: Do not be alarmed that the phone states error, this is a part of the process. 21

135 Cisco 7960/7940 IP Phone Reset Procedures: Boot phone completely Press the Menu button (oval button in lower right with square and check mark in it) From the main menu press **# to unlock the phone Press the 3 key to enter the Network Settings (may be the 2 key on some models) Press 33 to reach the Reset Network Settings prompt Select the Yes soft key Select the Save soft key Note: the phone will erase network settings, then reboot, and reregister with the CallManager Express 22

136 7961 IP Phone Reset (2) There are different versions of IP Phones that may interface with the SNAP system. All reset procedures can be found at Cisco 7961/7941 IP Phone Reset Procedures: 1. Recycle power on the phone. 2. As soon as the phone boots press and hold the # key. Wait until the line buttons start to illuminate. 3. Once the line buttons start to illuminate, enter the key sequence: *0#. The phone will reboot and start to upgrade. Note: Do not be alarmed that the phone states error, this is a part of the process. Cisco 7960/7940 IP Phone Reset Procedures: 1. Boot phone completely 2. Press the Menu button (oval button in lower right with square and check mark in it) 3. From the main menu press **# to unlock the phone 4. Press the 3 key to enter the Network Settings (may be the 2 key on some models) 5. Press 33 to reach the Reset Network Settings prompt 6. Select the Yes soft key 7. Select the Save soft key Note: The phone will erase network settings and then reboot and reregister with the CallManager Express There will be times when your IP phone will not register with the Call Manager Express (CME). Some indications are the phone continuing to cycle, indicating that the phone is registering but never acquires an IP address (NOTE: the phone will recycle power about 2-3 times as part of the normal registration process, any more than that and there may be registration issues). Another indicator of invalid registration will be the phone locked on a boot status screen or the Cisco splash screen. In instances like these, it is good to know how to reset your IP phone. Below are procedures for resetting the Cisco 7961/7941 IP phone and the Cisco 7960/7940 IP phones (NOTE: the 7961 model comes standard with the SNAP system, but others may be issued by NETOPS). There are different versions of IP Phones that may interface with the SNAP system. All reset procedures can be found at Cisco 7961/7941 IP Phone Reset Procedures: Recycle power on the phone. As soon as the phone boots press and hold the #, key. Wait until the line buttons start to illuminate. Once the line buttons start to illuminate, enter the key sequence: *0#. The phone will reboot and start to upgrade. Note: Do not be alarmed that the phone states error, this is a part of the process. 23

137 Cisco 7960/7940 IP Phone Reset Procedures: Boot phone completely Press the Menu button (oval button in lower right with square and check mark in it) From the main menu press **# to unlock the phone Press the 3 key to enter the Network Settings (may be the 2 key on some models) Press 33 to reach the Reset Network Settings prompt Select the Yes soft key Select the Save soft key Note: the phone will erase network settings, then reboot, and reregister with the CallManager Express 24

138 TAB Insert Tab # 11 Here

139 Common Device Commands

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141 Common Router Commands Command Description When to use sh ip interface brief Shows interface name, IP addressing and status Verify up or down status of interface Verify interface IP address sh ip ospf neighbor Shows status of ospf neighbors Verify connection to distant end routers sh ip route Shows known paths to other routers, how paths are known and source of the path Verify OSPF is updating path information sh interface fa#/# (i.e. router: fa1/1 switch: fa1/0/1) Show detailed information about a specific interface Check access lists applied to an interface Check connectivity Check IP address and subnet mask sh environment Displays temperature, fan status and other device environmental information Check device temperature for overheating sh access-list Display all access lists on the device Verify access lists are in router Check if a user or network is being blocked sh run Shows running configuration of device To backup configuration Verify all currently used device settings 3

142 Common CME Commands Command show ephone show ephone summary show telephony-service show telephony-service all show dial-peer voice summary show voice call active brief Description shows detailed information about all registered telephony devices shows summary information useful for getting MAC address info. shows current CME-related configuration info Shows more detailed information related to CME Shows all configured dial-peers, to include ephone-dn shows all calls in progress Above are some basic show commands, which are very useful in troubleshooting IP phone problems. These commands are issued from the command line of the router and show various pieces of information about the phones, their status, registered phone number, etc. 4

