The editor. THOMAS HARDY ANNUAL No. 2

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1 THOMAS HARDY ANNUAL No. 2 Like its predecessor, Thomas Hardy Annual No.2 presents a collection of new essays, most of them written especially for this volume, by an international team ofleading Hardy scholars and critics. The range of topics is wide, representing biographical, critical and comparative approaches; and the contributions range over the whole corpus of Hardy's work-not only his novels and his poetry but also his notebooks and his disguised autobiography. There are also substantial reviews of some of the most recent works of Hardy scholarship and criticism, and a survey and bibliography of Hardy studies for Thomas Hardy is now firmly established as a major figure in late Victorian literature, and there is world-wide interest in his work both among common readers and among students of literature, thought and social history. The Annual continues to make available some of the most important research that is now being done over a wide spectrum of topics and in many parts of the world. The editor Nor~nan Page is Professor of English, University of Alberta, Canada. A graduate of the Universities of Cambridge and Leeds, he has held a Guggenheim Fellowship and has lectured widely on Hardy and other authors. His recent books include A. E. Housman: A Critical Biography, A Dickens Companion, and Tennyson: Interviews and Recollections (editor).

2 In the same series THOMAS HARDY ANNUAL No. I Edited by Norman Page O'CASEY ANNUALS Nos I, 2, 3 Edited by Robert G. Lowery YEATS ANNUALS Nos I, 2 Edited by Richard J. Finneran Further titles in preparation

3 THOMAS HARDY ANNUAL No.2 Edited by Norman Page M

4 Norman Page 1984 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1St edition All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First published I!J84 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI /

5 Contents List of Illustrations Editor's Note The Contributors Editor's Introduction Vll Vlll IX XI ESSAYS The Early Stages of Hardy's Fiction Simon Gatrell 3 Hardy's Unwritten Second Sensation Novel Lawrence Jones 30 Approaches to Fiction: Hardy and Henry James J. T. Laird 41 The Martyrdom of Giles Winterborne Frank R. Giordano, Jr 6I Structure and Tone in The Woodlanders Glenn Irvin 79 Photography as Style and Metaphor in the Art of Thomas Hardy Arlene M. Jackson 9I The Fourteenth Line of 'In Tenebris, II' Peter J. Casagrande I I o Hardy's Narrative Muse and the Ballad Connection Norman Arkans I 3 I Your Story or Your Life? : Reflections on Thomas Hardy's Autobiography Ian Gregor and Michael Irwin I 57 Arthur Shirley (Vicar of Stinsford, I837--9I) Timothy Hands I7I Hardy Among the Critics: the Annotated Scrap Books Lloyd Siemens I87 Hardy's Reputation in France Annie Escuret I9I A Survey of Recent Hardy Studies Richard H. Taylor I96 v

6 Vl Contents REVIEWS Thomas Hardy, The Woodlanders, ed. Dale Kramer James Gindin C. H. Salter, Good Little Thomas Hardy Ronald P. Draper 233 Arlene M. Jackson, Illustration and the Novels rif Thomas Hardy Michael Steig 236 Michael Millgate, Thomas Hardy: A Biography Harold Ore! 242 Penny Boumelha, Thomas Hardy and Women: Sexual Ideology and Narrative Form Merryn Williams 249 Reviews in Brief Norman Page 253 A Hardy Bibliography, Richard H. Taylor 255

7 List of Illustrations 1 A. G. S. Shirley 2 Robert Shirley 3 General Horatio Shirley, K. C. B. Vll

8 Editor's Note Contributions for future volumes of the Annual are welcome at any time. There is no limit on length, and illustrations may be included where appropriate. Contributions should be typewritten (doublespace throughout, including quotations and footnotes). References to Hardy's novels should be identified by chapter-number, thus: (The Woodlanders, ch. 10). Footnotes should be kept to a minimum and brief references worked into the text wherever possible. All contributions, correspondence and books for review should be sent to the editor at the Department of English, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E5; or at 41 Trent Road, Oakham, Rutland LE15 6HE, UK. Vlll

