INDEX. classical works 60 sources without pagination 60 sources without date 60 quotation citations 60-61

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1 149 INDEX Abstract 7-8, 11 Process for developing 7-8 Format for APA journals 8 BYU abstract format 11 Active vs. passive voice Appropriate uses Distinction between 120 Alignment of text 3 Apostrophe Omissions and plurals 134 Possession 133 Appendix Formatting Items to be included 18 Organization and labeling Capitalization General principles 137 Specific applications and examples 138 Titles on reference list 137 Citations Why and when to cite credit 48 reference 49 responsibility 50 context/credibility How to cite ethical handling placement of information multiple authorship 53 multiple sources for a point 54 cited author (secondary source) 55 multiple works/same author(s) 55-7 multiple authors/same surname 56-7 organization as author 65 no author given 58 anonymous author 57 works in process (in press etc. 56-7) personal communications 59 classical works 60 sources without pagination 60 sources without date 60 quotation citations Figures 13, Use precautions 13 Captions 16 Formatting Legends Numbering 16 Font 3 Footnotes Placement and numbering 21 Content footnotes 21 Copyright permission footnotes 21 Format for manuscript 2-4, 9-11 Alignment 3 Font 3 Headers and numbers 3 Margins 3 Spacing 3 Paragraph indentations 3 BYU specifications 4 BYU preliminary pages 9-11 Headings and subheadings Headings and subheadings to reflect structure 31 Purposeful construction 30 Outline as a guide to composing/placing 31 Subheadings as breakdowns 31 Headings as fragments 32 Heading parallelism 32 APA format for levels of headings Hyphen Generalizations Specific uses 135 Introduction 11-12

2 150 Labeling 12 Content 12 Italics For emphasis 139 Technical terms, linguistic examples 139 Titles of long works 139 Surveys and statistics 139 Lists and listing: see seriation Margins 3 Modifiers Adjective-adverb confusion 132 Placement (including dangling) Comparisons 132 Notes Author notes 21 Footnotes 20, placement and numbering 21 formatting 21, 22 content footnotes 22 copyright permission footnotes 21 Numbers Expressed as numerals 140 Expressed as words 140 Ordinal numbers 141 Variations for clarity and efficiency 141 Outlining (see Planning and Organizing) Page numbers 3 Paragraphs Length 38 Purposes Construction Development and connections Coherence Transitions and parallels Echoing 45 Planning and Organizing Shape of information Purposeful divisions Introduction Developmental sections Supporting information Expression as full-sentence ideas Preliminary BYU pages 9-11 Pronouns Antecedents Agreement Presence, placement 129 Case Subject vs. object Compounds and other distractions Punctuation Colon 96 after complete statement 96 to indicate clarifying relationship 96 Comma after introductory element before coordinating conjunction in compound sentence 93 comma splice 93 set off nonrestrictive elements series of three or more 91 misuses of comma 92 Dash as informal colon 98 in dialogue 98 set off abrupt shift 97 set off nonrestrictive element 97 Semicolon between independent statements 94 with complex series misuse 95 Quotations Instructions for use choice percentage, selection, understanding 104 placement and formatting introduction of quotations specified length 106

3 151 Punctuation with quotations quotation incorporated in text speaker tags quotation marks citations citations with block quotes page numbers 108 other punctuation with end quotation marks single quotation marks 110 quotation within blocked quotation 106 Ways to alter and adapt quotations brackets: clarification (111), emphasis (112), error in original (112), minor changes in original ( ), missing information (111) ellipsis Quotation marks , For incorporated quotations 105 Following speaker tag 105 Ironic or slang usage 139 Single quotation marks 110 Titles of short works 139 References See citations See reference list Reference list Format 61-65, preparing the reference list checking for accuracy 62 formatting 63 spacing 63 indentation 63 item sequence 64, 65 alphabetizing 64 capitalization 70, 71 Author variations authors with the same surname 65 author s chapter or essay in edited book 67, 70 editor in author position 66 more than six authors 66, 67 multiple works by an author 64, 65 multiple works by same author(s) same year organization as author 65, 67 with joining an additional author 66 no author given 65 Title variations capitalization foreign language title 71 Publication variations, general daily or weekly publication 67 monthly publications 67 manuscripts accepted for pub manuscripts in preparation 68-9 manuscripts not submitted for pub no date given publication information general Publication information for books chapters etc. in edited books chapters etc. in multivolume compilations 72, 74 chapter inclusive pages 70 place of publication 72, 73 publisher 72, 73 place or publisher not given edition or volume 70, 71 translator 70, 71 original publication at earlier date 72 Publication information for periodicals 71, 72, 74 article and periodical titles 72 volume and issue 72 inclusive pages 70 doi 73 Publication information for reports 73, 75 in author s possession only 75 available from document services (ERIC, NTIS etc.) 73, 75 Government Printing Office 73, 75 office, agency, or organization of issue 73, 75 university report or monograph 73, 75 Presentation, conference or symposium 76 published in proceedings 76 published in regular compilation 76 unpublished 76

4 152 Retrieval information for electronic media electronic journal 79 internet non-journal document 79 stand-alone document 95 section of online document 95 university web site 79 printed article obtained online 79 Other media motion pictures 77, 78 music recording 77, 78 television programs 77, 78 videotapes Theses and dissertations 77 Sentence structure Meaning aligned with sentence elements Sentence core Punctuation in relation to sentence core Seriation Short lists (horizontal) 117 Long or complex lists (vertical) set up punctuation Parallelism conceptual parallelism grammatical parallelism Series of two 119 Spacing of manuscript 3 Style for academic writing 101 Tables Components 14,15 Font 3, 15 Formatting 14, 15 Guidelines 14 Purposes 13 Placement 16 Table notes 14, 15 APA format 6 Composing title 5 Byline 5 Running head 5 BYU title page 9 Transition Transitional paragraphs 35 Transitions within sections and paragraphs Transitional words and phrases 37 Verbs Subject-verb agreement 124 collective subjects 124 compound subjects 124 intervening words and phrases 124 subjects joined by or or nor 124 Tenses APA suggestions for basic sections 122 perfect tenses 123 Voice (active and passive) appropriate uses distinction between active and passive 120 Word usage Potentially offensive language Words commonly confused Wordiness 8, In abstracts 8 In most sentences 98 Sentence core as center of meaning 99 Redundancy 100 Twisting and stretching Wordy phrases Unnecessary adjectives and adverbs Title page 5-6, 9

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