9.35 Sensation And Perception Spring 2009
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1 MIT OpenCourseWare Sensation And Perception Spring 29 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
2 Hearing Kimo Johnson April 14, 29
3 Psychoacoustics Ask listeners how sounds are perceived Pressure (db) => loudness Frequency (Hz) => pitch Critical bandwidths
4 b) Travelling waves Relative amplitude of movement (µm) Hz 8Hz 4Hz 2Hz High frequencies displace basilar membrane in base of cochlea. Basilar membrane "Unrolling" of cochlea Low frequencies displace basilar membrane Direction of sound in apex of cochlea. movement "Unrolled" cochlea Cochlear base Cochlear apex 3 1Hz 3 5Hz 3 25Hz Distance from stapes (mm) Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
5 Critical bands Auditory filters Amplitude (db) Frequency (khz)
6 Critical bands Width of auditory filters - Fletcher (1938) - Zwicker (196,199) - Moore, Glasberg intensity probe noise bw frequency
7 Critical bands Signal threshold (db SPL) Masking noise bandwidth (Hz) Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
8 Critical bandwidth 2 1 Critical Bandwidth (Hz) Center Frequency (khz)
9 Center frequency Bark scale - Zwicker and Fastl, 199 (.76 f ) ( ( f B( f ) =13 arctan arctan 1 75 Bark ) 2 ) Frequency (khz)
10 Masking Masking experiments to investigate frequency selectivity Tones masking tones demo masker Amplitude probe Frequency
11 1 8 6 dbspl k 2k 5k 1k 2k Frequency (Hz) Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare. Zwicker and Fastl, 199
12 Upward spread of masking 3 8Hz b) Travelling waves 3 16Hz 3 4Hz Basilar membrane Cochlear apex "Unrolled" cochlea Cochlear base Direction of sound movement Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
13 MP3 Compression Perceptual coding ISO Standard : 1 compression Typical song size: 3.75 MB vs. 4 MB (CD Original ipod (21) 5GB = 1 songs
14 Quantization 16 bits = levels 1 : 1 compression = 1.6 bits
15 Tone masking noise masker Amplitude noise noise level noise bandwidth Frequency
16 Tone masking noise
17 Complex tones
18 Hearing Sound localization Perception of complex periodic sounds - pitch - timbre Auditory scene analysis
19 Localization A Vision Sound B Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
20 -2 o : IDT = -2 µs o : IDT = µs 2 o : IDT = 2 µs -6 o : IDT = -48 µs 6 o : IDT = 48 µs -9 o : IDT = -64 µs 9 o : IDT = 64 µs -12 o : IDT = -48 µs 12 o : IDT = 48 µs -16 o : IDT = -2 µs 18 o : IDT = µs 16 o : IDT = 2 µs Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
21 Interaural time difference.7.6 Interaural time difference (ms) Measured values (5 subjects).1 o 2 o 4 o 6 o 8 o 1 o 12 o 14 o 16 o 18 o Front Direction of sound source Back Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
22 Interaural level difference 6 Hz Interaural level difference (db) o 3 o 6 o 9 o 12 o 15 o 18 o Front Direction of sound source Back Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
23 Cones of confusion?? Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
24 Auditory distance perception Relative intensity Spectral composition
25 Auditory distance perception Relative intensity Spectral composition
26 Complex periodic sounds Pitch Timbre Amplitude Time
27 Complex sounds: pitch Fundamental frequency Amplitude (db) Harmonics Frequency (Hz) 6 Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
28 Fundamental frequency Lowest harmonic usually perceived pitch Fundamental can be missing
29 Fundamental frequency Lowest harmonic usually perceived pitch Fundamental can be missing 1 Amplitude (db) Frequency (Hz)
30 Fundamental frequency Lowest harmonic usually perceived pitch Fundamental can be missing 1 1 Amplitude (db) Amplitude (db) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
