Understanding FICON Channel Path Metrics
|
|
- Elwin Ryan
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Understanding FICON Channel Path Metrics Dr.H.PatArtis Performance Associates, Inc. PAI/O Driver is a registered trademark of Performance Associates, Inc. Performance Associates, Inc., 2003.
2 Topics Warning notice Key references The problem What do FICON channel and bus busy mean? Correlation analysis Estimating the number of active open exchanges FICON channel operations What happens at saturation? FICON channel steam gauge Questions
3 Warning Notice This session includes discussions of both queueing theory and multivariate statistical analysis techniques. The Surgeon General has warned that sessions which contain these topics, for no apparent reason, may cause spatial disorientation, confusion, and nausea in the audience.
4 Key References Cronin, C., FICON and FICON Express Channel Performance Version 1, February 2002, ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/mktsupport/techdocs/ficonpe rfv1_0a.pdf Cronin, C., FICON and FICON Express Channel Performance Version 2, November 2003, 1.ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/library/techpapers/pdf/gm pdf Tukey, J. W., Exploratory Data Analysis, Addison Wesley, SAS/Stat User s Guide, Version 6, Fourth Edition, Vol. 1, Allen, A.O., Probability, Statistics, and Queueing Theory, Academic Press, 1978.
5 The Problem Half Track Read/Write: 90% Read-Hit Service Time SSCH Rate vs Service Time Service Time (msec) % Bus 44.5% Chan % Bus & Chan Busy 30.2% Chan 26.8% Bus % Bus & Chan Busy ,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 PAI/O Driver for OS/390 Data FMPLRESP.GMF SSCH Rate per Channel
6 The Problem (Cont.) For ESCON, channel utilization was a reliable steam gauge metric with proven rules of thumb for capacity planners and performance analysts With FICON channels, your service time can go to Pluto even though both of the available steam gauge utilization metrics are apparently within acceptable values Does either channel busy or bus busy provide an effective predictor of FICON channel saturation? The question this paper explores is not whether or not FICON is a good idea, it is! Rather, it is simply the question of how to manage a FICON environment
7 Do You Need a Utilization Metric? Captain, I am giving her all she s got and she is goingtoblow!
8 What Do Channel and Bus Busy Mean? Channel Busy is the measured utilization of the PowerPC microprocessor that manages the fibre channel protocol. We assert that microprocessor utilization is proportional to the total number of I/Os Bus Busy is the measured utilization of the PCI bus over which the data is transferred. We assert that bus utilization is proportional to the aggregate data transfer rate How can we test these and other assertions?
9 Correlation Analysis Correlation Coefficients Strong Weak Weak Strong Negative Correlation Positive Correlation -1.0 CORRCOEF.GMF Correlation analysis is a technique employed in exploratory data analysis to determine the relationship between variables Coefficients that approach 1.0 or 1.0 indicate that a strong positive or negative correlation exists between two variables The analysis presented in this session was performed with SAS PROC CANCORR
10 Channel Metrics Correlation Analysis Variable I/O Rate Channel MB/Sec % Channel Busy % Bus Busy Correlation Coefficients for Channel and Bus Busy SAS PROC CANCORR was employed to determine the correlation coefficients for channel and bus busy with the aggregate I/O and data rates for an entire PAI/O Driver for OS/390 test series for a supported by eight FICON Express channels The strong positive correlation coefficients verify the assertions we made about the two metrics So why aren t these reliable metrics for predicting service time problems? PROC CANCORR DATA=CHANDATA CORR VNAME='CHANNEL METRICS WNAME='I/O THRUPUT METRICS'; VAR PCTCHNBY PCTBUSBY; WITH IORATE CHANMBS;
11 Channel Metrics at Test Saturation Test % Chan % Bus Read Write Series Busy Busy MB/Sec MB/Sec 4K Read-Hit K R/W: 50% Hit K R/W: 90% Hit HT Read-Hit HT R/W: 50% Hit HT R/W: 90% Hit HT Read Sequential HT Write Sequential Channel Metrics at Saturation by PAI/O Driver Test Series Do any of these metrics correlate with measured service time or tell you when a channel is saturated?
12 Correlations to Subsystem Service Time Test % Chan % Bus Read Write Series Busy Busy MB/Sec MB/Sec 4K Read-Hit K R/W: 50% Hit K R/W: 90% Hit HT Read-Hit HT R/W: 50% Hit HT R/W: 90% Hit HT Read Sequential HT Write Sequential All Tests Channel Metrics and Subsystem Response Time Correlation Coefficients While some of the correlation coefficients are promising on a test by test basis, none of the metrics provide more than weak correlations to subsystem service time for all of the workload types! Are there other logical or physical resources for which we can develop metrics?
