LED Lighting Less Secrets; More Surprises

Transcription

1 LED Lighting Less Secrets; More Surprises Presented by Dr. John W. Curran President, LED Transformations, LLC On behalf of the US Department of Energy and NETL Morgantown

2 Copyright Materials LED Lighting Less Secrets; More Surprises This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of LED Transformations, LLC is prohibited LED Transformations, LLC 2

3 Course Description LED Lighting Less Secrets; More Surprises LEDs have become a commonly accepted light source in many lighting installations. From new wiring approaches to smartphone controls, solidstate lighting brings an exciting set of features, previously unavailable. By now, lighting professionals and facilities managers are aware that LED technology is different, but they may not understand the far-reaching implications of some of those differences. Success of lighting projects incorporating LED technology means understanding those requirements that often differ from traditional lighting practices. This presentation will provide attendees practical guidance in those differences: from rebates to installation and sensor issues, warranty concerns and even new methods of lighting control LED Transformations, LLC 3

4 Learning Objectives LED Lighting Less Secrets; More Surprises How LEDs are enabling new lighting control architectures / methods, and what this implies to those responsible for facilities Understanding how sensor selection and placement will become an important element of future lighting systems Examples of some typical installation problems and how to avoid them when using LED-based luminaires Knowledge of some unresolved testing standard issues that specifiers and facilities managers should be aware of when selecting LED technology for their facilities 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 4

5 Outline 1. LED Devices Color, Zombies and other problems 2. Thermal The number one killer of solid-state 3. Electronics Ignore at your peril 4. Controls You ain t seen nuttin yet 5. Optics A thousand years of problems 6. Standards Same pie; more fingers 7. Overall Design Putting it all together 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 5

6 Luminaire Lifetime A Luminaire is a System LED Devices The failure of any one component can cause the entire system to stop functioning LED source Controller Luminaire designers make trade-offs among the components, depending on the desired performance criteria for example the number of LEDs ($$$) versus drive current (lifetime) Optics Thermal Management Driver Luminaire Housing 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 6

7 LED Devices Source Lifetime Considerations Traditional vs. LED lamps X X X X Traditional lamps Choose a statistically valid population of lamps X X Run them at specified ambient temperature X X X Cycle them on/off at a prescribed pattern The time at which half the population has failed is considered the lifetime for that lamp X X X Typically this process can take up to 15 months for lamps rated at 10,000 hours LED lamps Since LEDs typically don t fail catastrophically, but rather slowly dim, the industry has defined end of life to be the point at which the LED outputs 70% of the light it produced initially Need a different method of measuring lifetime More on that subject in Section 5 X X X X 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 7

8 Standards Help manage the risks LED Devices LM Approved Method: Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products Describes testing procedure for evaluating light distribution from LED-based luminaires LM Approved Method for Measuring Lumen Depreciation of LED Light Sources Describes testing procedure for measuring lumen depreciation of LED devices Does not describe how to evaluate data taken TM Projecting Long Term Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources Provides the method for determining when the useful lifetime of an LED is reached ANSI C A Specifications for the Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting Products for Electric Lamps Describes binning structure to specify LED device colors 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 8

9 The Fix for LM-80 TM-21 LED Devices LM-80 provided a method of testing lumen depreciation of LEDs. It did not explain what to do with the data once it was taken. TM-21 provided guidance on how to use the LM-80 data Recommended curve-fit is an exponential least squares fit using the equation Φ(t) = B exp(- t) where Φ(t) is the averaged normalized luminous flux output over time B is a projected initial constant derived by the least squares fit is the decay rate constant derived by the least squares fit Limits extrapolation of test data 6 times actual test time (if 20 samples are used) 5.5 times actual test time (if less than 20 samples used) Not valid for sample sizes of less than 10 units Restricts what data can be used For 6,000 to 10,000 hours of test data use the last 5,000 hours For greater than 10,000 hours use the last half of the collected data 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 9

