General Guidelines for Writing Author s Names 5-6 and Guidelines for Writing Publication Information. MLA Works Cited Examples 7-22

Transcription

1 Research Manual The following document is an attempt to standardize the research process currently being taught in the Central Dauphin School District. This manual is required when an assigned research topic is given. Revised August 27,

2 Table of Contents About this Manual 3 Directory to MLA Works Cited 4 General Guidelines for Writing Author s Names 5-6 and Guidelines for Writing Publication Information MLA Works Cited Examples 7-22 Statement on Plagiarism 22 Formatting Your Paper 23 Parenthetical Documentation 24 Works Cited Page Guidelines 24 Sample Research Paper with Works Cited Page Works Consulted 27 Helpful Websites 27 APA Formatting & Style Resource Links 27 2

3 About this Manual The following document is an attempt to standardize the research process currently being taught in the Central Dauphin School District. This manual is required when an assigned research topic is given. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: 7 th ed. was selected as the guide for this research manual. Other consulted sources include The Purdue Online Writing Lab and Documenting Sources in MLA Style: 2009 Update. (See the Works Consulted on page 27 for more details.) 3

4 Directory to MLA Works Cited Examples Books 1. One Author, 8 2. Two or Three Authors, 8 3. More than Three Authors, 8 4. Author with an editor, 8 5. Author with a translator, 9 6. Editor, 9 7. No Author or Editor, 9 8. Corporate Author, 9 9. Anthology or Compilation, Work in an Anthology or Collection Of Essays, Poems, or Short Stories, Work in an Anthology published in a collection (ex: Literary Criticisms), Encyclopedia, Reference Book, Dictionary Entry, Book in a Series, Publisher s Imprint, Multi-volume Work, 11 Articles in Periodicals (Magazines and Newspapers) 16. Article in a Magazine, Article in a Newspaper, Editorial in a Newspaper, Book or Movie Review, 13 Online Sources 20. Entire Website, Short Work from a Website, Online Magazine or Newspaper, Online Book, Article from a Subscription Database, Previously Published Work from an Online Database, Entire Web Blog, Entry in a Web Blog, , Online Video Clip, Social Media, 19 Other Common Sources 31. Work or Art, Advertisement, Film or Video, Television or Radio Program, Podcast, Entry in a Wiki, Lecture or Public Address, Digital Files (MP3, PDF, Jpeg), Online Images, Personal Interview, Electronic Book accessed on ereader (kindle, nook, etc.), 22 4

5 General Guidelines for Writing Author s Names Entries in the Works Cited page are listed alphabetically by the author s last name. Use the guidelines below for a better understanding of how author s names are written. Give the author s name as it appears on the title page. Never abbreviate a name that was given in full. If the author s name appears in initials on the title page, then use initials. Examples of how author s names will be written. Format is always last name, first name then middle initial or middle name if given and followed by a period. Blume, Judy. Clarke, Arthur Charles. Eliot, T.S. Rowling, J.K. Omit titles, affiliations, and degrees that precede or follow names On title Page In Works Cited List Anthony T. Boyle, PhD. Boyle, Anthony T. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Montague, Mary Wortley. A suffix that is an essential part of the name like Jr. or a roman numeral appears after the given name, preceded by a comma i. Rockefeller, John D., IV. ii. Rust, Arthur George, Jr. One Author: For a work with one author, simply reverse the author s name. Always end with a period. Lennon, Lilly. Two or Three Authors: For a work with two or three authors, list their names in the same order as they appear on the title page. Reverse only the name of the first author listed. Williams, Jason, and Tyler Snyder. Barker, Julia R., Mason Myers, and Kenneth Watson. Corporate Author: If the work is composed by a corporation, government agency, or organization, use the name of the group as the author. National Institutes of Health Unknown Author: If the author of the work is not known, begin the source citation with the title of the work. Titles of articles and other short works will be written in quotation marks. Titles of books and entire websites will be italicized. Red Eyed Tree Frogs. (This is in quotation marks because it shows an example of a short work, or short story.) Beowulf (This is italicized to show that it is the title of an epic poem.) 5

