MANUAL OF FORM AND STYLE FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND THE DEPARTMENT OF RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY WILLIAMS BAPTIST COLLEGE

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1 MANUAL OF FORM AND STYLE FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND THE DEPARTMENT OF RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY WILLIAMS BAPTIST COLLEGE Todd Ewing and Robert Lee Foster 1 This brief manual is intended to serve as a supplement to Kate L. Turabian s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6 th edition for students in the Department of History and the Department of Religion and Philosophy at Williams Baptist College. 2 Any clarifications should be resolved with Turabian or with your professor. The section titles and outline numbers used in this manual coincide with Turabian. 1 Parts of the Paper Introduction 1.2 All papers must be typewritten. Papers should be double-spaced. The font should be 12 point, Times New Roman, if possible. If this font is not possible then another 12 point, proportional font should be chosen. Block quotations, footnotes, itemized lists, and bibliographies should be single-spaced. Second lines of headings and subheadings should also be single spaced. The Bibliography of a paper is single-spaced with one blank line between enteries. The first line of each entry is flush left, and any runover lines are indented one tab. 3 1 Updated versions of this document will be posted at 2 Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6 th ed., rev. J. Grossman and A. Bennett (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1996). 3 For further information on fonts see Turabian On block quotations, see Turabian On bibliography issues, see Turabian 9. 1

2 2 1.3 Each paper should consist of four parts: title page, a blank page, text, and bibliography. Please see sample formats for the title page and bibliography at the end of this manual. A table of contents is not necessary and should not be used unless directed otherwise by the professor. Please do not include copyright pages, dedications pages, epigraphs, lists of illustrations, lists of tables, prefaces, acknowledgments, list of abbreviations, glossaries, abstracts, or any other preliminary materials. Turabian discusses these matters for use in dissertations and theses. The title page and the blank page are not counted in the pagination. The first page of text should be page number one. The numeral should be located bottom center. Second and subsequent page numerals should be located top center. The first page number of the bibliography should be bottom center and then top center on the second and subsequent pages of the bibliography. Text 1.34 Chapter headings are unnecessary for papers, unless otherwise directed by your professor. Simply begin your paper with an introductory heading if desired Section and Subsection Use the following headings and subheadings in your papers. The end of a section or subsection should be followed by three blank lines before the next section or subsection title. Writers should insert a hard return at the end of a section or subsection, change the line spacing to single-space, enter a second hard return, return the line spacing to double-space, and then begin a new paragraph. First level: centered heading in italics, capitalized heading style: Traditional Controversy between Medieval Church and State Second level: centered heading in text type, capitalized headline style: Reappearance of Religious Legalism Third level: sidehead in italics, capitalized headline style: Legalism and the Poets

3 Fourth level: sidehead in text type, capitalized sentence style: The gospel as it relates to Jesus 3 Fifth level: run-in heading at beginning of paragraph in italics, capitalized sentence style with a period at the end. The gospel legalized in the church. The gospel that the early Christians preached within the pagan sects was also a product of their experience Never end a page with a heading or subheading. Two lines of text should follow a heading or subheading at the end of a page. 2 Abbreviations and Numbers 2.1 Generally, abbreviations should be avoided. When used, they should follow Turabian. Books of the Bible 2.20 When referring to whole chapters or to whole books of the Bible or the Apocrypha, spell out the names of the books (do not italicize or underline then): Jeremiah, chapters 42-44, records the flight of the Jews to Egypt... The Revelations of St. John the Divine, known as Revelation, closes Standard Biblical Abbreviations When scriptural passages are cited by verse in a paper, whether in text, parenthetical references, or notes, abbreviate the names of the books, using Arabic numerals if they are numbered; write the chapter and verse numbers in Arabic numerals with either a colon or a period between them... 5 The following abbreviations are taken from the SBL Style Guide rather than the Chicago Manual of Style as Turabian suggests. 4 Ibid., Ibid.