13 Other Channel Resources AnOpen Exchange (OE) is a logical resource that represents an I/O being processed by a channel. A FICON channel is limited to 32 concurrent OEs An Information Unit (IU) is a logical resource, comprised of 1 to 4 credits, which may contain a CCW, a CCW and associated data, or just data. A FICON channel can support a maximum of 16 concurrent IUs for each OE ACredit is a 2K physical data transmission buffer. According to the November 2003 revision of Cronin s paper, FICON and FICON Express channels can support a maximum of 60 and 120 credits, respectively, for each of the inbound and outbound fibres
14 IUs and Credits for a Chained Write IU 09 IU 08 IU ,998 bytes IU Write Data IU 05 IU 04 IU 03 IU Write Data 27,998 bytes IU Prefix FCNXFCCW.GMF Direction of Flow Consider an OE for a chained write of 2 half track blocks The OE requires 9 IUs and 29 credits
15 Estimating the Number of Active OEs Little s Law states that the multiprogramming level of a system is equal to the arrival rate times the average time in the system. Hence, we can estimate the number of active OEs: Active_OEs = Chan_I/O_Rate * OE_Duration For the OE_Duration, we will use the sum of the average DISC and CONN times for the I/Os performed by the channel Active_OEs = Channel_I/O_Rate * (DISC + CONN) Why do we exclude PEND time from OE_Duration?
16 Channel Metrics and IUs at Saturation Test % Chan % Bus Read Write Active Series Busy Busy MB/Sec MB/Sec OEs 4K Read-Hit K R/W: 50% Hit K R/W: 90% Hit HT Read-Hit HT R/W: 50% Hit HT R/W: 90% Hit HT Read Sequential HT Write Sequential Channel Metrics and OEs at Saturation by PAI/O Driver Test Series The number of active OEs is estimated using Little s Law How does the number of active OEs correlate to service time?
17 Correlating OEs to Service Time Test % Chan % Bus Read Write Active Series Busy Busy MB/Sec MB/Sec OEs 4K Read-Hit K R/W: 50% Hit K R/W: 90% Hit HT Read-Hit HT R/W: 50% Hit HT R/W: 90% Hit HT Read Sequential HT Write Sequential All Tests Channel Metrics and Subsystem Service Time Correlation Coefficients
18 Correlating OEs to Service Time (Cont.) With the exception of the 4K read-hit case, which saturated the channel microprocessor, very high correlations were observed for each of the workload types Even with the 4K read-hit case, the correlation coefficient to subsystem service time for all workloads was a strong 0.85 for direct channel to subsystem connections But can this explain why the service time went to Pluto?
19 Why Did The Service Time Go to Pluto? Half Track R/W: 90% Read Hit Service Time Open Exchanges vs Service Time Service Time (msec) SSCH Rate = SSCH Rate = PAI/O Driver for OS/390 Data FMPLJUMP.GMF Open Exchanges At a rate of 1,760 I/Os per second, the average number of OEs was about 8 and the service time was about 5 msec. When the service time jumped to 30 msec, then the number of OEs approached the limit imposed by the protocol The jump occurred since the half track blocks exhausted the credits and/or other underlying resources, elongating the average CONN and PEND times
20 Normal FICON Channel Operation SSCH SubChannels ORB IBM OE + 1 IBM OE < 32 FICON Channel IU: First CCW Information Unit (IU) FCHNSTP1.GMF Prior to OE saturation, when an ORB arrives at a subchannel it is immediately selected by a FICON channel and the concurrent OE count for the channel is increased by 1 The channel program and any associated data is then transmitted by the FICON channel as a sequence of IUs, each of which is comprised of 1 to 4 credits
21 Normal FICON Channel Operation (Cont.) Interrupt SubChannels ORB IBM FICON Channel OE - 1 OE<32 IU: Final Status IBM Information Unit (IU) FCHNSTP2.GMF When final status for the I/O arrives at the channel, the concurrent OE count for the channel is decreased by 1 and an interrupt is passed back to the address specified in the ORB The I/O request is now complete But what causes the explosive growth of PEND and CONN time at saturation?
22 Why Does Saturation Occur? There are a limitless number of scenarios that can result in OE saturation. Hence, let s discuss the pathological cases for small and large block transfers: For unchained operations with very small blocks, it is apparently possible to start 32 concurrent I/O operations. There would be one or two credits available to each of the I/O operations on a standard FICON channel. The value would be one to eight for a FICON Express channel For chained operations with large blocks, credit and/or other underlying resource starvation would significantly elongate PEND and CONN time for active I/Os. While the channel can accept 32 concurrent I/O operations, many of the I/Os would queue within the channel waiting for credits and/or other underlying resources
23 FICON Channel Operation at Saturation SSCH SubChannels ORB IBM SSCH ORB IBM SSCH SSCH SSCH ORB ORB ORB OE = 32 Credits FICON Channel SSCH ORB Information Unit (IU) FCHNSTP3.GMF When the OE count reaches 32, I/O requests queue in the subchannels waiting to be selected by a channel, just like they do when an ESCON channel is busy
24 FICON Channel Operation (Cont.) This queueing is reported as part of PEND time PEND time was excluded from the OE_Duration since an I/O can be PENDing outside the channel as well as PENDing within the channel for credits and/or other underlying resources as part of an OE The explosive growth in PEND time occurs as I/O requests queue in subchannels waiting on an available OE As the number of OEs increases, the channel exhausts its available credits and/or other underlying resources. This results in substantial CONN and PEND time elongation. After this point, the OEs just queue in the channel waiting on credits and/or other underlying resources This elongation exacerbates the saturation problem by decreasing the rate at which OEs are freed
25 What Happens to the Components? Half Track Read/Write: 90% Read-Hit Service Time Components Open Exchanges vs Service Time Service Time Components (msec) PEND DISC CONN SSCH Rate = 1,760 SSCH Rate = 1, PAI/O Driver for OS/390 Data FMPLCOMP.GMF Open Exchanges As can be seen in the figure, the average PEND and DISC times are almost constant through 1,760 I/Os per second
26 What Happens to the Components? (Cont.) Prior to 1,760 I/Os per second, there is approximately a 3:1 elongation in CONN time This initial CONN time elongation is a result of channel microprocessor utilization, subsystem interface microprocessor utilization, and interleaving delays on the fibre Then, as the number of OEs approaches 8, the credits and/or other underlying resources saturate and the PEND and CONN times explode!