9 The Contributors Norman Arkans is Assistant Dean of the Graduate School at the University of Washington, Seattle, and has published essays on Hardy. Peter J. Casagrande is Professor of English at the University of Kansas. He is the author of Unity in Hardy's Novels (1982) and of many articles on Hardy. Ronald P. Draper is Professor of English Literature at the University of Aberdeen. He has published books on D. H. Lawrence and is the editor of Hardy: The Tragic Novels ( 1975) in the Casebook Series. Annie Escuret teaches at the Universite Paul Valery at Montpellier and has published various articles on Hardy. Simon Gatrell is a Lecturer in English at the New University of Ulster. His numerous publications on Hardy include a recent critical edition of Tess of the d' Urbervilles. James Gindin is Professor of English at the University of Michigan. He has published widely on Galsworthy and other novelists, and is the editor of the Norton Critical Edition of The Return of the Native ( 1969). Frank R. Giordano,] r, is Professor of English at the University of Houston and has published on Hardy and other authors. Ian Gregor is Professor of Modern English Literature at the University of Kent. His numerous publications include The Great Web: The Form of Hardy's Major Fiction (1974). Timothy Hands is researching on Hardy at Oriel College, Oxford. lx

10 X The Contributors Glenn Irvin is Associate Professor of English at East Texas State University. Michael Irwin is Professor of English Literature at the University of Kent. His books include Picturing: Description and Illusion in the.nineteenth-century.novel (I 979). Arlene M. Jackson is Associate Professor of English at Stjoseph's College, Philadelphia. She has published essays on various nineteenth-century novelists and is the author of Illustration and the.novels of Thomas Hardy (reviewed in this volume). Lawrence Jones is Associate Professor of English at the University of Otago and has published widely on Hardy and other novelists. J. T. Laird is Associate Professor of English at the University of New South Wales. His publications include The Shaping of' Tess of the d'urbervilles' (I975) Harold Orel is Professor of English at the University of Kansas. His publications include Thomas Hardy's 'The Dynasts' ( I963), The Final Years of Thomas Hardy (I976), and, as editor, Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings ( I966) and the New Wessex Edition of The Dynasts (I 978). Lloyd Sie~nens is Professor of English at the University of Winnipeg. His publications include essays on Hardy. Michael Steig is Professor of English at Simon Fraser University, British Columbia. His numerous publications on the Victorian novel include Dickens and Phiz ( I978). Richard H. Taylor is Director of the Schiller International University, London. He is the author of The.Neglected Hardy ( I982) and the editor of The Personal.Notebooks of Thomas Hardy (I 978). Merryn Willia1ns was formerly a Lecturer in English at the Open University. Her books include Thomas Hardy and Rural England (I972) and A Preface to Hardy (I976).

11 Editor's Introduction 'What! will the line stretch out to the crack of doom?' Thus a recent reviewer, confronted with the latest batch of Hardyana; and his reaction is understandable. Each of the last few years has seen more scholarly, critical and publishing activity related to Hardy than many previous decades. As I suggested in introducing the first volume in this series, however, this may constitute no more (and no less) than a belated recognition of Hardy's stature. Almost fifty years ago, Frank Chapman wrote, in an essay on 'Hardy the Novelist' published in Scrutiny (1934), that The English novelists of the nineteenth century have much lipservice paid them, but surprisingly little real attention. We read Dickens and Thackeray in our schooldays and, ever after, generalise about them without re-reading them. We have changed all that with a vengeance. In the past twenty or thirty years there has been plenty of'real attention' paid to Dickens, Thackeray, Trollope, George Eliot, the Brontes, and others. Now Hardy, who was the youngest of the great Victorian novelists and outlived all the rest, is at last receiving his due. If we generalise about Hardy, it is certainly not without re-reading him; and the present volume bears witness to the wide variety of approaches to his work that scholars and critics are adopting. Few classic novelists-indeed, few authors-are now as widely read and discussed as Hardy; some major projects have recently come to fruition, and more are promised. As the reviews section of this volume indicates, among the numerous books on Hardy that have lately appeared are a biography that has been widely hailed as definitive, and the first full critical edition of a Hardy novel. Nor is interest in Hardy confined to the Anglo-American world, any more than it is confined to teachers and academics. Mme Escuret's note XI

12 xu Editor's Introduction on Hardy in France is the first of a series of contributions documenting Hardy's international reputation. The Annual aims to make available some of the best work on Hardy that is now being done over a wide scholarly and critical spectrum, including textual, biographical and comparative studies, and to provide a critical assessment and a bibliographical record of current Hardy studies. Throughout this collection, Life refers to the single-volume edition of Hardy's autobiography: F. E. Hardy, The Life of Thomas Hardy I84o-1928 (1962). Since different readers may use different editions of Hardy's novels, references are to chapter-number rather than page-number. N.P.