4 4 Books of the Old Testament Gen 1-2 Sam Exod 1-2 Kgs Lev 1-2 Chr Num Ezra Deut Neh Josh Esth Judg Job Ruth Ps (pl: Pss) Prov Eccl Song of Sol Isa Jer Lam Ezek Dan Hos Joel Amos Obad Jonah Mic Nah Hab Zeph Hag Zech Mal Books of the Apocrypha 1-4 Kgdms Bel Add Esth 1-2 Esdr Bar 4 Ezra Jdt Ep Jer 1-4 Mc Pr Azar Pr Man Sir Sus Tob Wis Books of the New Testament Matt Rom Mark 1-2 Cor Luke Gal John Eph Acts Phil Col 1-2 Thess 1-2 Tim Titus Phlm Heb Jas 1-2 Pet 1-3 John Jude Rev 2.23 General Scholarly Abbreviations Abbreviations such as cf., etc., e.g., ibid., and i.e. should be confined to footnotes. Latin words and abbreviations should not be italicized Outlines should follow the pattern set forth in Turabian, page Plagiarism 5 Quotations By definition, a research paper involves the assimilation of prior scholarship and entails the responsibility to give proper acknowledgment whenever one is indebted to another for either words or ideas.... Failure to give credit in plagiarism. 6 Plagiarism is a very serious 6 Ibid., 74.

5 5 offense at Williams, and can result in the failure of the course and/or disciplinary action. All direct quotations must be in quotation marks or block quotes and properly footnoted. When anothers ideas are used, cite the author. See Turabian chapters five and eleven for further information. 8 Notes Please see the following section, Comparing the Two Documentation Systems, for comments on footnotes and bibliographical entries Electronic Documents One area of special interest is electronic data which is located on the Internet. Turabian makes the following suggestions: N B 1 K. C. Hanson, Accessing the Ancient World: The Bible, Antiquity, and the World Wide Web, [article on-line]; accessed January 19, 2001; available from Internet. Hanson, K. C. Accessing the Ancient World: The Bible, Antiquity, and the World Wide Web. [Article on-line]. Accessed January 19, Available from Internet. Web and addresses should not appear as hyperlinks. See for additional citation formats related to CD-ROMS, diskettes, on-line databases, on-line books, on-line journals, and so forth. 11 Comparing the Two Documentation Systems Use Turabian chapter 11 as a guide for footnotes and bibliographical entries. Chapter eight, Notes, and chapter nine, Bibliographies, can be consulted for answers to further questions. In chapter 11 use the form N for all footnotes and the form B for bibliographical entries. At no time should forms PR or RL be used. These forms follow another method of citation which are not to be used. 13 Preparing the Manuscript Students should allow time to edit and proofread their work. NEVER turn in the first draft. The following are common mistakes that lead to vague and poor writing.

6 6 Technical Spelling A computer s spell check feature is never a substitute for a good dictionary. Many times, the computer does not recognize legitimate words. Spell check does not find words used incorrectly, it only finds misspelled words. Turabian also gives a few helps about possessives, forming plurals, and the use of hyphens within compound words (3.1-53). Numbers In non-scientific papers, spell out all numbers from one to one hundred, and subsequent numbers that end in hundred, thousand, or million. Dates are an exception to this rule. Also, in the case of inclusive numbers, the second number is abbreviated (i.e., ). Turabian also gives other guidelines on proper use of numbers ( ). Punctuation The comma seems to receive the most abuse. If you are joining two independent clauses with a conjunction, a comma is usually required. Also, use the comma to offset a dependent clause from the main clause. The latter is especially true in the case of a which or who clause ( ). Punctuation with quotation marks is tricky as well. The period and the comma always precede the closing quotation mark, whether it is part of the quotation or not. Question marks and exclamation points only precede if they are part of the quotation, and follow if the question or exclamation is from the writer using the quotation (3.106; 5.17). Ellipses are three dots to show an omission. Space between the periods and do not separate them at the end of a line. If the ellipse is at the end of a sentence, then a fourth period is added ( ). Stylistic Granted, the following items are grammatically correct; however, avoid using expressions and phrases which are vague. Passive Voice Passive voice is not wrong, but it has a specific purpose. Most students substitute passive for past tense. If students will remove the words, was and were from their vocabulary, they will be stronger writers. For example, compare: The man was walking across the valley, with, The man walked across the valley. The latter sentence is a stronger statement.