6 General Guidelines for Writing the Publication Information If several cities are listed in the book, give only the first city listed. Shorten the publisher s name Omit articles (a, an, the) Omit business abbreviations (Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd.) Omit descriptive words (Books, House, Press, Publishers) Omit conjunctions such as and Example: The Scholastic Book Company = Scholastic For cities outside of the U.S., add an abbreviation of the country (or of the province for cities in Canada) if the name of the city may be ambiguous or unfamiliar to your reader. Imprints: When you see a title page that has a publisher s imprint, you must include both the publisher and the imprint. An example is below. Little, Brown is the publisher and Back Bay is the imprint. For more information and to view examples of source citations with a publisher s imprint, refer to page 11. 6

7 Breaking it Down with Books! Locating the elements necessary for writing a source citation can be tricky. Use the diagram below of a title and copyright page to help you sift through it. Remember, a source citation for a book must include the following items: 1. Author 2. Title and Subtitle (if a subtitle appears) 3. City of Publication 4. Publishing Company/Publisher 5. Date of Publication 6. Medium (for books it will be Print) 4 3 The source citation for this book: 1 2 Westin, Jeane Eddy. Finding your Roots: How to Trace Your Ancestors at Home and Abroad New York: MJF, Print. 4 7

8 Books Items 1 15 are rules for books in print. The entry will include the author s name or names; the title and subtitle (italicized); the place of publication; the publisher; the date of publication; the medium of publication (print). Note: If your citation is more than one line in length, either handwritten or typed, use a hanging indent for the lines following the first. (A hanging indent is defined as the first line starts hard against the margin and the remaining lines are set in from it with the tab key [5 spaces]). Example of a citation with a hanging indent: Last Name of Author, First Name of Author. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Print. hanging indent 1. One Author Begin with the author s last name, followed by a comma; then the author s first name. Example 1 Author: last name first Title(book) City of publication Publisher Date Medium Alexander, Lloyd. The Rope Trick. New York: Dutton, Print. Example 2 Netzley, Patricia D. The Importance of Queen Victoria. San Diego: Lucent, Print. 2. Two or Three Authors For a work with two or three authors, list their names in the same order as they appear on the title page. Reverse only the name of the first author listed. Example 1 Akerman, Ernest, and Karen Hartman. Internet Today: , Searching, and The World Wide Web. Chicago: Fitzroy, Print. Example 2 Smith, William P., Alice R. Miller, and George Hapkins. The Heritage of the Civil War. Chicago: Silver Burdett, Print. 3. More than Three Authors When a book has more than three authors, name only the first author listed and add et al (and others). Siegel, Mark, et al. Immigration: Looking for a New Home. Dallas: Information Plus, Print. 4. Author with an Editor If the work has an author and an editor, list the author s name and title of the work. Follow with the editor s name and use the abbreviation Ed. before the editor s name(s). Millard, Anne. Ancient Egypt. Ed. Abigail Frost. New York: Warwick, Print. 8

9 5. Author with a Translator Begin with the name of the author. After writing the title of the work, write Trans. (translated by) and the name of the translator. Cervantes, Miguel de. Don Quixote. Trans. Edith Grossman. New York: Ecco, Print. 6. Editor These are just like entries for books, except the name will be followed with ed. (editor). Scott, Derek B., ed. Music, Culture, Society: A Reader. New York: Oxford, Print. 7. No Author or Editor In a case where there is no author or editor, simply begin with the title of the book. Illustrated Atlas of the World. Chicago: Rand McNally, Print. 8. Corporate Author A corporate author may be a corporation, association, committee, or any group whose individual names are not identified on the title page. Omit any articles (a,an,the) in the name of the corporate author. National Research Council. Beyond Six Billion: Forecasting the World s Population. Washington: National Academy, Print. 9. An Anthology or Compilation To cite an entire anthology or collection, begin with the name of the editor(s) followed by a comma and ed. or, for multiple editors, eds. (for edited by). If you are citing a particular piece within an anthology, see the next entry, 10. Work in an Anthology or Collection of Essays, Poems, or Short Stories. Peterson, Nancy J., ed. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, Print. 10. Work in an Anthology or Collection of Essays, Poems, or Short Stories Always begin the entry with the author of the selection used (if known), not the editor or compiler of the entire anthology. Then, follow the format below. Example 1 Last name, First name. "Title of Essay/Selection." Title of Collection/Anthology. Ed. Editor's name(s). Vol. Number. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. Page of entry. Medium of publication. Example 2 Andrews, Claudia Emerson. "Alice Walker." Magill's Survey of American Literature. Ed. Frank N. Magill. Vol. 6. New York: Marshall Cavendish, Print. 9