27 Other Test Cases 4K Read/Write 90% Cache-Hit case that employed 10 open exchanges 4K Read/Write 50% Cache-Hit case that employed 31.5 open exchanges
28 4K Read/Write: 90% Read-Hit Case 4K Read/Write: 90% Read Hit Service Time Components Open Exchanges vs Service Time Service Time Components (msec) PEND DISC CONN Subsystem Saturation PAI/O Driver for OS/390 Data FMPL4KE1.GMF Open Exchanges For this case, the service time of the subsystem begins to increase after the OE count exceeded 8 However, the knee of the curve of the channel coincided with the internal saturation of the subsystem
29 4K Read/Write: 50% Read-Hit Case 4K Read/Write: 50% Read Hit Service Time Components Open Exchanges vs Service Time Service Time Components (msec) PEND DISC CONN Subsystem Saturation PAI/O Driver for OS/390 Data FMPL4KE0.GMF Open Exchanges For this case, OE saturation is induced by the low cache-hit ratio and the subsystem s back end FBA device configuration However, substantial CONN elongation still starts in the range of 6 to 8 OEs
30 Closing Thoughts FICON channel resource saturation FICON OE steam gauge Switched and cascaded configurations
31 FICON Channel Resource Saturation In the case of 100% cache-hit for small blocks, the channel microprocessor can saturate, resulting in very high PEND times At very high I/O rates for large and mixed blocksizes, OE saturation can result in explosive PEND and CONN time elongation As the utilization of the fibre increases, CONN time elongation can be expected. At the limit, credit and/or other resource saturation results in explosive PEND and CONN time elongation
32 FICON OE Steam Gauge 2 4 FICON Open Exchanges Danger FCNGAUGE.GMF We recommend operating directly connected channels in the 3 to5oerange.this will allow OE intensive online applications and OE/Credit intensive batch workloads to be intermixed on a channel. In most real world environments, FICON channels operate at OEs values less than 2
33 FICON OE Steam Gauge (Cont.) With the exception of the very high cache-hit ratio test cases that saturated the channel microprocessor, the jump in the number of active OEs occurred when the value exceeded 7. Then, the credits and/or other underlying resources become saturated and the number of OEs takes a step function jump to 30+ The number of OEs is very highly correlated with service time. While highly correlated with I/Os and data transfer, channel and bus busy have only weak correlations to service time In all but the pathological small block front end hit case, service time degrades as a result of the saturation of physical credits and/or other underlying resources; not as a result of physical channel or bus utilization Channel and subsystem OEs are not RMF reported metrics. They must be estimated using the average DISC and CONN times for the devices supported by the channel
34 Switched and Cascaded Configurations Switched Configuration IBM 2 4 FICON Open Exchanges 6 IBM Danger FICON Open Exchanges FICON Open Exchanges 8 Danger 6 IBM Danger 0 8 Cascaded Configuration IBM IBM 2 4 FICON Open Exchanges FICON Open Exchanges 6 IBM Danger FICON Open Exchanges FICON Open Exchanges 8 Danger Danger FICON Open Exchanges 6 IBM Danger Danger FCHCMPLX.GMF
35 Switched and Cascaded (Cont.) At the current time, we have not completed the analysis of the data for switched and cascaded FICON directors. The direct connect channel utilization analysis was a much bigger job than we anticipated. Those results will be included in an expanded version of the paper which will be posted on our web site during 2004 The complete experimental design is available at:
36 Questions
Skip Length and Inter-Starvation Distance as a Combined Metric to Assess the Quality of Transmitted Video
Skip Length and Inter-Starvation Distance as a Combined Metric to Assess the Quality of Transmitted Video Mohamed Hassan, Taha Landolsi, Husameldin Mukhtar, and Tamer Shanableh College of Engineering American
More informationPattern Smoothing for Compressed Video Transmission
Pattern for Compressed Transmission Hugh M. Smith and Matt W. Mutka Department of Computer Science Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824-1027 {smithh,mutka}@cps.msu.edu Abstract: In this paper
More informationCost Analysis of Serpentine Tape Data Placement Techniques in Support of Continuous Media Display
c Springer-Verlag. Published in the Proceedings of the 10 th International Conference on Computing and Information (ICCI 2000), November 18-21, 2000, Kuwait. Cost Analysis of Serpentine Tape Data Placement
More informationA variable bandwidth broadcasting protocol for video-on-demand
A variable bandwidth broadcasting protocol for video-on-demand Jehan-François Pâris a1, Darrell D. E. Long b2 a Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-3010 b Department
More informationBUSES IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
BUSES IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE The processor, main memory, and I/O devices can be interconnected by means of a common bus whose primary function is to provide a communication path for the transfer of data.