143 TAB Insert Tab # 12 Here

144 Preventive Maintenance

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146 UPS Maintenance The SNAP VSAT Satellite System is designed to withstand wear and never degrade performance below specifications, to ensure peak performance and operability of the system, perform basic preventative and routine maintenance procedures. These actions will keep the system running efficiently and will help prolong the life and overall operability of the equipment. Properly store all cables for the Sub-system in the transit case. Never twist any of the cables when assembling, disassembling, or storing the Sub-system Ensure case lids are securely fastened for storage and transport to ensure lid and case deforms the same 3

147 Data Cases Maintenance Subsystem Maintenance 4

148 TAB Insert Tab # 13 Here

149 SATCOM Definitions

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151 SATCOM Definitions (1) Azimuth BUC-Block Up-Converter Declination Elevation Azimuth- Azimuth is just another name for direction. Azimuth is an angular measurement made in the horizontal plane. It is usually measured in degrees. You must have a correct azimuth when pointing a dish to find the satellite. Magnetic compass North will vary from true Azimuth north by the value of declination. BUC-Block up-converter- The BUC converts the L-band frequency to a higher frequency. It can be converted to Ka, Ku, C, or X band. In the SNAP system, it converts it to Ku band for transmission to the satellite. The BUC also amplifies the signal to give it the power it needs to reach the satellite. Declination- Declination is the difference between magnetic North as reported by a compass and true North. It is very important to know when plotting your azimuth. If you have a West declination, you must subtract it from your compass reading to determine the true azimuth. If you have an East declination, you must add it to your compass reading to determine the true azimuth. Downlink-The signal from the satellite to the ground station. Elevation- Elevation is the height of an object above a fixed reference point. It is usually measure in degrees. In SATCOM, it is important to know the angular measurement of the satellite above the horizon. 3

152 SATCOM Definitions (2) FEC-Forward Error Correction Feedhorn GPS-Global Positioning System IFL-Intra-Facility Link. LNB-Low noise block converter Uplink VSAT-Very Small Aperture Antenna FEC-Forward Error Correction- FEC is a type of error correction used in SATCOM equipment. It works by adding check bits to the outgoing data stream. Adding more check bits reduces the amount of available bandwidth, but this allows the receiver to detect and correct errors without the need to ask the sender for additional data Feedhorn- It is the part of the antenna that gathers the reflected signal from the dish and focuses it to the LNB. GPS-Global Positioning System- GPS is used by the terminal to determine its position on the Earth in latitude and longitude. IFL-Intra-Facility Link. The IFL refers to the cables that run between the IDU (indoor unit) and the ODU (outdoor unit). LNB-Low noise block converter- The LNB converts the higher frequency received from the satellite back to an L-Band frequency for use in the baseband equipment. It also amplifies the weak signal received from the satellite. Uplink-The signal from the ground station to the satellite. VSAT-Very Small Aperture Antenna- A VSAT is a two-way satellite ground station with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. 4

153 SATCOM and RF Theory A satellite is simply a repeater in the sky. A satellite is any object that orbits or revolves around another object. For example, the Moon is a satellite of Earth, and Earth is a satellite of the Sun. The earth has many man-made satellites orbiting around it. Communications Earth Remote Sensing Weather Global Positioning These satellites are in varying orbits around the earth: Geostationary 22,300 miles Low Earth Orbit miles 5

154 Polarization Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization Angle of the transmission/reception wave Way to reuse same frequencies Typically commercial satellite cross polarization One polarization up and the opposite down (e.g. V/H) Co-Polarization is the same polarization up and down 6

155 Frequency Ranges Uplink Downlink C-Band GHz GHz X-Band GHz GHz Ku-Band GHz GHz Ka-Band GHz GHz Military 30-31GHz GHz Commercial GHz GHz 7

156