Comparing Neo-Aristotelian, Close Textual Analysis, and Genre Criticism
|
|
- Isabella Griffith
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Gruber 1 Blake J Gruber Rhet-257: Rhetorical Criticism Professor Hovden 12 February 2010 Comparing Neo-Aristotelian, Close Textual Analysis, and Genre Criticism The concept of rhetorical criticism encompasses a variety of methods to analyze nearly any type of rhetorical artifact. Each method of rhetorical criticism sheds a particular light on any given artifact. As Burke argues, the more viewpoints or angles one examines an artifact from, the better one can truly understand the artifact. These methods have evolved over time, branching off from one another or even building and expanding from earlier methods. Perhaps the first true form of rhetorical analysis came from Aristotle, which is now labeled as Neo-Aristotelian analysis. This type of analysis is rarely used today and is a rather constrained approach, but from it stemmed genre criticism. Genre criticism broke into the rhetorical scene throughout the 70 s and 80 s after Edwin Black wrote the book Rhetorical Criticism. However, due to the large sweeping brushstrokes one must take with genre criticism, more specific methods have evolved as well, such as close textual analysis. These are just three examples of criticism methods, and each one gives a very different insight into a piece of rhetoric. To fully understand these methods the theoretical foundations of the methods must first be established. The types of questions the methods can answer and the units of analysis for the given methods will then be discussed and analyzed against one another. From this analysis it will be evident that each of these methods of rhetorical criticism, given their similarities and differences, provide a unique understanding of a given rhetorical artifact.
2 Gruber 2 Neo-Aristotelian criticism is derived from Aristotle s work in the field of rhetoric, largely from his written work The Rhetoric. Aristotle was among the first to truly establish a rhetorical method for analyzing pieces of work. Being one of the first methods, Neo-Aristotelian criticism is rather limited and basic. Although rarely used in rhetorical analysis today, the method can still provide basic insight into a piece of rhetoric. The fundamental theory of the method is to reconstruct the context in which the artifact occurred, and then analyze the text with the context in mind. To discover the context one must investigate the rhetor, the occasion, and the audience of a given speech. When analyzing the rhetor one must observe the rhetor s background, how it relates them to the audience, and ultimately what rhetorical tools the relationship allows them to use. It is important to also note the motivating forces of the rhetor, which also involves ethos, Aristotle s concept of moral fiber in a speaker. Understanding the occasion is important because of the influence and implications a given occasion can have on the demand for a particular type of rhetoric to be delivered. Finally, a good concept of the audience is important because the attitudes of the audience towards the rhetor and topic, as well as the influence the rhetor has over the audience, determine what rhetorical tools can be used in speech. Once the context of the artifact is in place, the artifact itself must be analyzed (lecture). Aristotle breaks the actual text analysis into five parts or the five cannons: invention, arrangement, style, delivery, and memory. Invention involves looking at the location and creation of the specific belief and analyzing the artifact and speaker s ethos, pathos, and logos. Arrangement is observing the organizational structure of the speech; what patterns are used, what was emphasized, and why they placed their arguments in particular places. Next, the style must be summarized, simply meaning what type of language and rhetorical flourishes were used and why. Then the delivery, or the speaker's manner of presentation, must be taken into account,
3 Gruber 3 which includes looking at how they dress, their rate of delivery, and their movement and tone. Finally the speaker s memory must be addressed. Although this is rather inapplicable in modern criticism, (in ancient Greece speeches were actually memorized) it can presently be described as the rhetor s overall knowledge of the subject matter. After completing both the context in which the artifact was presented and analyzing the artifact itself, finite conclusions can be drawn from the artifact. For example, Neo-Aristotelian criticism can asses why a speech was effective or ineffective given the audience and rhetorical tools used by the speaker. By looking at the overall construction of the speech, paired with the background of the rhetor, the criticism can help determine what tools led to persuasion. However, Neo-Aristotelian rhetoric in this sense is incredibly limited in scope. Since it relies heavily on the situational context of the artifact, the analysis will always be particular and descriptive. There is no real way to derive larger prescriptive theories of rhetoric from the work. From this finite method of criticism Aristotle breeds the foundation for a more general and theoretical rhetorical method, Genre Criticism (lecture). Aristotle believed there were three types of speech: deliberative, epidictic, and forensic; each type with its own implications for the occasion (the emphasis on the occasion relating closely to the contextual aspect of Neo-Aristotelian criticism). From this idea grew the concept of Genre theory and criticism. Edwin Black brought Genre Criticism back to the main-stage of textual analysis in the 70 s and 80 s with his book Rhetorical Criticism. Carl Burgchardt describes the overarching theme of Genre Criticism quite nicely by stating, Genre criticism departs from the traditional emphasis on a single speaker or speech. Indeed to be done properly, genre criticism must examine multiple speeches or other forms of discourse in order to draw conclusions about categories of rhetoric (399). Burke argues that humans have an innate desire