31 5 (Hz) b 75 (Hz) c (Hz) 1 (Hz) d 4 ms 4 ms 4 ms 4 ms e Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
32 Odd harmonics Clarinet - cylindrical bore, closed at one end 5 1 Amplitude (db) Frequency (Hz)
33 Pitch illusion Shepard tone Amplitude Hearing threshold Log frequency Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare. from Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound, ed. Perry Cook
34 Mel scale Stevens,Volkmann and Newman 1937 Equal in distance Interval size (MELs) Octave Fifth Frequency (Hz) Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare. from Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound, ed. Perry Cook
35 Pitch helix Tone Height Drobish (1855) Shepard (1982) C 6 G 5 F 5 E 5 D 5 Increasing frequency A 6 B 6 C 5 G 4 F 4 E 4 D 4 A 5 B 5 C 4 G 3 F 3 E 3 D 3 A 4 B 4 C 3 G 2 F 2 E 2 D 2 A 3 B 3 Musical scale notes C 2 A 2 B 2 Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
36 Complex sounds: timbre Not well defined Overtones Formants Attack and decay Synchrony of microvariations
37 Harmonics fuse Energy in harmonics typically falls off Harmonics perceptible in unusual spectra
38 Harmonics fuse Energy in harmonics typically falls off Harmonics perceptible in unusual spectra Amplitude Frequency
39 Harmonics fuse Energy in harmonics typically falls off Harmonics perceptible in unusual spectra Amplitude Amplitude Frequency Frequency
40 Harmonics fuse Energy in harmonics typically falls off Harmonics perceptible in unusual spectra Amplitude Amplitude Frequency Frequency Amplitude Frequency
41 Throat Singing Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
42 Fixed resonances Formants A B Piano 'ah' Amplitude (db) Amplitude (db) Trombone Amplitude (db) Amplitude (db) 'ee' Frequency (Hz) Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
43 1 Amplitude (db) Frequency (Hz)
44 1 1 Amplitude (db) Amplitude (db) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
45 1 1 Amplitude (db) Amplitude (db) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) 1 Amplitude (db) Frequency (Hz)
46 1 1 Amplitude (db) Amplitude (db) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) 1 1 Amplitude (db) Amplitude (db) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
47 Microvariations modulations of harmonics can affect fusion
48 Microvariations modulations of harmonics can affect fusion Example from Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound, ed. Perry Cook
49 Attacks and decays Basic transitions - attack, sustain, decay, release (ADSR)
50 Instrument quiz bassoon, clarinet, horn, oboe, piano, sax, synth, trumpet
51 Instrument quiz bassoon, Instrument 1 clarinet, horn, oboe, piano, sax, synth, trumpet
52 Instrument quiz bassoon, Instrument 1 clarinet, horn, oboe, Instrument 2 piano, sax, synth, trumpet
53 Instrument quiz bassoon, Instrument 1 clarinet, horn, oboe, Instrument 2 piano, sax, Instrument 3 synth, trumpet
54 Instrument quiz bassoon, Instrument 1 clarinet, horn, oboe, Instrument 2 piano, sax, Instrument 3 synth, trumpet Instrument 4
55 Instrument quiz 2 bassoon, clarinet, horn, oboe, piano, sax, synth, trumpet
56 Instrument quiz 2 bassoon, Instrument 1 clarinet, horn, oboe, piano, sax, synth, trumpet
57 Instrument quiz 2 bassoon, Instrument 1 clarinet, horn, oboe, Instrument 2 piano, sax, synth, trumpet
58 Instrument quiz 2 bassoon, Instrument 1 clarinet, horn, oboe, Instrument 2 piano, sax, Instrument 3 synth, trumpet
59 Instrument quiz 2 bassoon, Instrument 1 clarinet, horn, oboe, Instrument 2 piano, sax, Instrument 3 synth, trumpet Instrument 4
60 Attacks Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
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