10 Example 3 Colum, Padraic. "She Moved Through the Fair." An Anthology of Modern Irish Poetry. Ed. Wes Davis. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Belknap, Print. Example 4 A Clockwork Orange: Anthony Burgess. Novels for Students. Ed. David Galens. Vol. 15. Detroit: Gale, Print. 11. Work in an Anthology Published in a collection (Literary Criticisms, Opposing Viewpoints) A work originally published in another source such as a scholarly journal, magazine, newspaper, book, etc. Follow the format from Work in Anthology and add Rpt. in ( Reprinted In ), the title of the collection, and the new publication facts. Example 1 Saposnik, Irving S. Stevenson s Markheim : A Fictional Christmas Sermon. Nineteenth Century Fiction 21.3 (1966): Rpt. in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Justin Karr. Vol. 51. Detroit: Gale, Print. Example 2 Crane, John Kenny. The Root of all Evil: The Thematic Unity of William Styron s Fiction. Columbia: U of South Carolina P, Print. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz. Vol. 60. Detroit: Gale, Print. *For more assistance with citing works from an anthology, refer to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7 th Ed. 12. Encyclopedia, Reference Book, or Dictionary Entry If the reference source is well-known, for example, World Book Encyclopedia or Webster s Dictionary, simply give the author of the entry (if known), the title of the entry, the title of the reference book, the date of the edition, and the medium. Example 1 (Reference book source) Author (if given). Title of the article. Title of the Reference Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year Published. Print. Example 2 (Reference book source) Jackson, Henry S. Lincoln, Abraham. Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Scribner s, Print. Example 3 (Familiar/Well-Known Reference Source- World Book) Watt, Ward B. Insect. World Book Encyclopedia ed. Print. Example 4 (Dictionary) Noon. Merriam-Webster s Collegiate Dictionary. 11 th ed Print. 13. Book in a Series If the book is a part of a series, include the series name after the medium of publication. Rosa, Greg. Analyzing the Boston Tea Party. New York: Rosen, Print. Critical Thinking in American History. 10

11 14. Publisher s Imprint Large publishing companies are often broken down into smaller divisions, called imprints. For example, the publisher Marshall Cavendish publishes books under the imprint, Benchmark Books. If an imprint appears on the title page, write the imprint and follow it with a hyphen and the name of the publisher. Jaffe, Elizabeth D. The Louisiana Purchase. Mankato: Marshall Cavendish- Benchmark, Print. * Marshall Cavendish = Publisher/Benchmark = Imprint 15. Multi-Volume Work When citing only one volume of a multivolume work, include the volume number after the work's title, or after the work's editor or translator. Example 1 Oakes, Elizabeth H., ed. Ferguson Career Resource Guide to Apprenticeship Programs. Vol.1. New York: Ferguson/Infobase, Print. When citing more than one volume of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in the work. Example 2 Oakes, Elizabeth H., ed. Ferguson Career Resource Guide to Apprenticeship Programs. 2 Vols. New York: Ferguson/Infobase, Print. 11

12 Breaking it Down with Periodicals and Magazines! Use the diagram below from a page in a magazine to help you make a source citation for an article in a periodical or magazine. Remember, a source citation for a periodical or magazine must include the following items: 1. Author 2. Title and Subtitle of Article. 3. Name of Periodical or Magazine 4. Volume and/or issue number (only if applicable) 5. Date of Periodical or Magazine 6. Page Number(s) 7. Medium The Source Citation for this article: (Note: This article did not contain a #4, volume/issue number) Walsh, Bryan. Spotlight: A Study on Cell Phones and Cancer. Time 31 May 2010: Print. 12