4 Gruber 4 to categorize things, creating order out of disorder. When pieces of rhetoric can be appropriately placed into a genre, it allows one to discern recurring strategies, themes, and issues amongst the body of discourses in the genre. It is important to note in Genre Criticism that rather than looking at the individual parts of a piece of rhetoric one must observe the situational requirements, the substantive and stylistic characteristics, as well as the organizing principles of the piece, and the synergy these create within a piece in terms of it genre. It is these three observations that ascertain what genre a piece belongs to, and ultimately allows the genre and its implications to be applied analytically to the piece of rhetoric. From a procedural standpoint there are three different courses through which to perform the analysis: Generic Description, Generic Participation, and Generic Application (lecture). Generic description is the process of determining whether or not a genre actually exists. First, the analyst begins with the assumption that there are similarities amongst a body of rhetoric. Then a varied and sufficiently large sample of discourses from an extended time period must be analyzed. In the analysis the three fundamental aspects of genre criticism (situational requirements, substantive and stylistic characteristics, and organizing principles) should be examined for similarities in the sample of discourses. The differences in these aspects should also be accounted for. Then one must conceptualize how these three aspects work together across the discourses to develop the defining aspects of the genre. This type of criticism is largely theoretical and genres for the most part have already been defined, which leads into the next type of genre criticism-- generic participation. This methodology tests whether or not a rhetorical artifact is part of a genre. First the three aspects of the genre are drawn from a rhetorical definition of the genre, and then they are applied to the artifact to see whether it exhibits the aspects of the genre. Compare how closely the situational requirements, substantive and stylistic
5 Gruber 5 characteristics, and organizing principle of the artifact and genre relate and then draw conclusions. The conclusions may show changes in the generic assumptions or possible subgenres of the genre. Finally, the last type of genre criticism and seemingly most analytical, genre application, is determining if an artifact is a good or bad exemplar of the genre. Much like genre participation, one must identify the three principles of genre in the artifact and compare it to those of the genre. Then the artifact is analyzed according to its successes or failures in fulfilling the requirements of the genre. This allows for successful strategies to be seen amongst a particular genre. Generic Criticism, especially when combining all three types, creates effective prescriptions for successful rhetoric within a genre. It shows how multiple people have dealt with the same issues, which in turn can explain a lot about the culture which the rhetoric was produced in. This broad overarching approach is useful, but cannot explain for outliers, which creates a need for a more particular rhetorical analysis, Close Textual Analysis (lecture). Close Textual analysis involves taking a very direct approach towards a text in which Tabula Rosa, or blank slate, should be kept in mind. This means no rhetorical theories or assumptions should be used when analyzing the particular piece of rhetoric in order to understand the text qua the text. Burgchardt describes Close Textual analysis as, [aiming] to reveal and explicate the precise, often hidden, mechanisms that give a particular text artistic unity and rhetorical effect (563). The theory being observing the text in and of itself allows one to see the particularities that make it unique and effective. The method allows one to understand what makes a particular speech timeless, and why it was effective given the constituent way pieces of a text work together. However, it is lacking in its ability to create generalized theory, and usually does not have theory backing the analysis of it. Regardless, for unique or particularly special pieces of rhetoric this method can be very useful. The procedure is as simple as follows:
6 Gruber 6 without anything in mind, read the text and then think about it, and repeat that process until the unique artistic elements of the text stand out. This type of analysis is not necessarily aimed at answering a particular question or building theory, but rather simply to wholly understand a given text for the text itself (lecture). Now that Neo-Aristotelian Criticism, Close Textual Analysis, and Genre Criticism have been thoroughly described, they can be compared against one another. These methods have similarities and differences in the types of research questions they can answer, their units of analysis, and also their theoretical foundations. First and foremost when doing rhetorical analysis there is always a research question in mind. Each of these methods varies in what exactly they can answer. Neo-Aristotelian analysis, like Close Textual Analysis, answers questions that are rather limited in scope and pertain mostly to the text at hand. For example, in Neo-Aristotelian analysis one can answer questions such as why was a given speech effective for an audience, what about the rhetor and the style and rhetorical tools he used made the speech effective, or what aspects of the arrangement, style and delivery make the speech effective. Like Close Textual analysis, it deals with the effectiveness of a particular piece of rhetoric, but fails to contribute to rhetorical theory in general and is descriptive rather than prescriptive. Although similar, Close Textual analysis is even more limited in scope. It disregards the contextual aspect of Neo-Aristotelian criticism, thus limiting even more the questions it can answer. Close Textual analysis can answer questions like what makes a text uniquely effective, what unique arrangement or style made the text effective, or why a particular piece is timeless. This can be done simply by looking at the text in and of itself. Genre Criticism, on the other hand, does quite the opposite. It can greatly add to the theories of rhetoric because it observes a number of discourses and identifies common strategies. It has the