More informationSWITCHED INFINITY: SUPPORTING AN INFINITE HD LINEUP WITH SDV
SWITCHED INFINITY: SUPPORTING AN INFINITE HD LINEUP WITH SDV First Presented at the SCTE Cable-Tec Expo 2010 John Civiletto, Executive Director of Platform Architecture. Cox Communications Ludovic Milin,
More informationTherefore, HDCVI is an optimal solution for megapixel high definition application, featuring non-latent long-distance transmission at lower cost.
Overview is a video transmission technology in high definition via coaxial cable, allowing reliable long-distance HD transmission at lower cost, while complex deployment is applicable. modulates video
More informationImproving z/os I/O Resiliency
Improving z/os I/O Resiliency Dale F. Riedy IBM riedy@us.ibm.com 7 August 2012 Session 11709 Legal Stuff Notice 2 IBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter described in
More informationValidity. What Is It? Types We Will Discuss. The degree to which an inference from a test score is appropriate or meaningful.
Validity 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 1 What Is It? The degree to which an inference from a test score is appropriate or meaningful. A test may be valid for one application but invalid for an another. A test
More informationAUDIOVISUAL COMMUNICATION
AUDIOVISUAL COMMUNICATION Laboratory Session: Recommendation ITU-T H.261 Fernando Pereira The objective of this lab session about Recommendation ITU-T H.261 is to get the students familiar with many aspects
More informationLab2: Cache Memories. Dimitar Nikolov
Lab2: Cache Memories Dimitar Nikolov Goal Understand how cache memories work Learn how different cache-mappings impact CPU time Leran how different cache-sizes impact CPU time Lund University / Electrical
More informationOn the Characterization of Distributed Virtual Environment Systems
On the Characterization of Distributed Virtual Environment Systems P. Morillo, J. M. Orduña, M. Fernández and J. Duato Departamento de Informática. Universidad de Valencia. SPAIN DISCA. Universidad Politécnica
More informationLehrstuhl für Informatik 4 Kommunikation und verteilte Systeme
Chapter 2: Basics Chapter 3: Multimedia Systems Communication Aspects and Services Chapter 4: Multimedia Systems Storage Aspects Optical Storage Media Multimedia File Systems Multimedia Database Systems
More informationMeasuring Radio Network Performance
Measuring Radio Network Performance Gunnar Heikkilä AWARE Advanced Wireless Algorithm Research & Experiments Radio Network Performance, Ericsson Research EN/FAD 109 0015 Düsseldorf (outside) Düsseldorf
More informationMore About Regression
Regression Line for the Sample Chapter 14 More About Regression is spoken as y-hat, and it is also referred to either as predicted y or estimated y. b 0 is the intercept of the straight line. The intercept
More informationMaking Progress With Sounds - The Design & Evaluation Of An Audio Progress Bar
Making Progress With Sounds - The Design & Evaluation Of An Audio Progress Bar Murray Crease & Stephen Brewster Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Tel.: (+44) 141 339
More informationContents INFORMATION FLOW TRACK - TRAIN
2017-05-12 3. INFORMATION FLOW TRACK-TRAIN Page 1 (159) Chapter 3: INFORMATION FLOW TRACK - TRAIN Contents 3. INFORMATION FLOW TRACK - TRAIN 5 3.1 INTRODUCTION 5 3.1.1 Scope 5 3.2 INFORMATION FLOW TRACK
More informationProfiling techniques for parallel applications
Profiling techniques for parallel applications Analyzing program performance with HPCToolkit 03/10/2016 PRACE Autumn School 2016 2 Introduction Focus of this session Profiling of parallel applications
More informationTraining Note TR-06RD. Schedules. Schedule types
Schedules General operation of the DT80 data loggers centres on scheduling. Schedules determine when various processes are to occur, and can be triggered by the real time clock, by digital or counter events,
More informationNew Serial Link Simulation Process, 6 Gbps SAS Case Study
ew Serial Link Simulation Process, 6 Gbps SAS Case Study Donald Telian SI Consultant Session 7-TH2 Donald Telian SI Consultant About the Authors Donald Telian is an independent Signal Integrity Consultant.