13 Articles in Periodicals (Magazines and Newspapers) Items are rules for citing articles from sources such as magazines, periodicals, newspapers, or scholarly journals. Some helpful hints to remember include Put titles of articles in quotation marks Italicize the titles of magazines, journals, newpapers Abbreviate all months except May, June, and July If the magazine/newspaper is issued monthly, just give the month and year If the magazine/newspaper is issued weekly, give the exact date in the order of day, month, year. 16. Article in a magazine Example 1 Last name of author of article, First name. "Title of Article." Magazine Title Day Month Year/Date of Magazine: Page Numbers. Print. Example 2 Basu, Kaushik. The Economics of Child Labor. Scientific American Oct. 2003: Print. 17. Article in a Newspaper Example 1 Last name of author of article, First name. Title of Newspaper [city of publication if not in the newspaper's title, if known] Date of issue, Edition, if known: Page Number(s). Print. Example 2 Snider, Mike. "Musicians Who Rock the House." USA Today 7 Oct. 1996, D1+. Print. Example 3 Sheffield, Reggie. "Deficit Warning Disrupted." Patriot-News [Harrisburg] 21 Sept. 06, Final Ed.: B1+. Print. 18. Editorial in a Newspaper Cite this in the same way you would an article with an unknown author, adding "Editorial" after the title. "Return of the Killer Trade Deficit." Editorial. New York Times 15 Aug. 2010: A18. Print. 19. Book or Movie Review Give the name of the reviewer and the title of the review, if known, followed by the words, "Rev. of" (Review of) and the title and author or director of the book of movie being reviewed. Use the publication information for the source where the review appears. Hoffman, Jan. "Upstairs, Downstairs, Jersey Style." Rev. of Tell Us We're Home, by Marina Budhos. New York Times 15 Aug. 2010: BR12. Print. 13

14 Online Sources The following section highlights how to make source citations for a variety of online sources. These include websites, databases, blogs, s, web postings, online magazines, etc. 20. Entire Website (free/non subscription) Entries should consist of the following items if available. If you cannot find some of the information required below, cite what you do have available. If the website has no title, substitute a description such as Home Page for the title (do not italicize or put in quotation marks). 1. Name of author/editor of the work (if known.) 2. Title of the web site in italics. 3. Publisher/Sponsor of the site; if not available, use N.p. (no publisher) 4. Date of publication (day, month, and year, as available); if nothing is available, use n.d. (no date) 5. Medium of publication Web. 6. Date of access. Examples 1-3 (websites with an author or editor) Dachis, Adam. The Basics of Photography: The Complete Guide. Lifehacker, 27 June Web. June 11, Kinnaer, Jacques. Giza, Wonder of the World. n.p., 25 July Web. 11 June Liu, Alan, ed. Voice of the Shuttle. Dept. of English. U of California, n.d. Web. 15 May Example 4 (federal agency with corporate/group author) * For Federal Agencies, treat the government agency as the author: state the name of the government first, followed by the name of the agency. United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Seasonal Flu (Influenza). EPA, 17 Aug Web. 18 Aug Example 5 (no author or editor) Healthy School Lunches. Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, n.d. Web. 12 June

15 21. Short Work from a Web Site Short works include articles, poems, and other documents that are not book length or that appear as internal pages on a web site. For these, include the following information 1. Name of author/editor (if known). 2. Title of the Short Work. (in quotation marks) 3. Title of the Web Site (in italics) 4. Publisher/Sponsor of the site (if available) 5. Date of publication or date of last update (if available) 6. Medium 7. Date of Access Example 1 (Author) Smith, Allen. Get Colors Throughout the Seasons. ehow. Demand Media, Web. 12 June Examples 2 and 3 (No Author) The Five Worst Mass Extinctions. Endangered Species International. Endangered Species International, Web. 12 June Egypt s Golden Empire. Egypt s Golden Empire. PBS Online, 15 Mar Web. 11 June Online Magazine or Newspaper For an article from an online magazine or newspaper, provide the author name (if available), title of the article in quotation marks, title of the magazine or newspaper in italics, publisher name, publication date, medium of publication, and the date of access. Remember to use N.p. if no publisher name is available and n.d. if no publishing date is given. Example 1 (Online Magazine) Walsh, Bryan. A Planet in Peril: Is Earth Approaching a Tipping Point? Time. Time, 12 June Web. 13 June Example 2 (Online Magazine- no author) Up in the Air. The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 2 June Web. 12 June Example 3 (Online Newspaper) Kennedy, Randy. Greek Antiquities, Long Fragile, Are Endangered by Austerity. The New York Times. The New York Times, 12 June Web. 13 June Online Book Cite an online book in the same way you would a short work from a Web Site (see item 21), but italicize the title of the work instead of using quotation marks. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Read Central, Web. 5 Apr