7 Gruber 7 ability to be prescriptive, meaning when using this analysis, predictions can be made for what will make a piece of rhetoric in a particular genre effective. Seeing as the method is much larger in scope, it can answer a much wider variety of research questions. Questions such as, what are effective strategies within a genre, does a piece of rhetoric belong in a genre, does a genre exist, or even what does the rhetoric within a genre tell about the culture it was written in. Due to the differences in scope amongst these rhetorical methods, the spectrum of questions they can answer differ. Neo-Aristotelian and Close Textual analysis answer questions on the effectiveness of a given text while Genre Criticism can answer more broad questions of rhetorical theory, which is almost entirely due to the units of analysis utilized by the methods. These methods are drastically different in their units of analysis. The units of analysis being what is observed and analyzed rhetorically within the artifact, as stated previously, have dire impacts on the types of questions the method will be able to answer. In Neo-Aristotelian criticism the units of analysis are similar to that of Close Textual analysis; they include looking at the text for the invention, arrangement, style, delivery, and memory. However, these two methods differ slightly in their units of analysis; Neo-Aristotelian takes into account the context in which the artifact occurred, while Close Textual analysis gives more freedom when looking at the text to observe any particularities that make the text uniquely effective. Genre Criticism has very different units of analysis. In Genre Criticism, many discourses within the genre are observed, and the real units of analysis are the fusion of the situational requirements, substantive and stylistic characteristics, and organizing principles within the artifact and genre. This points back to the idea of the particularity of Neo-Aristotelian and Close Textual analysis and how they are tailored to analyze a specific text for the text itself, while in comparison Genre Criticism is
8 Gruber 8 much broader and can attribute to prescriptive rhetorical theory. This is also evident in the theoretical foundations of the different methods. The theoretical foundations set the purpose of what each of these methods should accomplish when analyzing a piece of rhetoric. Neo-Aristotelian theory focuses on the contextual situation of an artifact. In theory, it is important to understand the rhetor, audience, and the occasion as they are all influencing factors on how and what the rhetor can say. Once the context is established, then the text can be analyzed because it will be able to show how effective a given speech was on that particular audience. This differs from Close Textual analysis in that Close Textual analysis s theory focuses on Tabula Rosa (blank slate) and keeping all theory and notions out of the mind when analyzing. In a sense, this is so the unique attributes of the rhetoric in particular can be seen and why it made the rhetoric effective. The blank slate must be kept in mind because it is likely these unique attributes cannot be found amongst other pieces of or theories of rhetoric. Again, there is the significantly different theory of Genre Criticism, which claims that by observing a number of similar discourses one can understand the recurring types of strategies and techniques that create success within a genre. By examining numerous discourses, the successes and failures allow one to determine a prescription for what makes successful rhetoric within a genre. After observing the rhetorical methods of Neo-Aristotelian, Close Textual, and Genre Criticism, and the types of research questions they can answer, their units of analysis, and fundamental theories, it has become evident that each of these methods can shed a particular light on any given piece of rhetoric. Neo-Aristotelian analysis takes into consideration the context of the rhetoric before analyzing the text, allowing one to determine if it was successful for a particular audience. Close Textual analysis, similar to Neo-Aristotelian in its small scope,
9 Gruber 9 provides unique insight into a text by analyzing the text simply qua the text. Finally, Genre Criticism, which stemmed from the constrained Neo-Aristotelian approach, takes a larger scope by examining numerous discourses across a genre and determines the techniques within a genre that make rhetoric successful. Clearly each of these rhetorical methods can provide valuable information about any piece of rhetoric. However, the information they provide vary from method to method, and each method can answer different types of research questions. Regardless, the different questions these methods can answer all provide unique insight into a piece of rhetoric, and by applying multiple methods the critic can obtain a more complete and comprehensive grasp of a rhetorical artifact all rights reserved.
When You Ride Alone You Ride With Hitler: A Metaphoric Analysis. Metaphors are one of the oldest studied forms of rhetoric. To Aristotle, metaphors
Gruber 1 Blake J Gruber Rhet 257: Rhetorical Criticism Professor Hovden 16 April 2010 When You Ride Alone You Ride With Hitler: A Metaphoric Analysis Metaphors are one of the oldest studied forms of rhetoric.
More information1. situation (or community) 2. substance (content) and style (form)
Generic Criticism This is the basic definition of "genre" Generic criticism is rooted in the assumption that certain types of situations provoke similar needs and expectations in audiences and thus call
More informationENGL S092 Improving Writing Skills ENGL S110 Introduction to College Writing ENGL S111 Methods of Written Communication
ENGL S092 Improving Writing Skills 1. Identify elements of sentence and paragraph construction and compose effective sentences and paragraphs. 2. Compose coherent and well-organized essays. 3. Present
More informationAP Language And Composition Chapter 1: An Introduction to Rhetoric
AP Language And Composition Chapter 1: An Introduction to Rhetoric The Rhetorical Situation Appeals to Ethos, Logos, and Pathos Rhetorical Analysis of Visual Texts Determining Effective and Ineffective
More informationHumanities Learning Outcomes
University Major/Dept Learning Outcome Source Creative Writing The undergraduate degree in creative writing emphasizes knowledge and awareness of: literary works, including the genres of fiction, poetry,
More informationCollege Writing Goals
College Writing Goals Comfort with writing and the writing process. Confidence as a writer and reader. Consciousness as a reader and writer to identify and use rhetorical devices. Critical analysis skills
More informationWhat is Rhetoric? Grade 10: Rhetoric
Source: Burton, Gideon. "The Forest of Rhetoric." Silva Rhetoricae. Brigham Young University. Web. 10 Jan. 2016. < http://rhetoric.byu.edu/ >. Permission granted under CC BY 3.0. What is Rhetoric? Rhetoric
More informationMIRA COSTA HIGH SCHOOL English Department Writing Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS. 1. Prewriting Introductions 4. 3.