More informationRelationships Between Quantitative Variables
Chapter 5 Relationships Between Quantitative Variables Three Tools we will use Scatterplot, a two-dimensional graph of data values Correlation, a statistic that measures the strength and direction of a
More informationGated Driver Tree Based Power Optimized Multi-Bit Flip-Flops
International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014, PP 250-254 ISSN 2349-4395 (Print) & ISSN 2349-4409 (Online) Gated Driver Tree Based Power Optimized Multi-Bit
More informationChapter 10 Basic Video Compression Techniques
Chapter 10 Basic Video Compression Techniques 10.1 Introduction to Video compression 10.2 Video Compression with Motion Compensation 10.3 Video compression standard H.261 10.4 Video compression standard
More informationLecture 2: Digi Logic & Bus
Lecture 2 http://www.du.edu/~etuttle/electron/elect36.htm Flip-Flop (kiikku) Sequential Circuits, Bus Online Ch 20.1-3 [Sta10] Ch 3 [Sta10] Circuits with memory What moves on Bus? Flip-Flop S-R Latch PCI-bus
More informationOutline. EECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 27 - Asynchronous Sequential Circuits. Cross-coupled NOR gates. Asynchronous State Transition Diagram
EECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 27 - Asynchronous Sequential Circuits Nov 26, 2002 John Wawrzynek Outline SR Latches and other storage elements Synchronizers Figures from Digital Design, John F. Wakerly
More informationSECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES: MAGNETIC TAPES AND CD-ROM
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES: MAGNETIC TAPES AND CD-ROM Contents of today s lecture: Magnetic Tapes Characteristics of magnetic tapes Data organization on 9-track tapes Estimating tape length requirements
More informationUsing the MAX3656 Laser Driver to Transmit Serial Digital Video with Pathological Patterns
Design Note: HFDN-33.0 Rev 0, 8/04 Using the MAX3656 Laser Driver to Transmit Serial Digital Video with Pathological Patterns MAXIM High-Frequency/Fiber Communications Group AVAILABLE 6hfdn33.doc Using
More informationEECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 10 - Interfacing. Recap and Topics
EECS150 - Digital Design Lecture 10 - Interfacing Oct. 1, 2013 Prof. Ronald Fearing Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley (slides courtesy of Prof. John Wawrzynek)
More informationRelationships. Between Quantitative Variables. Chapter 5. Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Relationships Chapter 5 Between Quantitative Variables Copyright 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Three Tools we will use Scatterplot, a two-dimensional graph of data values Correlation,
More informationdata and is used in digital networks and storage devices. CRC s are easy to implement in binary
Introduction Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is an error detecting code designed to detect changes in transmitted data and is used in digital networks and storage devices. CRC s are easy to implement in
More informationLogiCORE IP AXI Video Direct Memory Access v5.01.a
LogiCORE IP AXI Video Direct Memory Access v5.01.a Product Guide Table of Contents Chapter 1: Overview Feature Summary.................................................................. 9 Applications.....................................................................
More informationLaboratory Exercise 4
Laboratory Exercise 4 Polling and Interrupts The purpose of this exercise is to learn how to send and receive data to/from I/O devices. There are two methods used to indicate whether or not data can be
More informationMeeting Embedded Design Challenges with Mixed Signal Oscilloscopes
Meeting Embedded Design Challenges with Mixed Signal Oscilloscopes Introduction Embedded design and especially design work utilizing low speed serial signaling is one of the fastest growing areas of digital
More informationAE16 DIGITAL AUDIO WORKSTATIONS
AE16 DIGITAL AUDIO WORKSTATIONS 1. Storage Requirements In a conventional linear PCM system without data compression the data rate (bits/sec) from one channel of digital audio will depend on the sampling
More informationfrom ocean to cloud ADAPTING THE C&A PROCESS FOR COHERENT TECHNOLOGY
ADAPTING THE C&A PROCESS FOR COHERENT TECHNOLOGY Peter Booi (Verizon), Jamie Gaudette (Ciena Corporation), and Mark André (France Telecom Orange) Email: Peter.Booi@nl.verizon.com Verizon, 123 H.J.E. Wenckebachweg,
More informationQCN Transience and Equilibrium: Response and Stability. Abdul Kabbani, Rong Pan, Balaji Prabhakar and Mick Seaman
QCN Transience and Equilibrium: Response and Stability Abdul Kabbani, Rong Pan, Balaji Prabhakar and Mick Seaman Outline of presentation 2-QCN Overview and method for improving transient response Equilibrium
More informationLab 5 Linear Predictive Coding
Lab 5 Linear Predictive Coding 1 of 1 Idea When plain speech audio is recorded and needs to be transmitted over a channel with limited bandwidth it is often necessary to either compress or encode the audio
More informationImpact of Intermittent Faults on Nanocomputing Devices
Impact of Intermittent Faults on Nanocomputing Devices Cristian Constantinescu June 28th, 2007 Dependable Systems and Networks Outline Fault classes Permanent faults Transient faults Intermittent faults
More informationContents Circuits... 1
Contents Circuits... 1 Categories of Circuits... 1 Description of the operations of circuits... 2 Classification of Combinational Logic... 2 1. Adder... 3 2. Decoder:... 3 Memory Address Decoder... 5 Encoder...
More informationSeamless Workload Adaptive Broadcast
Seamless Workload Adaptive Broadcast Yang Guo, Lixin Gao, Don Towsley, and Subhabrata Sen Computer Science Department ECE Department Networking Research University of Massachusetts University of Massachusetts
More informationWHAT IS THE FUTURE OF TAPE TECHNOLOGY FOR DATA STORAGE AND MANAGEMENT?
WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF TAPE TECHNOLOGY FOR DATA STORAGE AND MANAGEMENT? There is news in the field of tape storage: two new products will be launched in 2018 which will change tape technology s offer in
More informationAn Efficient Low Bit-Rate Video-Coding Algorithm Focusing on Moving Regions
1128 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 11, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2001 An Efficient Low Bit-Rate Video-Coding Algorithm Focusing on Moving Regions Kwok-Wai Wong, Kin-Man Lam,
More informationProfiling techniques for parallel applications
Profiling techniques for parallel applications Analyzing program performance with HPCToolkit 17/04/2014 PRACE Spring School 2014 2 Introduction Thomas Ponweiser Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) Involved
More informationEvaluation of SGI Vizserver
Evaluation of SGI Vizserver James E. Fowler NSF Engineering Research Center Mississippi State University A Report Prepared for the High Performance Visualization Center Initiative (HPVCI) March 31, 2000
More informationProceedings of Meetings on Acoustics
Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics Volume 19, 2013 http://acousticalsociety.org/ ICA 2013 Montreal Montreal, Canada 2-7 June 2013 Musical Acoustics Session 3pMU: Perception and Orchestration Practice
More informationTesting Report: Spectra Logic Verde and Milestone Husky 500A
Testing Report: Spectra Logic Verde and Milestone Husky 500A December 2016 Contents Contents... 2 Spectra Logic Verde and Milestone Husky 500A - Test Summary... 3 Basic System Configuration information...
More informationMPEGTool: An X Window Based MPEG Encoder and Statistics Tool 1
MPEGTool: An X Window Based MPEG Encoder and Statistics Tool 1 Toshiyuki Urabe Hassan Afzal Grace Ho Pramod Pancha Magda El Zarki Department of Electrical Engineering University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia,
More informationIT T35 Digital system desigm y - ii /s - iii
UNIT - III Sequential Logic I Sequential circuits: latches flip flops analysis of clocked sequential circuits state reduction and assignments Registers and Counters: Registers shift registers ripple counters
More informationApplication Note. Traffic Signal Controller AN-CM-231
Application Note AN-CM-231 Abstract This application note describes how to implement a traffic controller that can manage traffic passing through the intersection of a busy main street and a lightly used
More informationII. SYSTEM MODEL In a single cell, an access point and multiple wireless terminals are located. We only consider the downlink
Subcarrier allocation for variable bit rate video streams in wireless OFDM systems James Gross, Jirka Klaue, Holger Karl, Adam Wolisz TU Berlin, Einsteinufer 25, 1587 Berlin, Germany {gross,jklaue,karl,wolisz}@ee.tu-berlin.de
More informationREAL-TIME H.264 ENCODING BY THREAD-LEVEL PARALLELISM: GAINS AND PITFALLS
REAL-TIME H.264 ENCODING BY THREAD-LEVEL ARALLELISM: GAINS AND ITFALLS Guy Amit and Adi inhas Corporate Technology Group, Intel Corp 94 Em Hamoshavot Rd, etah Tikva 49527, O Box 10097 Israel {guy.amit,
More informationDigilent Nexys-3 Cellular RAM Controller Reference Design Overview
Digilent Nexys-3 Cellular RAM Controller Reference Design Overview General Overview This document describes a reference design of the Cellular RAM (or PSRAM Pseudo Static RAM) controller for the Digilent
More informationin the Howard County Public School System and Rocketship Education
Technical Appendix May 2016 DREAMBOX LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT GROWTH in the Howard County Public School System and Rocketship Education Abstract In this technical appendix, we present analyses of the relationship
More informationHomework 3 posted this week, due after Spring break Quiz #2 today Midterm project report due on Wednesday No office hour today
EE241 - Spring 2013 Advanced Digital Integrated Circuits Lecture 14: Statistical timing Latches Announcements Homework 3 posted this week, due after Spring break Quiz #2 today Midterm project report due
More informationProject No. LLIV-343 Use of multimedia and interactive television to improve effectiveness of education and training (Interactive TV)
Project No. LLIV-343 Use of multimedia and interactive television to improve effectiveness of education and training (Interactive TV) WP2 Task 1 FINAL REPORT ON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH R.Pauliks, V.Deksnys,
More informationA Low Power Delay Buffer Using Gated Driver Tree
IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSR-JVSP) ISSN: 2319 4200, ISBN No. : 2319 4197 Volume 1, Issue 4 (Nov. - Dec. 2012), PP 26-30 A Low Power Delay Buffer Using Gated Driver Tree Kokkilagadda
More informationRECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.1203 *
Rec. TU-R BT.1203 1 RECOMMENDATON TU-R BT.1203 * User requirements for generic bit-rate reduction coding of digital TV signals (, and ) for an end-to-end television system (1995) The TU Radiocommunication
More informationProcessor time 9 Used memory 9. Lost video frames 11 Storage buffer 11 Received rate 11
Processor time 9 Used memory 9 Lost video frames 11 Storage buffer 11 Received rate 11 2 3 After you ve completed the installation and configuration, run AXIS Installation Verifier from the main menu icon
More informationChapter 27. Inferences for Regression. Remembering Regression. An Example: Body Fat and Waist Size. Remembering Regression (cont.)