16 Breaking it Down with Online Subscription Databases! Use the diagram below from an online subscription database screen shot to make a source citation. Remember, a source citation for an online subscription database must include the following items: 1. Author 2. Title of Article. 3. Name or Periodical or Source AND the volume and issue number (if known) 4. Date of Publication 5. Number Range for pages (if given) 6. Name of Database 7. Medium of Database (Web) 8. Date of Access (the date you found the material) The Source Citation for this Online Subscription Database: Jana, Michelle. Geneology Goes High Tech. Newsweek Nov. 2003: Readers Guide. Web. 7 June

17 24. Article from an Online Subscription Database (World Book Online, Gale, Oxford Reference Center, Student Resource Center, etc.) Sources from the library s subscription databases are cited in a similar manner to print ones. Give the publication information for the sources and then the database name in italics. List the medium of publication as Web and end with the date of access. Entries should consist the following information: 1. Author 2. Title of Article. 3. Name of Periodical/Source, include volume and issue numbers if available 4. Date of publication 5. Inclusive pages 6. Name of the Database 7. Medium of the Database 8. Date of Access Author (if given). Title of Article. Name of periodical or source. Volume/Edition if available. Date of publication: Number range for pages (if given) Name of Database. Web. Date of access. Example 1 (World Book Online) Muller, Edward K., and William C. Rense. "Pennsylvania." World Book World Book Student. Web. 26 Aug Example 2 (OmniFile- from Power Library) Perkins, S. Wings Aplenty. Science News Jan. 2003: 51. OmniFile. Web. 19 Aug Example 3 (Student Resource Center) Blohm, Craig E. "Manhattan Project.(THE YEAR IS 1945)." Cobblestone May-June 2010: 36(2). Student Resource Center - Junior. Gale. Web. 18 Aug Example 4 (Gale Opposing Viewpoints) "Americans Are Becoming More Frugal." Should the U.S. Reduce its Consumption? David M. Haugen. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 23 Aug Previously Published Work from an Online Database Often, sources from previously published works can be found in databases. These items are commonly from reference works or collections. The original publication information must be present, as well as the database information. Author (if given). Title of the Work (if applicable). Title of Source. Publisher, Date of Publication. Name of Database. Web. Date of Access. 1 (Gale Opposing Viewpoints) "States Should Try to Curb Teen Texting and Driving." Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Gale, Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 19 Aug

18 26. Entire Web Blog Cite a blog as you would en entire Web Site (see item 20). Give the author s name; the title of the blog, italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the blog (use N.p. if there is none); and the date of the most recent update. Then give the medium and your date of access. Schneider, K.G. Free Range Librarian. WordPress, 5 June Web. 5 July Entry in a Web Blog Cite an entry or a comment (a response to an entry) in a Blog as you would a short work from a Web Site (see item 21). If the entry does not have a title, use the label, Weblog entry or Weblog comment. Follow with the title of the blog, italicized, and the remaining information as for an entire blog in item 24. Buehrlen, M.G. "Free Audiobook Downloads from SYNC." Young Adult Books Central Blog. Blogger, 14 July Web. 22 Aug To cite a message from an , write the author of the message. Next, the subject line of the in quotation marks. Then write "Message to" followed by the name of the recipient. End the entry with the date of the message and the medium ( ). Kauffman, Angela. "MLA Update." Message to Mrs. Blackburn-Foster. 20 Aug Online Video Clip o You Tube: Include the following information 1. Author or screen name/corporate author(if known) 2. Video title. 3. Media type: Online Video Clip 4. Website title 5. Website Publisher 6. Date Posted (In Day Month Year format) 7. Medium of Publication: Web 8. Date accessed Disney Education. Schoolhouse Rock: Grammar - Conjunction Junction Music Video. Online Video Clip. You Tube. You Tube, 8 Dec Web. 28 May