MIRA COSTA HIGH SCHOOL English Department Writing Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Prewriting 2 2. Introductions 4 3. Body Paragraphs 7 4. Conclusion 10 5. Terms and Style Guide 12 1 1. Prewriting Reading and
More informationThe art and study of using language effectively
The art and study of using language effectively Defining Rhetoric Aristotle defined rhetoric as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion. Rhetoric is the art of communicating
More informationNORCO COLLEGE SLO to PLO MATRIX
CERTIFICATE/PROGRAM: COURSE: AML-1 (no map) Humanities, Philosophy, and Arts Demonstrate receptive comprehension of basic everyday communications related to oneself, family, and immediate surroundings.
More informationHeideggerian Ontology: A Philosophic Base for Arts and Humanties Education
Marilyn Zurmuehlen Working Papers in Art Education ISSN: 2326-7070 (Print) ISSN: 2326-7062 (Online) Volume 2 Issue 1 (1983) pps. 56-60 Heideggerian Ontology: A Philosophic Base for Arts and Humanties Education
More informationRhetoric & Media Studies Sample Comprehensive Examination Question Ethics
Rhetoric & Media Studies Sample Comprehensive Examination Question Ethics A system for evaluating the ethical dimensions of rhetoric must encompass a selection of concepts from different communicative
More informationWHAT S LEFT OF HUMAN NATURE? A POST-ESSENTIALIST, PLURALIST AND INTERACTIVE ACCOUNT OF A CONTESTED CONCEPT. Maria Kronfeldner
WHAT S LEFT OF HUMAN NATURE? A POST-ESSENTIALIST, PLURALIST AND INTERACTIVE ACCOUNT OF A CONTESTED CONCEPT Maria Kronfeldner Forthcoming 2018 MIT Press Book Synopsis February 2018 For non-commercial, personal
More informationAn Introduction to Rhetoric: Using the Available Means
An Introduction to Rhetoric: Using the Available Means Follow along with your notes from the PowerPoint. Add to the notes to reinforce the concepts presented. Assignment Key Elements of Rhetoric Rhetoric
More informationARISTOTLE ON SCIENTIFIC VS NON-SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE. Philosophical / Scientific Discourse. Author > Discourse > Audience
1 ARISTOTLE ON SCIENTIFIC VS NON-SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE Philosophical / Scientific Discourse Author > Discourse > Audience A scientist (e.g. biologist or sociologist). The emotions, appetites, moral character,
More informationSlide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3 Historical Development. Formalism. EH 4301 Spring 2011
Slide 1 Formalism EH 4301 Spring 2011 Slide 2 And though one may consider a poem as an instance of historical or ethical documentation, the poem itself, if literature is to be studied as literature, remains
More informationAP LATIN: VERGIL 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES
AP LATIN: VERGIL 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES Question V3 6 This is an excellent, well-organized essay. It makes liberal use of specific, appropriate references from the Latin text throughout the passage, properly
More informationUNIT SPECIFICATION FOR EXCHANGE AND STUDY ABROAD
Unit Code: Unit Name: Department: Faculty: 475Z022 METAPHYSICS (INBOUND STUDENT MOBILITY - JAN ENTRY) Politics & Philosophy Faculty Of Arts & Humanities Level: 5 Credits: 5 ECTS: 7.5 This unit will address
More informationStandards Covered in the WCMA Indian Art Module NEW YORK
Standards Covered in the WCMA Indian Art Module NEW YORK VISUAL ARTS 1 Creating, Performing, and Participating in the Visual Arts Students will actively engage in the processes that constitute creation
More informationWarm-Up: Rhetoric and Persuasion. What is rhetoric?
Warm-Up: Rhetoric and Persuasion Brainstorm the meaning of these words: civil, effective, manipulative, and deceptive. Please set your homework on your desk. Make sure your name is on both articles. What
More informationClaim: refers to an arguable proposition or a conclusion whose merit must be established.
