Text Structure. Presupposition. Speech acts. Implicature 교재참조 (P. 123~134)

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1 11. Pragmatics 1

2 Text Structure Presupposition Speech acts Implicature 교재참조 (P. 123~134) 2

3 Pragmatics Neubert We define grammatical meaning as the relation between linguistic forms, and semantic meaning as the relation between forms and reality, then pragmatic meaning can be seen as the relation between linguistic forms and the participants in the communicative act. 교재참조 (P. 123)

4 Presupposition The King of France is bald 교재참조 (P. 123)

5 Presupposition Hickey Virtually everything written about presupposition is challenged or contradicted by some authority on the subject. 교재참조 (P. 123)

6 Presupposition Ex) Have you got any children? Presupposing 1 There is someone to answer. 2 3 They understand English The ability of the other person to respond 4 The willingness of the person to respond 5 The willingness to answer questions of a personal nature 교재참조 (p. 123) 6

7 Presupposition Have you got any children? YOU English Sentence linguistic presupposition 교재참조 (P. 123)

8 Unwise or unwelcome Presupposition Nonlinguistic presuppositions 교재참조 (P. 124)

9 Presupposition Nonlinguistic presuppositions Personal nature えん - りょ 교재참조 (P. 124)

10 Presupposition How often do you take your children to the zoo? linguistic The person has children The habit of taking his or her children to places nonlinguistic Taking children to public places is a thing that people do Zoos are a fit place for young people 교재참조 (P. 124)

11 Presupposition Crude distinction between linguistic & nonlinguistic presuppositions Presupposing linguistic Ex) The boy s done it again. has done it before vs. nonlinguistic Ex) We need Mohács. Not sharing cultural knowledge presupposed by the author We need defeat. (hypernymic translation) 교재참조 (p. 124)

12 Presupposition A force de voir des Budapest sur nos écrans de télévision Television ownership Viewing habits 교재참조 (P. 124)

13 Presupposition dies without a sound like Alfred de Vigny s wolf wrongly presupposing cultural knowledge for the reader 1 Who was Alfred de Vigny? 2 What exactly was his relationship with wolves? 교재참조 (P. 125)

14 Presupposition 125 쪽두번째문단읽을것! Reiss and Vermeer: Informationsangebot, an offer of information Newmark : No! 교재참조 (P. 125)

15 Presupposition Durieux the translator must, in any event, possess the knowledge that the author presupposes their readers to have Translators must undertake research to acquire the knowledge 교재참조 (P. 125)

16 Presupposition The translator must estimate to what extent the target audience is likely to share the presuppositions Difficult judgment Delicate balancing act 교재참조 (P. 125)

17 Presupposition (A trivial example) Though April showers may come your way, They bring the flowers That bloom in May Translator decisions will be governed by the function of the translation in the target culture 교재참조 (P. 125)

18 Inuit legend Presupposition Inuit 족에대한편견을만들지않기위한의도적 왜곡 skins from seals less than a year old (A non-trivial example) sealskins 교재참조 (P. 126)

19 Presupposition Like a tennis ball (and unlike a wad of gum), [economic growth] is likely to bounce back from the full employment ceiling into a recession French object: ball of wool German object: medicine ball 교재참조 (P. 126)

20 Presupposition policy makers in Washington die Wirtschaftspolitiker in Washington (G) The hero in René Clair s film C est arrivé demain (F) 교재참조 (P. 126)

21 Speech acts 교재참조 (P. 126) 21

22 Speech acts Austin Impart information Perform act Sentences 교재참조 (P. 127) 22

23 Speech acts Locutionary act 언표적행위 단순한발화행위 Illocutionary act 언표내적행위 화자가발화할때내재되는의도 ( 부탁, 질문, 약속, 위협, 선언등 ) Perlocutionary act 언표도달적행위 발화로인해수행한행동에서오는효과 교재참조 (P. 127) + 보충자료 23

24 Speech acts locutionary 그를향해 ( 총을 ) 쏘라 는말을하는행위 illocutionary 그를향해총을쏘라 고명령하는행위 perlocutionary 명령을받은사람이총을쏘도록명령받거나위협을받은효과 보충자료 24