Chapter 27 Inferences for Regression Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Slide 27-1 Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley An
More informationAppeal decision. Appeal No USA. Osaka, Japan
Appeal decision Appeal No. 2014-24184 USA Appellant BRIDGELUX INC. Osaka, Japan Patent Attorney SAEGUSA & PARTNERS The case of appeal against the examiner's decision of refusal of Japanese Patent Application
More informationReducing DDR Latency for Embedded Image Steganography
Reducing DDR Latency for Embedded Image Steganography J Haralambides and L Bijaminas Department of Math and Computer Science, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, USA Abstract - Image steganography is the
More informationHW#3 - CSE 237A. 1. A scheduler has three queues; A, B and C. Outgoing link speed is 3 bits/sec
HW#3 - CSE 237A 1. A scheduler has three queues; A, B and C. Outgoing link speed is 3 bits/sec a. (Assume queue A wants to transmit at 1 bit/sec, and queue B at 2 bits/sec and queue C at 3 bits/sec. What
More informationDual-V DD and Input Reordering for Reduced Delay and Subthreshold Leakage in Pass Transistor Logic
Dual-V DD and Input Reordering for Reduced Delay and Subthreshold Leakage in Pass Transistor Logic Jeff Brantley and Sam Ridenour ECE 6332 Fall 21 University of Virginia @virginia.edu ABSTRACT
More informationMajor Differences Between the DT9847 Series Modules
DT9847 Series Dynamic Signal Analyzer for USB With Low THD and Wide Dynamic Range The DT9847 Series are high-accuracy, dynamic signal acquisition modules designed for sound and vibration applications.
More informationA look at the MPEG video coding standard for variable bit rate video transmission 1
A look at the MPEG video coding standard for variable bit rate video transmission 1 Pramod Pancha Magda El Zarki Department of Electrical Engineering University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104, U.S.A.
More informationHEBS: Histogram Equalization for Backlight Scaling
HEBS: Histogram Equalization for Backlight Scaling Ali Iranli, Hanif Fatemi, Massoud Pedram University of Southern California Los Angeles CA March 2005 Motivation 10% 1% 11% 12% 12% 12% 6% 35% 1% 3% 16%
More informationA low-power portable H.264/AVC decoder using elastic pipeline
Chapter 3 A low-power portable H.64/AVC decoder using elastic pipeline Yoshinori Sakata, Kentaro Kawakami, Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Masahiko Graduate School, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8507 Japan Email:
More informationVideo 1 Video October 16, 2001
Video Video October 6, Video Event-based programs read() is blocking server only works with single socket audio, network input need I/O multiplexing event-based programming also need to handle time-outs,
More informationDetecting Medicaid Data Anomalies Using Data Mining Techniques Shenjun Zhu, Qiling Shi, Aran Canes, AdvanceMed Corporation, Nashville, TN
Paper SDA-04 Detecting Medicaid Data Anomalies Using Data Mining Techniques Shenjun Zhu, Qiling Shi, Aran Canes, AdvanceMed Corporation, Nashville, TN ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to use statistical
More informationUniversity of Tennessee at Chattanooga Steady State and Step Response for Filter Wash Station ENGR 3280L By. Jonathan Cain. (Emily Stark, Jared Baker)
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Steady State and Step Response for Filter Wash Station ENGR 3280L By (Emily Stark, Jared Baker) i Table of Contents Introduction 1 Background and Theory.3-5 Procedure...6-7
More informationPMC-SIO4 Quad Channel High Performance Serial I/O PMC CARD With up to 256Kbytes of FIFO buffering and Multiple Serial Protocols
PMC-SIO4 Quad Channel High Performance Serial I/O PMC CARD With up to 256Kbytes of FIFO buffering and Multiple Serial Protocols Features Include: 4 Full-Duplex Serial Channels Either RS-422/45 or RS232
More informationAnalysis of Video Transmission over Lossy Channels
1012 IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 18, NO. 6, JUNE 2000 Analysis of Video Transmission over Lossy Channels Klaus Stuhlmüller, Niko Färber, Member, IEEE, Michael Link, and Bernd
More informationLecture 18 Design For Test (DFT)
Lecture 18 Design For Test (DFT) Xuan Silvia Zhang Washington University in St. Louis http://classes.engineering.wustl.edu/ese461/ ASIC Test Two Stages Wafer test, one die at a time, using probe card production
More informationImplementation of A Low Cost Motion Detection System Based On Embedded Linux
Implementation of A Low Cost Motion Detection System Based On Embedded Linux Hareen Muchala S. Pothalaiah Dr. B. Brahmareddy Ph.d. M.Tech (ECE) Assistant Professor Head of the Dept.Ece. Embedded systems
More informationPowerful Software Tools and Methods to Accelerate Test Program Development A Test Systems Strategies, Inc. (TSSI) White Paper.