Argument mapping: refers to the ways of graphically depicting an argument s main claim, sub claims, and support. In effect, it highlights the structure of the argument. Arrangement: the canon that deals
More informationStudent Learning Assessment for ART 100 Katie Frank
Student Learning Assessment for ART 100 Katie Frank 1. Number and name of the course being assessed: ART 100 2. List all the Course SLOs from the Course Outline of Record: 1. Discuss and review knowledge
More informationUniversità della Svizzera italiana. Faculty of Communication Sciences. Master of Arts in Philosophy 2017/18
Università della Svizzera italiana Faculty of Communication Sciences Master of Arts in Philosophy 2017/18 Philosophy. The Master in Philosophy at USI is a research master with a special focus on theoretical
More informationHigh School Photography 1 Curriculum Essentials Document
High School Photography 1 Curriculum Essentials Document Boulder Valley School District Department of Curriculum and Instruction February 2012 Introduction The Boulder Valley Elementary Visual Arts Curriculum
More informationRhetoric - The Basics
Name AP Language, period Ms. Lockwood Rhetoric - The Basics Style analysis asks you to separate the content you are taking in from the methods used to successfully convey that content. This is a skill
More informationAn Introduction to Rhetoric. copyright 2007 James Nelson
An Introduction to Rhetoric copyright 2007 James Nelson 1 Quickwrite: Why might someone create such a photo? What point might he be attempting to make? copyright 2007 James Nelson 2 copyright 2007 James
More informationAN INTEGRATED CURRICULUM UNIT FOR THE CRITIQUE OF PROSE AND FICTION
AN INTEGRATED CURRICULUM UNIT FOR THE CRITIQUE OF PROSE AND FICTION OVERVIEW I. CONTENT Building on the foundations of literature from earlier periods, significant contributions emerged both in form and
More informationSECTION EIGHT THROUGH TWELVE
SECTION EIGHT THROUGH TWELVE Rhetorical devices -You should have four to five sections on the most important rhetorical devices, with examples of each (three to four quotations for each device and a clear
More informationAdvanced Placement English Language & Composition Summer Reading Assignment
Advanced Placement English Language & Composition Summer Reading Assignment Thank You for Arguing covers the core rhetorical teachings of Aristotle and Cicero, but Heinrichs does so using modern examples,
More informationTechnical Writing Style
Pamela Grant-Russell 61 R.Evrnw/COMPTE RENDU Technical Writing Style Pamela Grant-Russell Universite de Sherbrooke Technical Writing Style, Dan Jones, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 1998, 301 pages. What is
More informationRalph K. Hawkins Bethel College Mishawaka, Indiana
RBL 03/2008 Moore, Megan Bishop Philosophy and Practice in Writing a History of Ancient Israel Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies 435 New York: T&T Clark, 2006. Pp. x + 205. Hardcover. $115.00.
More informationPractical Intuition and Rhetorical Example. Paul Schollmeier
Practical Intuition and Rhetorical Example Paul Schollmeier I Let us assume with the classical philosophers that we have a faculty of theoretical intuition, through which we intuit theoretical principles,
More informationSecond Grade: National Visual Arts Core Standards
Second Grade: National Visual Arts Core Standards Connecting #VA:Cn10.1 Process Component: Interpret Anchor Standard: Synthesize and relate knowledge and personal experiences to make art. Enduring Understanding:
More informationStudent Performance Q&A:
Student Performance Q&A: 2004 AP English Language & Composition Free-Response Questions The following comments on the 2004 free-response questions for AP English Language and Composition were written by
More informationInterdepartmental Learning Outcomes
University Major/Dept Learning Outcome Source Linguistics The undergraduate degree in linguistics emphasizes knowledge and awareness of: the fundamental architecture of language in the domains of phonetics
More informationThe personal essay is the product of a writer s free-hand, is predictably expressive, and is
The personal essay is the product of a writer s free-hand, is predictably expressive, and is typically placed in a creative non-fiction category rather than in the category of the serious academic or programmatic
More informationTypes of Writing Rhetorical Analysis
The information in this handout is based on Allyn and Bacon Guide to Writing (Ed. John Ramage, John Bean, and June Johnson, Brief 5 th ed., 2009, pp. 16-56), and From Inquiry to Academic Writing (Stuart
More informationWestern School of Technology and Environmental Science First Quarter Reading Assignment ENGLISH 10 GT
Western School of Technology and Environmental Science First Quarter Reading Assignment 2018-2019 ENGLISH 10 GT First Quarter Reading Assignment Checklist Task 1: Read Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe.
More informationComparative Rhetorical Analysis
Comparative Rhetorical Analysis When Analyzing Argument Analysis is when you take apart an particular passage and dividing it into its basic components for the purpose of examining how the writer develops
More informationEmerging Questions: Fernando F. Segovia and the Challenges of Cultural Interpretation
Emerging Questions: Fernando F. Segovia and the Challenges of Cultural Interpretation It is an honor to be part of this panel; to look back as we look forward to the future of cultural interpretation.