25 Speech acts Can you stop singing, Bruce? 교재참조 (P. 127) 25

26 Speech acts Can you stop singing, Bruce? illocutionary 교재참조 (P. 127) 26

27 Speech acts 2 The illocutionary act Ex) Can you stop singing, Bruce? A question A command 교재참조 (p. 127) 27

28 Speech acts The same speech act Performed in many different ways Sadock & Zwicky It is possible to use nearly any sentence type with the effect of nearly any other. 교재참조 (P. 127) 28

29 perlocutionary Speech acts 1. To elicit a response 2. Depends on Bruce s personality Shut up or sing more loudly & power status 교재참조 (P. 127) 29

30 Speech acts Locutionary Act Illocutionary Act Perlocutionary Act Focus of linguistic discussion A matter of semantics Falls outside linguistics 교재참조 (P. 127) 30

31 Speech acts Concept of speech acts Some sentences do perform an act The only means of performing the act 교재참조 (P. 91) 31

32 Speech acts Performatives( 수행문 ) 진실또는거짓으로판단되는것이아니고특정행동을수행하는문장 교재참조 (P. 127) + 보충교재 32

33 Speech acts I name this ship the Flying Dutchman I now pronounce you man and wife I sentence you to be hanged by the neck until dead You are fired 교재참조 (P. 127) 33

34 Speech acts 앞의문장들모두수행문으로 사용되지않는경우가있음 특히 Reported speech 가그렇다 So what did you say next, Judge Jeffries? I told the little swine I sentence 교재참조 (P. 127) 34

35 Speech acts Truth condition The king of France is bold Felicity condition I now pronounce you man and wife 교재참조 (P. 128) 35

36 Speech acts Other speech acts Leech Statements, questions, promises, warnings, apologies, etc. etc. implies a possibly endless list Criticism In cases where there is no explicit performative verb 교재참조 (p. 128) 36

37 Speech acts Hatim & Mason the translator will seek to relay the illocutionary force of each speech act in turn. 예 I have compiled a bibliography A representative, which I should be happy to send A commissive 교재참조 (p. 128) 37

38 Speech acts For translators More obvious ritualistic performatives A literal translation (x) Appropriate form of words needed 교재참조 (p. 128) 38

39 Speech acts For translators Non-ritualistic kind (promising, betting, etc.) Posing no problem Palmer Searle speech acts are probably independent of the actual language translations of the sentences in question will often produce sentences with the same indirect illocutionary act Hönig & Kussmaul the illocutionary force of the sentence would not change 교재참조 (pp ) 39

40 Speech acts Different cultures use the same speech acts to different degrees Indirection (avoiding a direct command) Can you pretty please? Would you mind dreadfully? Could I possibly ask you to? 교재참조 (P. 129) 40

41 Speech acts Searle the standard forms from one language to the next will not always maintain their indirect speech act potential when translated from one language to another 교재참조 (P. 129) 41

42 Speech acts 번역가는어떤형태가화행을유지하는지숙지해야! Can you hand me that book? will sound very odd if uttered as a request Why don t you shut the window? Would not be taken to have the illocutionary force of request 교재참조 (P. 129) 42

43 Speech acts Snell-Hornby Same speech acts Imperatives Modal verbs Nouns Past participles 교재참조 (P. 129) 43

44 Speech acts Snell-Hornby speech acts in public notices in German & English 연구 -> 두언어의화행이같아도차이점존재 * 청자가명시되었는지여부 * 사용된문법과어휘수단예 ) E : 명령형 & 조동사선호 // G : 명사 & 과거분사선호 교재참조 (p. 129) 44

45 Speech acts 화행을명시하지않아도번역물에화행이유지되는경우가많다고해서번역에아무문제가없는것은아님! Making the wrong speech act 예 식인에대한철학텍스트첫부분 When recently (illustrative statement) 번역 Not so very long ago (fairy tale) 예 These models concentrate on... (statement) These models tend to concentrate on... (judgment) 교재참조 (p. 129) 45