7 7 Every time you write a passive sentence: stop, and rewrite it. Make your sentence an active one. Lose the passive unless the context requires it. Lazy Antecedents Avoid beginning sentences with phrases such as, It is, this is, or there are. What, specifically, is the antecedent to it, this, or there? Be specific. It does not clarify the identity of a subject. This is a demonstrative pronoun, and should not be used as a noun. The use of there is technically correct in that it is an impersonal construction and the real noun follows the verb. Conjunctions In formal writing, never begin a sentence with a conjunction (i.e., and or but ). The use of however at the beginning of a sentence is also awkward and should be used carefully. Allow it to be secondary: The man, however, walked across the valley, instead of, However, the man walked across the valley. First Person Avoid the use of first person pronouns (i.e., I, me, us, we, our) in a formal paper Division of Responsibilities The writer is responsible for the correct presentation of the entire paper all the preliminary, illustrative, and reference matter as well as the text. 7 Avoid creating the dilemma of waiting until the last minute to prepare and write a paper. Set a due date at least one week in advance of the actual due date Backing Up Files One should always remember that hard drives crash, disks lose information, and power outages occur, all of which threaten to consign your work to oblivion at worst. Recognize the problems that can arise with your computer, and MAKE BACK UPS! 7 Ibid., 240.

8 Formatting Text The margins for all papers should be set at 1" on all four sides of the paper. Page numbers should also fall within these margins. Simply put, nothing should be typed in the 1" border of the margin. The top margin on the title page and the first page of the bibliography should be 2". The margin on the second page of the bibliography should return to 1". Papers should use left justification with a ragged-right edge and no end-of-line hyphenation. Tabs should be cleared and reset to repeat every 0.375". Each paragraph then begins with two tabs Entering Footnotes Footnotes should be used for all citations. Parenthetical citations and endnotes are not to be used. The one exception is biblical citations. Parenthetical citation should be used for biblical references. The footnotes should be separated from the text by a two-inch-left-justified line. Footnote numbers should be superscripted in both the text and in the note. In the note, the first line of the footnote (including number) should be indented equal to a paragraph indention. Each footnote should be separated from the above footnote by a single-spaced line. The first citation of a source should be a full citation. Second and subsequent citations should be abbreviated citations, including, the authors last name, an italicizedabbreviated title (if more than one resources is being used by the same author), and the page reference. 8 Full citation: 1 Kate L. Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6 th ed., rev. J. Grossman and A. Bennett (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1996), 245. Abbreviated citation: 2 Turabian, These guidelines follow Turabian method A. Method B may be used as long as the student is consistent (see ).

9 A second or subsequent citation without intervening citations (the page number is needed only if different from the previous note): 9 or 3 Ibid., Ibid. Students are also encouraged to avoid long quotes. Footnotes may be of some assistance in this matter. If an excessively long quotation is used, a student could place the quotation in a footnote rather than bogging down the research. Furthermore, students are encouraged to place long discussions, which are corollary to their arguments, in footnotes as well. Footnotes are an excellent tool for presenting a comparative history of ideas which are antecedent the their current argument. This type of note allows the student to chase the proverbial rabbits that threaten the logical flow of the outline. If students are interested in presenting a substantial amount of secondary material he/she should consider adding an appendix to the paper. See Turabian for a complete discussion of Appendices. 14 Formats and Sample Layouts The following pages are sample pages of a title page, two pages of text, and a bibliographical page. Please note that several commentaries have been cited in the bibliography. While these commentaries have not been used in the sample pages, they serve as examples of commonly used resources.

10 JEREMIAH S RELATIONSHIP WITH YAHWEH [2" top margin] [5 blank lines] [20 spaces] [3 blank lines] A Paper Presented to Dr. Ken Gore [3 blank lines] [3 blank lines] In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for RL 3143 A [3 blank lines] [3 blank lines] by Kimberly Snellenberger January 2000