More information4. Rhetorical Analysis
4. Rhetorical Analysis Rhetorical Analysis 4.1 Appeals 4.2 Tone 4.3 Organization/structure 4.4 Rhetorical effects 4.5 Use of language 4.6 Evaluation of evidence 4.1 Appeals Appeals Rhetoric involves using
More informationIdeological and Political Education Under the Perspective of Receptive Aesthetics Jie Zhang, Weifang Zhong
International Conference on Education Technology and Social Science (ICETSS 2014) Ideological and Political Education Under the Perspective of Receptive Aesthetics Jie Zhang, Weifang Zhong School of Marxism,
More informationArchitecture is epistemologically
The need for theoretical knowledge in architectural practice Lars Marcus Architecture is epistemologically a complex field and there is not a common understanding of its nature, not even among people working
More informationUnderstanding Bitzerʼs Rhetorical Situation
Understanding Bitzerʼs Rhetorical Situation Jonathan David BROWN* Abstract Lloyd F. Bitzer, the world-renown rhetorician, identifi es three main constituents of the rhetorical situation that are invaluable
More informationGlossary alliteration allusion analogy anaphora anecdote annotation antecedent antimetabole antithesis aphorism appositive archaic diction argument
Glossary alliteration The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables. allusion An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event. analogy
More informationMoral Geography and Exploration of the Moral Possibility Space
Book Review/173 Moral Geography and Exploration of the Moral Possibility Space BONGRAE SEOK Alvernia University, Reading, Pennsylvania, USA (bongrae.seok@alvernia.edu) Owen Flanagan, The Geography of Morals,
More informationPrincipal version published in the University of Innsbruck Bulletin of 4 June 2012, Issue 31, No. 314
Note: The following curriculum is a consolidated version. It is legally non-binding and for informational purposes only. The legally binding versions are found in the University of Innsbruck Bulletins
More informationTHE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERTEXTUALITY APPROACH TO DEVELOP STUDENTS CRITI- CAL THINKING IN UNDERSTANDING LITERATURE
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERTEXTUALITY APPROACH TO DEVELOP STUDENTS CRITI- CAL THINKING IN UNDERSTANDING LITERATURE Arapa Efendi Language Training Center (PPB) UMY arafaefendi@gmail.com Abstract This paper
More informationMarx, Gender, and Human Emancipation
The U.S. Marxist-Humanists organization, grounded in Marx s Marxism and Raya Dunayevskaya s ideas, aims to develop a viable vision of a truly new human society that can give direction to today s many freedom
More informationGCSE Dance. Unit Choreography Report on the Examination June G13. Version: 1
GCSE Dance Unit 4 42304 Choreography Report on the Examination 4230 June 2013 6G13 Version: 1 Further copies of this Report are available from aqa.org.uk Copyright 20yy AQA and its licensors. All rights
More informationRHETORICAL DEVICES. Rhetoric: the art of effective, persuasive speaking or writing
RHETORICAL DEVICES Rhetoric: the art of effective, persuasive speaking or writing Ethos, Pathos, and Logos are terms coined by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle (they are also known as the Aristotelian Appeals)
More informationIntroduction to Rhetoric (from OWL Purdue website)
Elements of Rhetorical Situations Introduction to Rhetoric (from OWL Purdue website) There is no one singular rhetorical situation that applies to all instances of communication. Rather, all human efforts
More informationEnglish/Philosophy Department ENG/PHL 100 Level Course Descriptions and Learning Outcomes
English/Philosophy Department ENG/PHL 100 Level Course Descriptions and Learning Outcomes Course Course Name Course Description Course Learning Outcome ENG 101 College Composition A course emphasizing
More informationCategories and Schemata
Res Cogitans Volume 1 Issue 1 Article 10 7-26-2010 Categories and Schemata Anthony Schlimgen Creighton University Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.pacificu.edu/rescogitans Part of the
More informationCCCC 2006, Chicago Confucian Rhetoric 1
CCCC 2006, Chicago Confucian Rhetoric 1 "Confucian Rhetoric and Multilingual Writers." Paper presented as part of the roundtable, "Chinese Rhetoric as Writing Tradition: Re-conceptualizing Its History
More information5 Genre in Rhetorical and
5 Genre in Rhetorical and Sociological Traditions At the end of Chapter 4, we began to draw some general distinctions between linguistic (particularly English for Specific Purposes) and rhetorical genre
More informationSpatial Formations. Installation Art between Image and Stage.
Spatial Formations. Installation Art between Image and Stage. An English Summary Anne Ring Petersen Although much has been written about the origins and diversity of installation art as well as its individual
More informationRhetorical Appeals: Logos, Pathos, Ethos
Rhetorical Appeals: Logos, Pathos, Ethos Rhetoric: A brief history Rhetoric is the study of writing or speaking as a means of communication or persuasion. The history of rhetoric reaches back to the beginnings
More informationUNIT SPECIFICATION FOR EXCHANGE AND STUDY ABROAD
Unit Code: Unit Name: Department: Faculty: 475Z02 METAPHYSICS (INBOUND STUDENT MOBILITY - SEPT ENTRY) Politics & Philosophy Faculty Of Arts & Humanities Level: 5 Credits: 5 ECTS: 7.5 This unit will address
More informationCMNS301 The Mad- Hatter s Tea Party Script
CMNS301 The Mad- Hatter s Tea Party Script Characters: The Mad Hatter Kenneth - Dormouse Cheris Alice in Wonderland Sandra The White Rabbit Context: The theorists specified below, having assumed the appearance
More informationBook review: Men s cinema: masculinity and mise-en-scène in Hollywood, by Stella Bruzzi