46 Speech acts Leuven-Zwart speech act 변환의효과지적 예 Isn't life...?, she stammered (questioning) Pero eso no es la vida (stating) transform the character from feeling "perplexity and confusion" to being "cool and distant" 판단이쉽지않음 교재참조 (p. 129) 46

47 Implicature Conversation is guided by a cooperative principle based on maxims of the kind children have drummed into them by parents and teachers: 교재참조 (P. 130) 47

48 Implicature Yes. Can you tell me the time? 이때대화가중단되기보다는 something is being implied 이함의를청자는해결해야 교재참조 (P. 130) 48

49 Implicature Grice < Cooperative principle ( 협력의원리 )> participants expect that each will make a conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange. 대화가진행되는각단계에서대화의방향이나목적에의해요구되는만큼기여를하라.! 교재참조 (P. 130) 49

50 Implicature 교재참조 (P. 130) 50

51 Implicature 예 로미오가줄리엣과달콤하게전화하던중갑자기목소리를높여 Yes, OK, Bob, we'll work on the car tonight - after we've done our homework, of course 줄리엣 : Has somebody just come into the room? 로미오가정신이이상해졌다고예상하지는않을것 교재참조 (p. 130) 51

52 Implicature Grice Quantity Manner 4 Maxims Quality Relation 교재참조 (P. 130) 52

53 Implicature The maxim of quantity 1) 목적에맞게필요한만큼정보성있게말하라 2) 필요이상으로더많은정보를제공하지말라 교재참조 (P. 130), 보충교재 53

54 Implicature The maxim of quality 1) 거짓이라믿는것을말하지말라 2) 적절한증거없는것을말하지말라 교재참조 (P. 130), 보충교재 54

55 Implicature The maxim of relation 관련있는것을말하라. 교재참조 (P. 130), 보충교재 55

56 Implicature The maxim of manner 명백히말하라 ( 이중적이고애매한말을피하고불필요한말을줄여간결하고순서있게말하라 ) 교재참조 (P. 130), 보충교재 56

57 Implicature A: 너몇살이니? B: 형이열일곱살이니까나는 15 살이지요. A: 체중이얼마나되니? B: 불면날아갈정돕니다. A: 잘잤니? B: 방금일어났습니다. A: 점심은뭘먹을래? B: 생각해보고마음내키는대로요. Quantity Quality Relation Manner 교재참조 ( P130), 보충교재 ( 김종택 1982) 57

58 Quantity 1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange). 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Quality 1. Do not say what you believe to be false. 2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. Relation Be relevant. Manner: Be perspicuous. 1. Avoid obscurity of expression. 2. Avoid ambiguity. 3. Be brief (Avoid unnecessary prolixity). 4. Be orderly.

59 Implicature Grice s four maxims Holz-Mänttäri Translation intercultural cooperation 교재참조 (P. 85) 59

60 Implicature Holz-Mänttäri Translation = intercultural cooperation Holz & Manttari The initial sender of the message (the original author) is in a cultural difference from what the final receiver of the message (the target reader) is in, hence how to handle the cultural gap is a hot topic in translation studies. 교재참조 (P. 130) 60

61 Implicature Politeness principle ( 공손성원리 ): 대화참여자들사이에서공손하고예절바르게주고받는말의태도 의사소통을하는대화참여자들이언제나협력원리에의해효율적인정보를전달하는데만주력하는것은아니다. 보충교재 61

62 Implicature Leech 정중어법 : 관습적이며소극적인자기방어상대방에게정중하지않은표현은최소화하고정중한표현은최대화하라 Tact maxim Generosity maxim Approbation maxim Modesty maxim Agreement maxim Sympathy maxim 타인에게부담주는표현은최소화하라 자신에게이로운표현을최소화하라 타인을비방하는표현을최소화하라 자신을칭찬하는표현을최소화하라 타인간의의견차이를최소화하라 자신과타인간의반감을최소화하라 보충교재 62

63 Implicature in translation Politeness principle Offensive material Cultures Violating the quality principle 교재참조 (P ) 63

64 Implicature Amos The medieval practice of cutting out the boring bits in translation might be a combination of politeness and relevance. Politeness principle Relevance The medieval practice 교재참조 (P. 131) 64