19 30. Social Media o Facebook: Include the following information: 1. Author/editor names or screen name (if available) 2. Title of posted work or generic title such as comment. 3. Facebook. 4. Publisher: In this case, it s Facebook, 5. Date of the post 6. Web 7. Date accessed Smith, Bob. It s Taco Tuesday! Facebook. Facebook, 15 May Web. 28 May o Twitter: Include the following information: 1. Author name (if known) 2. (Twitter Username). 3. Entire text of the tweet without making any changes to spelling or capitalization. 4. Day Month Year the tweet was posted 5. time of post 6. Tweet Brokaw, Tom (tombrokaw). "SC demonstrated why all the debates are the engines of this campaign." 22 Jan. 2012, 3:06 a.m. Tweet. Purdue Writing Lab (PurdueWLab). "Spring break is around the corner, and all our locations will be open next week." 5 Mar. 2012, 12:58 p.m. Tweet. *Note: If the text of the tweet is too long to put in your citation, you may shorten the text by only providing the first few words at the beginning of the tweet. Other Common Sources 31. Work of Art (both offline and online) 1. Provide the artist's name 2. Title of the work of art (italicized) 3. Date of creation 4. Medium (for example, photograph, charcoal on paper, oil painting) 5. Institution and city where the work is housed. * For works found online, omit the medium of composition and include the title of the website (italicized), medium, and date of access. Example 1 (online) Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo National del Prado. Web. 22 May Example 2 (not online) Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine Watercolor and ink on paper. Museum of Modern Art, New York. 19

20 32. Advertisement Name the product or company being advertised, followed by the word, Advertisement. Give publication information for where the advertisement appeared. Example 1: (Print) Air Optix. Advertisement. Time. 11 June 2012: 4. Print. Example 2 (Online) iphone from Sprint. Advertisement. MSNBC. MSNBC, n.d. Web. 12 June Film or Video 1. Title of the film or video (italicized) 2. Name the director ("Dir.") 3. Lead actors ("Perf."), or narrator (Narr.) 4. Distributor 5. Year of the film's release 6. Medium ("Film," "DVD," or "Videocassette.") Example 1 (in theaters or not yet available on DVD) It's a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell. Republic, Film. Example 2 (Recorded films on DVD, VHS) The Outsiders. Dir. Francis Ford Coppola. Perf. Matt Dillon, Ralph Macchio, Patrick Swayze, and Rob Lowe. Warner, DVD. 34. Television or Radio Program 1. "Title of the episode or segment 2. Title of the program or series (Italicized) 3. Writer, Narrator, Performer, Host, etc.(if any) 4. Name of the network 5. Name of the station (if any) and location of the station (if any) 6. Date of the broadcast 7. Medium (television, radio, etc) * If the program was accessed online, give the network, the date, the title of the website (Italicized), the medium, and your date of access) Example 1 Death and Society. Weekend Edition Sunday. National Public Radio. WITF, Harrisburg, 25 Jan Radio. Example 2 Using Technology to Help Care for the Elderly. All Things Considered. Host Melissa Block. National Public Radio, 23 Aug NPR.org. Web. 24 Aug Podcast A podcast can refer to digital audio content- downloadable lectures or interviews- or to the method of delivery. Treat a podcast as you would a short work from a website, giving the medium of delivery such as Web, MP3, video file before your date of access. Patterson, Chris. Will School Consolidation Improve Education. Host Michael Quinn Sullivan. Texas Policy Podcast. Texas Public Policy Foundation, 13 Apr MP3 file. 10 Jan

21 36. Entry in a Wiki Wikis are online resources that are openly edited by its users. Cite Wiki entries as you would a short work from a website. Because content on a wiki can be updated by more than one person do not include an author. Provide the following information: 1. Title of the entry 2. Name of the wiki, italicized 3. Sponsor or publisher of the wiki (use n.p. if there is none) 4. Date of the last update 5. Medium 6. Date of access Wikijunior: How Things Work. Wikibooks. Wikimedia, 7 July Web. 24 Aug Lecture or Public Address Give the speaker s name, follow with the title of the lecture (if any) in quotation marks, the organization sponsoring the lecture, the location, the date, and a label such as Lecture or Address. Johnson, Simon. Wall Street and Washington. Edmond J. Safra Foundation Center for Ethics. Harvard University, Cambridge. 22 Apr Lecture. 38. Digital Files (mp3, pdf, jpeg) Determine the type of work to cite (e.g., article, image, sound recording) and cite appropriately. End the entry with the name of the digital format (e.g., PDF, JPEG file, Microsoft Word file, MP3). If the work does not follow traditional parameters for citation, give the author s name, the name of the work, the date of creation, and the medium of publication. Use Digital file when the medium cannot be determined. Example 1: MP3 Beethoven, Ludwig van. Moonlight Sonata. Crownstar, MP3. Example 2: Microsoft Word File Kauffman, Angela. Perspectives in Web Apr Microsoft Word file. Example 3: PDF File Alexander, Bryan. Web 2.0: A New Wave of Innovation for Teaching and Learning. Educause Review. March/April PDF file. 21

