THE ART OF MEDICINE IN EARLY CHINA

Transcription

1 THE ART OF MEDICINE IN EARLY CHINA In this book, investigates the myths that acupuncturists and herbalists have told about the birth of the healing arts. Moving from the Han (206 BC AD 220) and Song ( ) dynasties to the twentieth century, Brown traces the rich history of Chinese medical historiography and the gradual emergence of the archive of medical tradition. She exposes the historical circumstances that shaped the current image of medical progenitors: the ancient bibliographers, medieval editors, and modern reformers and defenders of Chinese medicine who contributed to the contemporary shape of the archive. Brown demonstrates how ancient and medieval ways of knowing live on in popular narratives of medical history, both in modern Asia and in the West. She also reveals the surprising and often unacknowledged debt that contemporary scholars owe to their premodern forbearers for the categories, frameworks, and analytic tools with which to study the distant past. is an associate professor of Asian languages and cultures at the University of Michigan. She has published numerous articles on various aspects of Chinese medical and cultural history in both English and Chinese. She is the author of The Politics of Mourning in Early China (2007) and the coauthor of A Brief History of Chinese Civilization (2012, with Conrad Schirokauer). She is a coeditor of Fragments: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Ancient and Medieval Pasts, a journal that she founded with leading U.S. scholars. in this web service

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3 THE ART OF MEDICINE IN EARLY CHINA THE ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL ORIGINS OF A MODERN ARCHIVE MIRANDA BROWN University of Michigan in this web service

4 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY , USA is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. Information on this title: / This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of. First published 2015 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Brown, Miranda, 1975, author. The art of medicine in early China : the ancient and medieval origins of a modern archive /. p. ; cm. Chapter 1 of this book was originally published in Medical History, volume 56, no. 3 (2012). Chapter 4 of this book was originally published in Chang'an 26 BCE : From Dreams to Ditches (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015). Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (hbk.) I. Medical history. II. Chang'an 26 BCE. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Medicine in Literature China. 2. Medicine, Chinese Traditional history China. 3. Physicians China Biography. 4. History, Ancient China. 5. History, Medieval China. WZ 70 JC6] R 604. A dc ISBN Hardback has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. in this web service

5 For J-Baobao in this web service

6 Chapter 1 of this book was originally published as Who Was He? Reflections on China s First Medical Naturalist, Med. Hist (2012): Reproduced with permission from Cambridge University Press. Chapter 4 of this book was originally published as Looking Backward: Explaining the Rise of a Medical Tradition in Han China. In Griet VanKeerberghen and Michael Nylan eds., Chang an 26 BCE: An Augustan Age in China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015). Reproduced with permission from University of Washington Press. in this web service

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations page ix List of Tables x Acknowledgments xi Chronology xiii Author s Note on Translations and Chinese Text xv Introduction PART I BEFORE MEDICAL HISTORY 1. Attendant He: Innovator or Persona? Bian Que as a Seer: Political Persuaders and the Medical Imagination Chunyu Yi: Can the Healer Speak? PART II MEDICAL HISTORIES 4. Liu Xiang: The Imperial Library and the Creation of the Exemplary Healer List Zhang Ji: The Kaleidoscopic Father Huangfu Mi: From Innovator to Transmitter vii in this web service

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Epilogue: Ancient Histories in the Modern Age Appendix: A Problematic Preface 167 Notes 179 Works Cited 209 Index 231 viii in this web service

9 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. A Page from Illustrations and Eulogies for Healers and Transcendents ( Yi xian tuzan 醫僊圖讃 ; 1599) page 4 2. Huangfu Mi s List of Exemplary Healers 9 3. Major States during the Spring and Autumn Period, ca BC The Sickness of Lord Ping at a Glance (Zichan) The Sickness of Lord Ping at a Glance (Attendant He) Map of the Warring States Period, ca BC Biography of Bian Que at a Glance Map of the Han Empire and the Feudatories, ca. 195 BC Map of Han Empire in 108 BC Sima Qian s Biography of the Granary Master The Granary Master s Record at a Glance A Divinatory Record from the Baoshan Site (late fourth century BC) A Map of the Northern Song, AD A Map of the Southern Song Dynasty, AD Map of the Three Kingdoms, ca. AD Map of the Sixteen Kingdoms and Jin Dynasty, ca. AD Wu Lien-teh Joseph Needham The Sequence of the Kangping Edition, ca. AD The Current Preface of the Cold Damage Disorders, ca. AD ix in this web service

10 TABLES 1. Records of Medical Divinations page Excavated Medical Manuscripts Cited in This Chapter Classics of Persuasion Discussed in This Chapter Sites with Administrative Documents Discussed in This Chapter Representations of Master-Disciple Clusters Sources for the Appendix Components of the Preface to the Cold Damage Disorders 170 x in this web service