10 Standards The generation gap LED Devices Timeline for a new LED-based product LM-80 Testing (To claim 50k hours) LDL LM-80 Testing (minimum) Design Tooling Pilot LF Agency LDL LF = Lighting Facts LDL = Lighting Design Lab, Energy Star or Design Lights Consortium = Market Release LED Mfg Introduces new LED LED Mfg Introduces new LED LED Mfg Introduces new LED 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 10

11 LED Devices Testing Time/Temperature Can have a drastically different effect 21 days at 37.5 O C 3 minutes at 70 O C 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 11

12 ANSI C Chromaticity Standards LED Devices Radius of amber circle shows the EnergyStar color shift tolerance at 6000 hrs of Δ u v = Specifies 8 different standard color bins for LEDs, based on a 7-step MacAdam ellipse But this still leaves a very wide range in each bin which is not acceptable in many lighting applications Source: ANSI C LED Transformations, LLC 12

13 LED Devices Color match / color shift Another way that LEDs fail Supplier quality and testing is critical to successful projects White is white is white? Initial Is blue? 1000 hours 84.1% Drop 97.8% Drop Particularly in linear wall wash applications, this lack of color consistency is non acceptable 96.9% Drop Source: Cree 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 13

14 Color Shifts Can change in many directions LED Devices Results of DOE CALiPER testing from 2008 thru 2010 shows color shifts after 6000 hours of operation (black) and 12,000 hours (red) Shift to blue Shift to yellow 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 14

15 Color Shifts Why the changes? LED Devices A number of different mechanisms can be responsible for color shifts Low/mid power LED housings can yellow, affecting the reflection of light from the sides of the cavity In some older LEDs that use soft silicon coverings, the phosphor can settle to the bottom Edges of phosphor plates can curl with a shift to blue (left image) or delaminate with a shift to yellow (right image) 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 15

16 Outline 1. LED Devices Color, Zombies and other problems 2. Thermal The number one killer of solid-state 3. Electronics Ignore at your peril 4. Controls You ain t seen nuttin yet 5. Optics A thousand years of problems 6. Standards Same pie; more fingers 7. Overall Design Putting it all together 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 16

17 Mechanical/Thermal Two approaches for LED Printed Circuit Boards Solder Mask Copper Traces Dielectric Layer Aluminum Plate MCPCB Thermal FR4 PCB Copper Traces Solder Mask FR 4 Bottom Copper Layer Thermal Vias 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 17

18 Mechanical/Thermal Two approaches for LED Printed Circuit Boards Comparison of Results: Thermal performance for a Osram Golden Dragon LED Thermal MCPCB FR4 w/thermal vias 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 18

19 Mechanical/Thermal Interface Material Thermal Thermal interface material is used to improve heat transfer Thermal interface Airgap material creates fills higher in the thermal gaps and resistance reduces path thermal resistance 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 19

20 Heat Sinks Require maintenance Thermal Dirt and dust collect on the surfaces of heat sinks, reducing their effectiveness. The increase in thermal resistance results in increased junction temperatures and reduced LED light output and lifetime Note: Image is not from an LED luminaire 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 20

21 Thermal Considerations Mounting orientation matters Thermal 100% effective 85% effective Thermal resistance of a heat sink is a function of the volume as well as the flow rate of the air surrounding the heat sink. Airflow depends or heat sink orientation as shown in the diagrams at left. 60% effective 70% effective 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 21

22 Lamp performance highly dependent on application/environment Thermal Enclosures Can have major effect on LED temperature and lifetime Open environment T j = 79.1 O C Closed environment T j = 97.4 O C Higher temperature results in lower light output and shorter life Source: Michael Poplawski, PNNL 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 22

23 Outline 1. LED Devices Color, Zombies and other problems 2. Thermal The number one killer of solid-state 3. Electronics Ignore at your peril 4. Controls You ain t seen nuttin yet 5. Optics A thousand years of problems 6. Standards Same pie; more fingers 7. Overall Design Putting it all together 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 23