65 Implicature exception... Bogomolets violation of quantity & manner Where necessary, I express myself in more words, and where it is obvious that the author s language is more copious than need be, then I express the same essence in shorter form, in order not only to be compared with the author I have translated but to rise above him in liveliness of exposition. (quoted in Balcerzan 1978:124) 교재참조 (P. 131) 65

66 Implicature Ehrman Paracelsus: 16C physician & theologian 1960 년대번역서에서언어학이론삭제 연관성격률에위배되지않음 교재참조 (P. 131) 66

67 Implicature Maxims violation of quantity violation of quality violation of relation violation of manner 교재참조 (P. 131) 67

68 Implicature The maxim of quantity Hasta morir(1994) I want the pachuco with the lady. relation maxim A cholo did that for me. quantity maxim presupposition violation of manner 교재참조 (P. 131) 68

69 Implicature translation technique borrowing Images on screen context clarity manner maxim comprehension quantity maxim absence of clarity manner maxim inferiority register target audience needs relation maxim gaps in knowledge presupposition text function ideational position situation 교재참조 (P. 131) 69

70 Implicature Disaster!! otherness left in dark (perlocutionary act) poetic function 교재참조 (P. 131) 70

71 Implicature pachuco cholo Sensuous satisfaction! Steiner instant exotica Vinay & Darbelnet cheap local colour 교재참조 (P. 132) 71

72 Implicature pachuco (Mexican) gangster cholo Mexican-American, Mexican, half-breed borrowing Literal translation 교재참조 (P. 132) 72

73 Implicature borrowing? literal translation? I want the flash guy with the lady, like him A half-breed did that El Boy Mauricio 교재참조 (P. 132) 73

74 Implicature The maxim of quality Translation Linguistic fidelity 교재참조 (P. 132) 74

75 Implicature gloss exegesis No linguistic expression available in the target language which translation? which translation? Linguistic expression available in the target language 교재참조 (P. 132) 75

76 Implicature Kade being a good Marxist-Leninist translator has nothing to do with an ideological revaluation as is often insinuated from the bourgeois side. Modern translation Modern translation studies are finding examples of all sides of such interferences with quality in the Gricean sense. 교재참조 (P. 132) 76

77 Implicature The maxim of manner (be clear) Bogomolets improve on the original Niclas von Wyle even misprints in the original should appear 교재참조 (P. 132) 77

78 Implicature Grice 격률의적용여부는번역사의판단및번역대상텍스트에따라달라진다 교재참조 (P. 133) 78

79 Implicature 번역사가 ST 를 개선 할권한이있는가에대한논쟁의답은없다. 하지만 캠코더사용설명서에서발견된오류 1. There after (Thereafter) 2. you video (your video) 3. The video will build automatically know where to go. 4. Puts a set of instructions in the wrong paragraph 1~3: Acceptable 4: Not Acceptable! Damage to person and property 교재참조 (P. 133) 79

80 Implicature literary texts translation improved the word German to another nationality to improve? NO! safeguard! Translator competence 교재참조 (P. 133) 80

81 Implicature I remain entirely at your disposition, beg to remain your humble servant 대망의 2008 년을맞이하여귀사의무궁한발전과번영을축원합니다. Smarmy rude register 교재참조 (P. 133) 81

82 Implicature Isn t Jack a real pig? The sun s come out textual level Implicature ought not to pose problems. Well-written texts tend to conform to the maxims signal character, experimental novelistic style 교재참조 (P. 133) 82

83 Implicature Aelfric Cut out the boring bits in translation the medieval literary device of catalogue Fowler Modern readers are often put off by the extent to which older literature consists of lists; for these now seem dull and empty - History of English Literature(1989:3) Perrot d Ablancourt boring bits into margins and footnotes 교재참조 (P. 134) 83

84 Implicature The maxims of quantity and relation Omission? Grin and bear it? 교재참조 (P. 134) 84

85 Implicature The maxims of quantity and relation About what are we talking here? Signposting 교재참조 (P. 134) 85

86 Implicature Although much research needs to be done on how the concepts of politeness, informativity, relevance, clarity, truthfulness affect text production in different languages and different cultures 교재참조 (P. 134) 86