22 39. Online Photos/Images: An image appearing as part of a larger work (article, web page, etc.) Follow format for Item 29 Work of Art. **Important Note about Freely Available Online Images such as Google Images- MLA does not recommend that you cite an image separately from the larger work that contains it. This would include pictures found on google images. Plagiarism 40. Personal Interview(Interview conducted by you, the researcher.) Name of the person interviewed. Kind of Interview (Personal, Telephone, or ). Date of Interview. Davis, Richard. Telephone interview. 10 Nov * Note: Interviews can also follow published formats in both print and broadcast. For more information on these, consult with the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7 th Ed. 41. Electronic Book on an ereader such as Kindle, Nook, ipad. Cite this as you would a book source. Simply add the name of the ereader and digital file. See below for an example. Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer s Stone. New York: Scholastic, Kindle digital file. Plagiarism is the taking of someone s ideas, information, or work and passing it off as your own. With the ease at which information can be obtained, it is no wonder that plagiarism is so alluring. The Internet and full-text online databases make it simple to do. According to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: 7 th ed., failure to cite your sources means you have plagiarized if you: o Present quotations as your own o Copy and paste text from the web o Use a phrase or sentence unique to another author o Paraphrase an argument o Obtain another research paper to pass off as your own o Improperly use information from an interview or o Reprint pictures, diagrams, charts, etc. Ways to avoid plagiarism: o Document all of your research. o Be sure to document all information for your Works Cited page on your source cards or notes where you are paraphrasing and directly quoting. o Create a note system that includes: o Your own ideas o Paraphrasing of others o Direct quotes Check with your teacher or librarian if you are uncertain about your use of sources. 22

23 Formatting Your Paper General Guidelines Your paper should be typed or word processed, on white 8 ½ x 11 paper. Use 12 point and an easily readable font such as Times New Roman. Additionally, the font selected should contrast clearly with the italic form. Margins All margins should be one-inch from the top, sides and bottom of the page, except for page numbers. NOTE: Check the margins of your word processing program. For example: Microsoft Word side margins are formatted to Page Numbers Place your last name, a space, and the page number at the top of each page. Do not precede the number with the word page or any abbreviations. Your name and page number should be one-half inch from the top of the page and against the right margin. Number all pages consecutively. (Use the header function on your word processing program and right justify.) Spacing Double-space the entire paper including all headings, titles, quotations, and text paragraphs. Leave only one space after a period or other concluding punctuation mark, unless your instructor prefers two spaces. Heading Along the left margin of the first page come down one-inch from the top margin and enter, on separate lines, your name, your teacher s name, name of your class, and the date as follows: 21 October Double-space between all lines. Title Center the title of your paper under your heading. Use uppercase and lowercase letters. Do not underline your title. Italicize only the words that you would italicize in the text such as the specific title of a novel, play, news source, etc. Double-space between the date and the title and between the title and the first paragraph of the paper. Quotations Quotations that are four lines or less should be put in quotation marks and placed in the text of your paper. When a quoted passage is more than four lines long, set it off from the text of your paper. Put a colon after the statement that introduces the quotation. Begin a new line. Indent the entire quotation ten spaces from the left-hand margin. Double-space the entire quotation do not enclose it in quotation marks. Indentations Indent the first line of each text paragraph five spaces from the left margin. 23