24 Failure Rate Reliability/Lifetime What is the difference? Reliability is the ability of a product to perform its required functions for a specific period of time Often reported as mean time between failures (MTBF) Lifetime is an estimate of how long a product is expected to operate as intended given a specific set of environmental and mechanical conditions. Rated lifetime for conventional sources Useful lifetime for LED sources Product Ships Electronics Failure Rate Over Time Infant Mortality Operating Wearout Product Replaced 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 24 Time

25 DOE s Hammer Test Four stages protocol Electronics Stage 1: Steady-state temperature humidity biased life test consisting of 6 hours at 85 o C and 85% relative humidity (RH). Stage 2: Temperature shock consisting of 15 hours cycling at 50 o C to +125 o C (air-to-air). Hold time at each extreme was 30 minutes. Stage 3: Steady-state temperature humidity biased life test consisting of 6 hours at 85 o C and 85% RH Stage 4: High-temperature operational lifetime consisting of 15 hours at 120 o C. Source: US Department of Energy Report, Hammer Testing Findings for Solid-State Lighting Luminaires, December LED Transformations, LLC 25 12% 29% Hammer Test Results (Failures during 1480 hours) 12% 12% 35% Board Capacitor Other Component Solder Working

26 DOE s Hammer Test What it means Electronics Conclusion: The level of performance demonstrated by the luminaires examined in this Hammer Test protocol suggests that SSL luminaires will have a low probability of random failure in the field during normal use, and that properly designed and installed SSL luminaires are likely to have long lifetimes under normal operating conditions LED Transformations, LLC 26

27 Electronics/Driver Some selection factors for drivers Electronics Performance Parameters Form Factors Safety Issues Control Functions Operating Environment Warranty and Repairs Current accuracy Voltage Range Power Factor Special shape? Low profile? Remote driver? Dimming Occupancy Sensing Daylight Harvesting Temperature extremes Operating temperature range Warranty period How easy to replace driver? Efficiency (at operating temperature) Safety listing Isolation? Bi-level Power Metering Moisture Dust How easy to replace LED light engine? Maximum Ripple Fault modes Diagnostics Thermal Feedback Transients Line surges Long term availability of replacements? Daylight Sensing Communications Radiated emissions 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 27

28 Outline 1. LED Devices Color, Zombies and other problems 2. Thermal The number one killer of solid-state 3. Electronics Ignore at your peril 4. Controls You ain t seen nuttin yet 5. Optics A thousand years of problems 6. Standards Same pie; more fingers 7. Overall Design Putting it all together 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 28

29 Controls Lighting Controls Are Light Switches destined for museums? 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 29

30 Dimming Issues Inrush is a new concern for circuit loading Controls Besides meeting load factors specified for the dimming equipment Suggested dimming circuit loading by one control manufacturer based on limited knowledge of system components Too low a load can also cause problems for lighting control systems and electronic transformers 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 30

31 Controls One Example of Dimming Issues Effective dimmer loading Besides the initial inrush current when using dimmers with LED luminaires, the repetitive peak currents for LED drivers used in those luminaires can be as much as 5 to 10 times higher than those for incandescent loads resulting in a greatly increased effective loading on the dimmer. Further this occurs twice each cycle. Source Gateway Report: Dimming LEDs with Phase-Cut Dimmers, The Specifier s Process for Maximizing Success October LED Transformations, LLC 31

32 Lighting Controls Another way things can go wrong Controls A demonstration of outdoor LED lighting was conducted at Nike s corporate offices also under the DOE s Gateway program Since LEDs have no restrike time and are easy to turn on/off motion sensors were incorporated into the testing. During months of testing the outdoor fixtures would turn on and off unexpectedly. This issue seemed to increase on windy days Finally someone traced the problem to leaves on the trees moving in the wind in front of the motion sensors 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 33

33 Lighting Controls Combining LEDs with sensors Controls Types of Sensors Occupancy/Vacancy Sensors Passive IR use thermal image to detect activity Microwave transmits microwave pulses and measures reflections to detect activity Ultrasonic similar to sonar, uses reflections from bursts of high frequency sound to detect activity Acoustic microphones which listen for activity Photocells/Daylight Sensors measure ambient light to either turn system on/off or set particular dimming level Video cameras uses change in scenes to detect activity Timing sets on/off or dimming level based on time of day 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 34