11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Some ten years ago, I set out to write a book about medicine in early China. The book is overdue, because of the predictable turns of academic life after tenure. But the book s belated arrival also owes something to happier turns of events. In the process of founding a journal with my colleagues at the University of Michigan and elsewhere, Fragments: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Ancient and Medieval Pasts, I discovered a new community and sense of camaraderie among scholars of the premodern. It is my hope that this sense of community and our shared conviction that the ancient and medieval worlds remain relevant in the present informs this book s design. Over the last decade, I have indebted myself to many parties: grant-giving organizations, colleagues, editors, and friends. Two grants made the early research for this project possible: the Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities (Ref. FA ). In addition, I inflicted draft chapters on scores of graduate classmates, colleagues, former students, and friends: Bridie Andrews, Robert Campany, Ardeta Gjikola, Kevin Landdeck, Joshua MacDonald, Liu Yan, Pablo Mercado, Griet VanKeerberghen, Yi-Li Wu, Nicholas Tackett, Thomas Trautmann, and Vivian Nutton (who read an early draft of Chapter 1 and sent back encouraging feedback as the editor of Medical History ). This project also benefitted from discussions with Micah Auerback, Saul Allen, and Nancy Florida. In addition, I would like to thank Michael Nylan (my teacher) and Nathan Sivin (Michael s teacher). Michael did more than offer her constructive criticisms of an earlier version of Chapter 4, a decade after I finished graduate school. She also offered me her friendship during a trying period of my life. For his part, Nathan perused what are now Chapters 3 xi in this web service

12 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and 5, proffering some perspicacious observations that pushed my book in its current direction. Three colleagues deserve medals for their endurance. For four long years, David Spafford and Charles Sanft trekked through every draft chapter that I produced. They pondered the same passages multiple times, corrected translations and transcriptions, offered advice about argumentation and style, and lent me their ear as the revisions spun out of control. For his part, Bill Baxter dug into the entire manuscript when it was least coherent and then read successive drafts of the introduction in the months to come. Without his input, I doubt that this book would have ever been finished. also deserves special mention for the handling of this manuscript: Beatrice Rehl for taking on this project in the first place and being patient as I struggled to locate a narrative thread; Asya Graf for making the review process a smooth one and pleasurable again; and Marc Anderson for talking me through the entire permissions process and answering my questions on weekends. I would also like to thank the two reviewers commissioned by the press for their candid and timely comments. My students at the University of Michigan also played their part in making this book. I vetted introductions, translations, and chapters to successive cohorts of my Chinese medicine class. Sherley Wetherhold, a current undergraduate and a gifted writer, edited the manuscript with efficiency and grace. Finally, a special word of thanks goes to one class in particular (Fall 2013). Just as my morale and energy fell to all new lows, my students, fledgling hedge fund managers and physicians in training, pleasantly surprised me. Twice a week for a term, they argued about ancient sex manuals, pointed out Galen s violation of HIPAA regulations, and analyzed the toxins in ancient preparations. Their boisterousness saved me loads of money on ginseng. It also reminded me why I was writing my book in the first place (namely, that doing ancient history is fun ). Finally, a word of appreciation for J-Baobao, my husband and best friend. He not only read every word of the book (out loud) but also tasted the meds. While I can t promise that the next book will be any easier to write, I am hoping that he will find the next subject to be tastier! xii in this web service

13 CHRONOLOGY Zhou dynasty Spring and Autumn Warring States Qin dynasty BC BC BC BC Han dynasty 206 BC AD 220 Western Han 206 BC AD 9 Xin dynasty (or Wang Mang interregnum) 9 23 Eastern Han Six Dynasties period Three Kingdoms Jin dynasty Western Jin Eastern Jin Northern and Southern dynasties Northern dynasties Southern dynasties Sui dynasty Tang dynasty Five Dynasties period xiii in this web service

14 CHRONOLOGY Song dynasty Northern Song Southern Song Jin (Jurchen) dynasty Yuan (Mongol) dynasty Ming dynasty Qing (Manchu) dynasty Republic of China People s Republic of China 1949 xiv in this web service

15 AUTHOR S NOTE ON TRANSLATIONS AND CHINESE TEXT All translations are my own unless otherwise noted. When possible, Chinese text is transcribed as it appears in the original edition. When I have substituted a character for the nonstandard graph that appears in the original text, the substitution is placed in parentheses (). When the character cannot be transcribed, or cannot be transcribed as a standard character, the notation [?] appears. Finally, the notation [...] is used to indicate a lacuna in the text. xv in this web service