24 Parenthetical Documentation (In-Text Documentation) Parenthetical documentation is a way for the writer to provide more detailed information as to where the information for the research came from. You must not only list the sources used (the Works Cited page), but also where in the source you found the information. The simplest way to convey this is usually by inserting the author s last name and the page from where the facts or ideas came from. This is to be placed, in parenthesis, at the end of the paraphrased, quoted, or factual information. If the author s name is used within the sentence itself, then only the page number is needed at the end of the information. Works Cited Page Guidelines Works Cited is the term which the Modern Language Association of America (MLA) uses for a bibliography. The Works Cited list contains full bibliographic information for all books, articles, and other resources used in composing a research paper. Follow these general guidelines in preparing the list: 1. The list of Works Cited appears at the end of the paper. Begin the list on a new page and number the page in the upper right-hand corner, half an inch from the top and flush with the right margin. Continue the page numbers of the text. For example, if the text of your research paper ends on page 4, the Works Cited list begins on page 5. Include your last name before the page number. 2. Include in the list all sources actually used in the paper. Do not include materials you examined but did not cite in the text. 3. Center the title, Works Cited, approximately one inch from the top of the page. Double-space between the title and the first entry. Side margins should also be set at one inch. 4. Make sure that entries are in proper MLA format. Arrange the entries alphabetically by the first word of the entry, usually the author's last name. If there is no author, alphabetize by the first word of the title, excluding the articles A, An, The if they begin the title. For example, the title An Encyclopedia of Mythology would be alphabetized under E rather than A. 5. DO NOT NUMBER THE ENTRIES. 6. Keeping one-inch margins on each side, begin each entry flush with the left margin. If an entry runs more than one line, indent the subsequent line or lines approximately one-half inch, one tab, or five spaces from the left margin. 7. Double-space the entire list, both between and within entries. 8. Carefully punctuate items in the list following MLA format. Don't forget the period at the end of each entry. Sample Research Paper and Works Cited Page (See next two pages.) 24

25 1 ½ Davis 1 Mike Davis Mrs. Bernard Double-Space English II 20 September 2006 Fly Fishing: Everything You Need to Know to Get Started Indent ½ Fly fishing attracts a variety of participants. In order to achieve success with the sport, there are many skills and methods involved. Whether it is fishing with dry flies, wet flies, nymphs, or streamers, each style has its own methodology. It is important to become familiar with the different types of flies in order to achieve ultimate success. In addition to becoming familiar with the various types of flies, it is also essential to study fly casting, the insects that In-text quotation trout feed on (entomology), fly-tying, the study of fresh water habitats (limnology), and fishing techniques (Fling 11). Parenthetical Reference 1 In order to catch fish, one must be able to cast. Casting with a fly rod is different than casting with a bait or spin-casting rod. Bait and spin-casting rods use the weight of the lure to project out into the water. Fly-casting rods, however, use the weight of the fly line to project across the water. According to Lefty Kreh, a well-known fly angler, there are five principles of good casting: The line (and fly) goes in the direction you point the rod tip during casting. 2. Good fly casting is not strength-related; it is timing related. 3. Proper stroking and stopping of the rod are fundamental to good fly casting. The caster loads energy into the rod during the casting stroke. 1 25

26 Davis 2 Works Cited Arnosky, Jim. Flies in the Water, Fish in the Air: A Personal Introduction to Fly Fishing. New York: Lothrop, Print. Fling, Paul N. and Donald L. Puterbaugh. Fly-Fisherman s Primer. New York: Sterling, Print. Green, Larry. Fishing. World Book World Book Student. Web. 26 Aug This --- means that the author is the same as the entry above. Kreh, Lefty. Casting Basics: The Fundamentals You Need to Know Before You Get Started. Fly Fisherman. Fly Fisherman Magazine. 11 Sept Web. 26 Aug Fly Casting with Lefty Kreh. New York: Wilcox & Follett, Print. Somervill, Barbara A. Our Living World: Earth s Biomes, Rivers, Streams, Lakes, and Ponds. Minnesota: Tradition, Print. 26

27 Works Consulted Hacker, Diana. Documenting Sources in MLA Style: 2009 Update. Boston: Bedford-St. Martins, Print. The Modern Language Association. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 th ed. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, Print. MLA Formatting and Style Guide. Purdue Online Writing Lab. Purdue University Web. 20 Aug Helpful Websites: Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL: Side-by-Side Comparison of MLA, APA, CMS Research and Documentation Online EasyBib Citation Machine APA Formatting and Style Basics The following websites offer excellent information for citing with APA Style. Due to copyright restrictions, the documents could not be provided in this research manual. Follow the links below to access. Purdue OWL: APA Format Purdue OWL: Side-by-Side Comparison of MLA, APA, CMS APA Formatting Guide from the Lynn University Library 1.amazonaws.com/docs/43/598083/APA_Formatting_Guide.pdf 27