34 Sensors Typical sensor ranges for IR/ultrasonic types Controls Source: Efficiency Maine IR sensor range for detecting limb motion IR sensor range for detecting full body motion Wall-mounted sensor Ultrasonic sensor range for detecting limb motion Ultrasonic sensor range for detecting full body motion 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 35

35 Controls New Features; New Issues Sensor placement become important Now besides concerns about obstructions to the lighting, specifiers and installers will also need to consider line of sight for the sensors Source: Gateway Report, Use of Occupancy Sensors in LED Parking Lot and Garage Applications: Early Experiences 10/ LED Transformations, LLC 36

36 Controls New Features; New Issues Sensors placement become important Energy savings will be a function of: Time delay until turn-off Longer time delays decrease energy savings Shorter time delays can increase the annoyance factor for facility occupants Low illumination setting Decreasing the low level setting increases the potential energy savings Exogenous factors such as amount of vehicular and pedestrian traffic the High Low Level sensor detects Heavy traffic can negate the overall usefulness of an occupancy or motion sensor (e.g. it is on all the time) 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 37

37 Lighting Controls Off saves more than on Controls 1400 Annual Energy Usage (in kwh/yr/fixture) Original HPS (w/ballast) LED Product (no controls) LED Product 10 minute turn-off delay LED Product 2.5 minute turn-off delay Source: Gateway Report, Use of Occupancy Sensors in LED Parking Lot and Garage Applications: Early Experiences 10/ LED Transformations, LLC 38

38 Controls A Typical MR-16 Issue Compatibility with existing equipment Two types of transformers used to step-down the voltage to 12V to power MR-16 lamps Magnetic transformers Electronic Low Voltage Transformers (ELVT) Start out assuming a simple solution of a diode bridge and hold-up capacitor This approach can often work with magnetic transformers but causes problems with ELVT devices Most low cost ELVT devices use a circuit similar to that shown at the right 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 39

39 Controls A Typical MR-16 Issue Compatibility with existing equipment A 35W halogen presents a large resistive load to the ELVT which allows the transformer to easily start-up The DC-DC driver in an LED MR-16, by contrast presents a negative load to the ELVT resulting in potential flickering or even complete failure of the ELVT to start-up Typical output of a low-cost, self-oscillating ELVT driving a single 35W halogen MR-16 (current green; voltage yellow) Note the dead zone at the start of each cycle 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 40

40 Personal Lighting Control It is here with much more to come Controls Comcast/Sylvania Control your home lighting from anywhere in the world Color to suit your mood and your wardrobe Philips Hue 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 41

41 Lighting For Notification New methods using LEDs Warnings: Fire, tornados, storms Alarms: Appointments, Chores, TV shows, Other activities Notifications: Critical s, Bills due, Security: Intruders, unset alarm systems Convenience: Move laundry to dryer; Appliance malfunctions Controls Lighting Control Systems interfaced with internet, WiFi, etc LED Transformations, LLC 42

42 Controls New Rules for Lighting Variable spectrum allows new effects Spectral tunability of LEDs will allow lighting systems to adapt to the natural light available or user preference Tunable spectrums will enable fewer SKUs, less binning and less inventory all of which enable lower cost Source: Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering IAO 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 43

43 Lighting For Activities An example from the aviation industry Lighting Scenes from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner Controls Boarding Cruise Relaxation Meal Service Sleep Prelanding Source: Boeing 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 44

44 Now you have heard everything hackers and wireless Controls Trustwave Holdings, an e-security firm, published an advisory notice last week warning Satis smart toilet owners that their toilets could potentially get hacked. Attackers could cause the unit to unexpectedly open/close the lid, activate bidet or air-dry functions, causing discomfort or distress to user, Trustwave Holdings said in its notice. Source: inax Source: Trustwave SpiderLabs Security Advisory TWSL LED Transformations, LLC 45