11 Introduction Jeremiah s relationship with God was wrought with conflict and great internal struggles. He knew with absolute certainty that God had set him apart to be a prophet to the nations, but Jeremiah did not want to assume the role of prophet. He turned to God in prayer because he perceived God to be the cause of his problems and the only source from which help could come. Jeremiah s laments are bold complaints about his call, the persecution he experienced and God s seeming unfaithfulness. The intimacy with God that Jeremiah sought did not bring much joy to his life. As a result, his prayers reveal a deeply confused, miserable soul. A Prophet Predestined Jeremiah believed that Yahweh had predestined him to be a prophet long before his birth. 1 Before you were born I set you apart; I appointed you as a prophet to the nations (1:5). 2 This deep sense of call could not be evaded. The call to fill the prophetic office was not a divine whim but the expression of firm purpose. 3 He truly believed that God had set him apart to be a prophet to the nations. Jeremiah frequently cursed the day of his birth because he knew that his birth and call were synonymous. Cursed be the day I was born! Why did I ever come out of the womb to see trouble and sorrow and to end my days in shame? (20:14a, 18). Jeremiah 1 John Bright, A Prophet s Lament and Its Answer: Jeremiah 15:10-21, in A Prophet to the Nations: Essays I Jeremiah Studies, ed. Leo G. Perdue and Brian W. Kovacs (Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1984), All scripture references are from Jeremiah unless otherwise noted. 3 Peter C. Craigie, Page H. Kelley, and Joel F. Drinkard, Jr., Jeremiah 1-25, vol. 26, Word Biblical Commentary (Dallas: Word, 1991), 10. 1

12 2 despised the day of his birth and the call that cursed his life, but had he refused the appointment he would have missed his destiny. Only in obedience to his call could he find meaning to life. 4 Unacceptable Excuses Jeremiah did not want to assume the role of prophet. His reaction was to recoil and exclaim, Ah, Sovereign Lord! (1:6). The tone of this expression reveals the anguish and awe he felt in response to what God had called him to do. Becoming Yahweh s prophet was no great privilege or honor. Holladay asks the question, What if you felt that all is lost and that Yahweh has picked you out to do the telling to your people? People in the Old Testament believed that words and deeds had equal power to affect change. To speak was to let loose power for good or ill upon the people. 5 Jeremiah wanted nothing to do with the task of proclaiming destruction to his people. He tried desperately to find an excuse that would disqualify him from the task. Jeremiah claimed that he did not know how to speak and that he was too young (1:6). White believes that Jeremiah s hesitancy was due to his lack of experience, not because he was unwilling. 6 Jeremiah may not have refused, but he desperately wanted to decline. Yahweh rejected both of his excuses and commanded him to follow. You must go to everyone I send you to and say whatever I command you (1:7). God s promise of protection held... 4 Clyde T. Francisco, Studies in Jeremiah (Nashville: Convention, 1961), William L. Holladay, Jeremiah, A Fresh Reading (New York: Pilgrim, 1990), 6 R. E. O. White, The Indomitable Prophet: A Biographical Commentary on Jeremiah: The Man, the Time, the Book, the Tasks (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992), 8.

13 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bright, John. A Prophet s Lament and Its Answer: Jeremiah 15: In A Prophet to the Nations: Essays I Jeremiah Studies. Ed. Leo G. Perdue and Brian W. Kovacs. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisnbrauns, Brooks, James A. Mark. Vol. 23. New American Commentary. Nashville: Broadman, Craigie, Peter C., Page H. Kelley, and Joel F. Drinkard, Jr. Jeremiah Vol. 26. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, Cranfield, C. E. B. The Gospel According to Saint Mark. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University, Cole, Robert Alan. The Gospel According to Saint Mark. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, Eastman, Susan. Whose Apocalypse? The Identity of the Sons of God in Romans 8:19. Journal of Biblical Literature 121 (2002): Evans, Craig A. Mark 8:27 16:20. Vol. 34b. Word Biblical Commentary. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, Francisco, Clyde T. Studies in Jeremiah. Nashville: Convention, Garland, David E. Mark. NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, Guelich, Robert A. Mark 1:1 8:26. Vol. 34a. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, Holladay, William L. Jeremiah, A Fresh Reading. New York: Pilgrim, Lane, William L. The Gospel According to Mark. Vol. 16. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, Schweizer, Eduard. The Good News According to Mark. Trans. D. H. Madvig. Richmond: John Knox,

14 Turlington, Henry. Mark. Vol. 8. Broadman Bible Commentary. Nashville: Broadman, White, R. E. O. The Indomitable Prophet: A Biographical Commentary on Jeremiah: The Man, the Time, the Book, the Tasks. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, Williamson, Lamar. Mark. Vol. 38. Interpretation. Louisville: John Knox, Wright, N. T. Jesus, Quest for the Historical. In Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vol. 3. Ed. D. N. Freedman, New York: Doubleday, 1992.