Book review: Men s cinema: masculinity and mise-en-scène in Hollywood, by Stella Bruzzi ELISABETTA GIRELLI The Scottish Journal of Performance Volume 1, Issue 2; June 2014 ISSN: 2054-1953 (Print) / ISSN:
More informationGlossary of Rhetorical Terms*
Glossary of Rhetorical Terms* Analyze To divide something into parts in order to understand both the parts and the whole. This can be done by systems analysis (where the object is divided into its interconnected
More informationPersuasive Speech Rubric
Persuasive Speech Rubric Audience and Purpose Speech is geared towards an obvious audience and has a very effective some use of a target some a limited use of a shows limited appeals were well established
More informationRDA RESOURCE DESCRIPTION AND ACCESS
RDA RESOURCE DESCRIPTION AND ACCESS Definition: RDA A new set of descriptive cataloguing rules developed by the Joint Steering Committee to replace the current set of rules referred to as Anglo- American
More informationThe Teaching Method of Creative Education
Creative Education 2013. Vol.4, No.8A, 25-30 Published Online August 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ce) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ce.2013.48a006 The Teaching Method of Creative Education
More informationVIRTUE ETHICS-ARISTOTLE
Dr. Desh Raj Sirswal Assistant Professor (Philosophy), P.G.Govt. College for Girls, Sector-11, Chandigarh http://drsirswal.webs.com VIRTUE ETHICS-ARISTOTLE INTRODUCTION Ethics as a subject begins with
More informationSince the time of Greek Antiquity scholars, philosophers, and rhetoricians alike have
Gruber 1 Blake J Gruber Rhet 391: Argument Theory Dr. Hovden 15 April 2011 The Enthymeme in the Postmodern Era: A problem or solution to argument in a highly contextualized world? Since the time of Greek
More informationStyle (How to Speak) February 19, Ross Arnold, Winter 2015 Lakeside institute of Theology
Style (How to Speak) February 19, 2015 Ross Arnold, Winter 2015 Lakeside institute of Theology Communications & Homiletics (CL2) Jan. 29 Introduction to Rhetoric Feb. 5 Invention (finding the meaning)
More informationMarya Dzisko-Schumann THE PROBLEM OF VALUES IN THE ARGUMETATION THEORY: FROM ARISTOTLE S RHETORICS TO PERELMAN S NEW RHETORIC
Marya Dzisko-Schumann THE PROBLEM OF VALUES IN THE ARGUMETATION THEORY: FROM ARISTOTLE S RHETORICS TO PERELMAN S NEW RHETORIC Abstract The Author presents the problem of values in the argumentation theory.
More informationTROUBLING QUALITATIVE INQUIRY: ACCOUNTS AS DATA, AND AS PRODUCTS
TROUBLING QUALITATIVE INQUIRY: ACCOUNTS AS DATA, AND AS PRODUCTS Martyn Hammersley The Open University, UK Webinar, International Institute for Qualitative Methodology, University of Alberta, March 2014
More informationValuable Particulars
CHAPTER ONE Valuable Particulars One group of commentators whose discussion this essay joins includes John McDowell, Martha Nussbaum, Nancy Sherman, and Stephen G. Salkever. McDowell is an early contributor
More informationPoznań, July Magdalena Zabielska
Introduction It is a truism, yet universally acknowledged, that medicine has played a fundamental role in people s lives. Medicine concerns their health which conditions their functioning in society. It
More informationEnglish 11: November 10, 2016
English 11: November 10, 2016 Agenda - 11/9/2016 Grade Sheets Quarter 1 Informational Quarter 2 - Late Passes Take Ethos, Pathos, Logos mini-quiz! Quarter 1 Reflection Literary Terms Patrick Henry Give
More informationAristotle on the Human Good
24.200: Aristotle Prof. Sally Haslanger November 15, 2004 Aristotle on the Human Good Aristotle believes that in order to live a well-ordered life, that life must be organized around an ultimate or supreme
More informationROLAND BARTHES ON WRITING: LITERATURE IS IN ESSENCE
ROLAND BARTHES ON WRITING: LITERATURE IS IN ESSENCE (vinodkonappanavar@gmail.com) Department of PG Studies in English, BVVS Arts College, Bagalkot Abstract: This paper intended as Roland Barthes views
More informationSpringBoard Academic Vocabulary for Grades 10-11
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.CCRA.L.6 Acquire and use accurately a range of general academic and domain-specific words and phrases sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career
More informationMethods, Topics, and Trends in Recent Business History Scholarship
Jari Eloranta, Heli Valtonen, Jari Ojala Methods, Topics, and Trends in Recent Business History Scholarship This article is an overview of our larger project featuring analyses of the recent business history
More information2 nd Grade Visual Arts Curriculum Essentials Document
2 nd Grade Visual Arts Curriculum Essentials Document Boulder Valley School District Department of Curriculum and Instruction February 2012 Introduction The Boulder Valley Elementary Visual Arts Curriculum
More informationTamar Sovran Scientific work 1. The study of meaning My work focuses on the study of meaning and meaning relations. I am interested in the duality of
Tamar Sovran Scientific work 1. The study of meaning My work focuses on the study of meaning and meaning relations. I am interested in the duality of language: its precision as revealed in logic and science,
More informationGeorge Levine, Darwin the Writer, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011, 272 pp.
George Levine, Darwin the Writer, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011, 272 pp. George Levine is Professor Emeritus of English at Rutgers University, where he founded the Center for Cultural Analysis in
More informationJulie K. Ward. Ancient Philosophy 31 (2011) Mathesis Publications
One and Many in Aristotle s Metaphysics: Books Alpha-Delta. By Edward C. Halper. Las Vegas: Parmenides Publishing, 2009. Pp. xli + 578. $48.00 (hardback). ISBN: 978-1-930972-6. Julie K. Ward Halper s volume
More informationDefining the profession: placing plain language in the field of communication.