45 Outline 1. LED Devices Color, Zombies and other problems 2. Thermal The number one killer of solid-state 3. Electronics Ignore at your peril 4. Controls You ain t seen nuttin yet 5. Optics A thousand years of problems 6. Standards Same pie; more fingers 7. Overall Design Putting it all together 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 46

46 Optics Reflectors and Refractors Optics Fraen LEDiL Carclo Lots of choices with trade-offs based on: Efficiency Light Distribution Cost Size Polymer Optics Khatod 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 47

47 Optics Example Putting photons where they are needed Optics Before 400 MH probe start (465 system watts per fixture) Source: Philips Gardco 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 48

48 Optics Example Putting photons where they are needed Optics After 320 MH pulse start (356 system watts per fixture) Source: Philips Gardco 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 49

49 Optics A failed optics example Optics From the original DOE Gateway Report: At the prevailing average nighttime temperature in Minneapolis, the manufacturer projects that the luminaires would need to operate for several decades to reach this level of lumen depreciation [70% of original lumen output], estimating only about a 12% loss after 20 years. From a recent interim DOE Report: Continuing decrease detected in average illumination on the ground, roughly 12% from initial after a few [15] months LED Transformations, LLC 50

50 Optics A failed optics example Reasons why had nothing to do with the performance of the LEDs used: Reason #1: Earlier design used an optical gel to fill void between LED lens and proprietary nano-optic. Over time, a bubble forms in the gel that causes step change in both lumen distribution and output. The measured optical gel impact on these two samples corresponds to 6.6% and 7.4% reductions in total lumen output. Reason #2: Dirt Depreciation Light Engine (Initial) Optics Light Engine (after 54 weeks of temperature cycling) Would translate to a 9 year lifetime to due dirt depreciation alone! 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 51

51 Outline 1. LED Devices Color, Zombies and other problems 2. Thermal The number one killer of solid-state 3. Electronics Ignore at your peril 4. Controls You ain t seen nuttin yet 5. Optics A thousand years of problems 6. Standards Same pie; more fingers 7. Overall Design Putting it all together 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 52

52 Standards What the present standards do not cover Standards Color Shifts Phosphor aging Components other than the LEDs Drivers Optics Mechanical failures Compatibility with existing system components Dimmers Lighting control systems Photosensitivity (seizures) Environmental effects Humidity Chemicals 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 53

53 Energy Star General requirements for all luminaires Standards Highlights of Luminaire Criteria (V1.1) effective 4/1/12 New versions includes all light sources, not just LED Indoor luminaires shall have a minimum CRI of R a >80 Lumen Maintenance: Fluorescent/HID (shipped with product) Average rated life shall be >10k hrs Fluorescent/HID (shipped separate) 80% of initial lumens at 40% rated life (4k hours minimum) LED Residential 25k hrs Indoor, 35k hrs Outdoor LED Commercial 35k hrs commercial Power Factor: Fluorescent Residential PF > 0.5; Commercial PF > 0.9 HID PF > 0.9 LED Products drawing < 5W PF > 0.5 LED All other products PF > 0.7 Residential; PF > 0.9 Commercial Color Maintenance (LED only): The change of chromaticity over the first 6,000 hours of luminaire operation shall be within on the CIE 1976 (u,v ) diagram LED Transformations, LLC 54

54 Standards Agency Listings 8750 is linked to a number of other standards for LEDs Luminaires Low Voltage Systems Track Lighting Systems Signs Submersible Luminaires UL 1598 UL 2108 UL 1574 UL 48 UL 676 UL 8750 Standard for LED Equipment for Use in Lighting Products Portable Luminaires Nightlights Self Ballasted Lamps Stage & Studio Luminaires Emergency Lighting & Exit Signs UL 153 UL 1786 UL 1993 UL 1573 UL LED Transformations, LLC 55

55 Regional Incentives For LED-based lighting products Standards Typically, products qualifying for utility incentives and/or rebates must be either Energy Star rated or be listed with certain regional certification organizations. These organizations require products to be tested at recognized laboratories using standardized testing procedures. Such as LM-79 and LM LED Transformations, LLC 56

56 DesignLights Consortium Database A good place to browse 27,888 products listed as of Standards 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 57

57 DOE Programs Lighting Facts Standards Don t trust a single data sheet without backup IES files match shipped product performance If data is based on a one of a kind sample, lighting performance will most likely be deficient when facility is completed Lighting Facts Labels Provide assurance that product will perform as specified Required lamp label from Federal Trade Commission 1 Optional label from Dept. of Energy LM-79 luminaire third party test data Acts as a double check even for high quality luminaire manufacturers 1 FTC Labeling took effect January 2012 Additional metrics at DOE Label for luminaires FTC Labels for lamps (front/back) 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 58

58 Outline 1. LED Devices Color, Zombies and other problems 2. Thermal The number one killer of solid-state 3. Electronics Ignore at your peril 4. Controls You ain t seen nuttin yet 5. Optics A thousand years of problems 6. Standards Same pie; more fingers 7. Overall Design Putting it all together 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 59

59 Compatibility Zhaga Consortium Design Thus far Zhaga has published four of the planned seven specifications plus a definitions document 1. Overview and Common Information [Published 7/12] 2. LED LIGHT ENGINE, TYPE A (Socketable with Integrated Control Gear) [PUBLISHED 2/13] 3. LED LIGHT ENGINE, TYPE D (Non-Socketable with Separate Control Gear) [PUBLISHED 10/12] 4. High Intensity Light Engines 5. Socketable LED light engine with separate electronic control gear 6. Compact, socketable LED light engine with integrated electronic control gear 7. LED Light Engine, Rectangular (Non-Socketable with Undefined Light Emitting Surface and Separate Electronic Control Gear) [Published 6/13] 8. LED Light Engine, Type A (Socketable with Integrated Control Gear) [Published 6/13] 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 60

60 Key Characteristics of the Mechanical Interface Design Source: Zhaga Interface Specification Book 2: 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 61

61 Rel. Flux Mechanical/Thermal Junction Temperature Design Limiting maximum junction temperature is critical to LED performance. Higher T j decreases lifetime and reduces light output as shown. It can also shift color Flux and versus temperature lower V f. 200% 180% 160% 140% White Blue Green Yellow Red Source: Philips White Paper Understanding Power LED Lifetime Analysis 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Temperature (ºC) Junction temperature is affected by ambient temperature, thermal path, power to LEDs 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 62

62 Obsolescence Can lead to unexpected consequences Design It doesn t save energy if you can t get it Lighting is typically ordered late in the construction process. Backorder status because vendor builds in batches or ships quarterly from overseas does not help. As more LED-based products become available, this should be less of an issue Quantity Catalog Number Description Ship Status Unit Price Total 5 DL LED Downlight (2700K), 6" 120VAC BACKORDERED $ $ DL LED Downlight (3000K), 8" 120VAC BACKORDERED $ $2, CL LED Cove Light (3000K), 1', 24VDC BACKORDERED $45.00 $2, WW Wall Wash (3500K), 120VAC BACKORDERED $ $2, DL LED Downlight (3000K), 8" 120VAC BACKORDERED $ $2, $0.00 $0.00 Total for this order $9, LED Transformations, LLC 63

63 New Rules Make sure you follow them Design Only buy from a reputable supplier Have realistic expectations and don t fall for hype Be aware of the environment into which the products will be installed Know the as-built situation in terms of wiring, lighting control programming, legacy electronics, transformers, etc. Assume there will be problems and make sure your supplier can provide proper support Be aware that the rules have all changed Take building occupants into consideration in all aspects of the new lighting environment 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 64

64 Acknowledgement Support for the development and presentation of this educational seminar was provided by the US Department of Energy and NETL Morgantown 2014 LED Transformations, LLC 65

65 Thank You Contact Information: Dr. John (Jack) W. Curran President LED Transformations, LLC PO Box 224 Stanton, NJ (908) US Department of Energy LED Transformations, LLC 66