Defining the profession: placing plain language in the field of communication. Dr Neil James Clarity conference, November 2008. 1. A confusing array We ve already heard a lot during the conference about
More informationTravelling theories. Loughborough University Institutional Repository
Loughborough University Institutional Repository Travelling theories This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author. Citation: LLOYD, M., 2015. Travelling
More informationEthnographic R. From outside, no access to cultural meanings From inside, only limited access to cultural meanings
Methods Oct 17th A practice that has most changed the methods and attitudes in empiric qualitative R is the field ethnology Ethnologists tried all kinds of approaches, from the end of 19 th c. onwards
More informationPhilosophy of Science: The Pragmatic Alternative April 2017 Center for Philosophy of Science University of Pittsburgh ABSTRACTS
Philosophy of Science: The Pragmatic Alternative 21-22 April 2017 Center for Philosophy of Science University of Pittsburgh Matthew Brown University of Texas at Dallas Title: A Pragmatist Logic of Scientific
More informationVISUAL INTERPRETATION OF ARCHITECTURAL FORM
VISUAL INTERPRETATION OF ARCHITECTURAL FORM K. Gunce, Z. Erturk, S. Erturk Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta E-mail: kagan.gunce@emu.edu.tr ABSTRACT: In architectural
More informationThe Critical Turn in Education: From Marxist Critique to Poststructuralist Feminism to Critical Theories of Race
Journal of critical Thought and Praxis Iowa state university digital press & School of education Volume 6 Issue 3 Everyday Practices of Social Justice Article 9 Book Review The Critical Turn in Education:
More information12th Grade Language Arts Pacing Guide SLEs in red are the 2007 ELA Framework Revisions.
1. Enduring Developing as a learner requires listening and responding appropriately. 2. Enduring Self monitoring for successful reading requires the use of various strategies. 12th Grade Language Arts
More informationIntroduction to Rhetoric and Argument
Introduction to Rhetoric and Argument * These notes are intended to introduce key concepts we will work with, and are not intended as an alternative to doing the readings. You need to complete the readings
More informationWriting a Critical or Rhetorical Analysis
Writing a Critical or Rhetorical Analysis The Writing Lab D204d http://bellevuecollege.edu/asc/writing 425-564-2200 What is a Critical (or Rhetorical) Analysis? A critical analysis is an essay that evaluates
More informationAdjust oral language to audience and appropriately apply the rules of standard English
Speaking to share understanding and information OV.1.10.1 Adjust oral language to audience and appropriately apply the rules of standard English OV.1.10.2 Prepare and participate in structured discussions,
More informationHISTORY ADMISSIONS TEST. Marking Scheme for the 2015 paper
HISTORY ADMISSIONS TEST Marking Scheme for the 2015 paper QUESTION ONE (a) According to the author s argument in the first paragraph, what was the importance of women in royal palaces? Criteria assessed
More informationTheory or Theories? Based on: R.T. Craig (1999), Communication Theory as a field, Communication Theory, n. 2, May,
Theory or Theories? Based on: R.T. Craig (1999), Communication Theory as a field, Communication Theory, n. 2, May, 119-161. 1 To begin. n Is it possible to identify a Theory of communication field? n There
More informationComposer Commissioning Survey Report 2015
Composer Commissioning Survey Report 2015 Background In 2014, Sound and Music conducted the Composer Commissioning Survey for the first time. We had an overwhelming response and saw press coverage across
More informationApichart Intravisit. italicized style. 1 Throughout this study, sufficiency economy is written in
The Rhetoric of King Bhumibol s Sufficiency Economy: Rhetorical Analyses of Genre and Burke s Dramatism of the December 4 th Speeches of 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2000 Apichart Intravisit ABSTRACT The sufficiency
More informationIB Analysis and Fundamentals of Composition Guide
The 10 Commandments of IB Analysis: IB Analysis and Fundamentals of Composition Guide #1: Despite the vagueness or the complexity of a given analysis prompt, assume that analytical prompts are essentially
More informationBrandom s Reconstructive Rationality. Some Pragmatist Themes
Brandom s Reconstructive Rationality. Some Pragmatist Themes Testa, Italo email: italo.testa@unipr.it webpage: http://venus.unive.it/cortella/crtheory/bios/bio_it.html University of Parma, Dipartimento
More informationGlossary. Melanie Kill
210 Glossary Melanie Kill Activity system A system of mediated, interactive, shared, motivated, and sometimes competing activities. Within an activity system, the subjects or agents, the objectives, and
More informationWhen I was fourteen years old, I was presented two options: I could go to school five
BIS: Theatre Arts, English, Cultural Studies and Comparative Literature When I was fourteen years old, I was presented two options: I could go to school five minutes or fifty miles away. My hometown s
More informationThe Nature and Importance of Art Criticism and Its Educational Applications for k-12 Teachers
University of Central Florida HIM 1990-2015 Open Access The Nature and Importance of Art Criticism and Its Educational Applications for k-12 Teachers 2015 Tia Blackmon University of Central Florida, tiablackmon@gmail.com
More information