Powerful Software Tools and Methods to Accelerate Test Program Development A Test Systems Strategies, Inc. (TSSI) White Paper Abstract Test costs have now risen to as much as 50 percent of the total manufacturing
More informationfor Television ---- Formatting AES/EBU Audio and Auxiliary Data into Digital Video Ancillary Data Space
SMPTE STANDARD ANSI/SMPTE 272M-1994 for Television ---- Formatting AES/EBU Audio and Auxiliary Data into Digital Video Ancillary Data Space 1 Scope 1.1 This standard defines the mapping of AES digital
More informationApplication Note PG001: Using 36-Channel Logic Analyzer and 36-Channel Digital Pattern Generator for testing a 32-Bit ALU
Application Note PG001: Using 36-Channel Logic Analyzer and 36-Channel Digital Pattern Generator for testing a 32-Bit ALU Version: 1.0 Date: December 14, 2004 Designed and Developed By: System Level Solutions,
More information1C.4.1. Modeling of Motion Classified VBR Video Codecs. Ya-Qin Zhang. Ferit Yegenoglu, Bijan Jabbari III. MOTION CLASSIFIED VIDEO CODEC INFOCOM '92
Modeling of Motion Classified VBR Video Codecs Ferit Yegenoglu, Bijan Jabbari YaQin Zhang George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia GTE Laboratories Waltham, Massachusetts ABSTRACT Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
More informationLogiCORE IP AXI Video Direct Memory Access v5.03a
LogiCORE IP AXI Video Direct Memory Access v5.03a Product Guide Table of Contents SECTION I: SUMMARY Chapter 1: Overview Feature Summary..................................................................
More informationFunctional Diagram: Figure 1 PCIe4-SIO8BX-SYNC Block Diagram. Chan 1-4. Multi-protocol Transceiver. 32kb. Receiver FIFO. 32kb.
PCIe4-SIO8BX-SYNC High Speed Eight Channel Synchronous Serial to Parallel Controller Featuring RS485/RS232 Serial I/O (Software Configurable) and 32k Byte FIFO Buffers (512k Byte total) The PCIe4-SI08BX-SYNC
More informationFirst Encounters with the ProfiTap-1G
First Encounters with the ProfiTap-1G Contents Introduction... 3 Overview... 3 Hardware... 5 Installation... 7 Talking to the ProfiTap-1G... 14 Counters... 14 Graphs... 15 Meters... 17 Log... 17 Features...
More informationECE 372 Microcontroller Design
E.g. Port A, Port B Used to interface with many devices Switches LEDs LCD Keypads Relays Stepper Motors Interface with digital IO requires us to connect the devices correctly and write code to interface
More informationTRP vs. EIRP and interference between mobile networks
Security Level: TRP vs. EIRP and interference between mobile networks 6 June 2017 www.huawei.com For discussion HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Contents Introduction Antenna array gain pattern EIRP vs. TRP
More informationTechnical report on validation of error models for n.
Technical report on validation of error models for 802.11n. Rohan Patidar, Sumit Roy, Thomas R. Henderson Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle Abstract This technical
More informationDesign of Fault Coverage Test Pattern Generator Using LFSR
Design of Fault Coverage Test Pattern Generator Using LFSR B.Saritha M.Tech Student, Department of ECE, Dhruva Institue of Engineering & Technology. Abstract: A new fault coverage test pattern generator
More informationJoint Optimization of Source-Channel Video Coding Using the H.264/AVC encoder and FEC Codes. Digital Signal and Image Processing Lab
Joint Optimization of Source-Channel Video Coding Using the H.264/AVC encoder and FEC Codes Digital Signal and Image Processing Lab Simone Milani Ph.D. student simone.milani@dei.unipd.it, Summer School
More informationInterleaved Source Coding (ISC) for Predictive Video Coded Frames over the Internet
Interleaved Source Coding (ISC) for Predictive Video Coded Frames over the Internet Jin Young Lee 1,2 1 Broadband Convergence Networking Division ETRI Daejeon, 35-35 Korea jinlee@etri.re.kr Abstract Unreliable
More informationStudent Laboratory Experiments Exploring Optical Fibre Communication Systems, Eye Diagrams and Bit Error Rates
Student Laboratory Experiments Exploring Optical Fibre Communication Systems, Eye Diagrams and Bit Error Rates Douglas Walsh, David Moodie, Iain Mauchline, Steve Conner, *Walter Johnstone, *Brian Culshaw,
More informationCentre for Economic Policy Research
The Australian National University Centre for Economic Policy Research DISCUSSION PAPER The Reliability of Matches in the 2002-2004 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey Panel Brian McCaig DISCUSSION
More informationPerformance Evaluation of Error Resilience Techniques in H.264/AVC Standard
Performance Evaluation of Error Resilience Techniques in H.264/AVC Standard Ram Narayan Dubey Masters in Communication Systems Dept of ECE, IIT-R, India Varun Gunnala Masters in Communication Systems Dept
More informationSound Measurement. V2: 10 Nov 2011 WHITE PAPER. IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
www.omnitek.tv IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES Sound Measurement An important element in the assessment of video for broadcast is the assessment of its audio content. This audio can be delivered in a range
More informationHow to Setup Virtual Audio Cable (VAC) 4.0x with PowerSDR
How to Setup Virtual Audio Cable (VAC) 4.0x with PowerSDR Content provided by: FlexRadio Systems Engineering & Tim W4TME Virtual Audio Cable (VAC) is a third-party software program that allows the rerouting
More informationCHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
124 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE Data hiding is becoming one of the most rapidly advancing techniques the field of research especially with increase in technological advancements in internet and
More informationLogic Analysis Basics
Logic Analysis Basics September 27, 2006 presented by: Alex Dickson Copyright 2003 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Introduction If you have ever asked yourself these questions: What is a logic analyzer? What
More informationStatistical Consulting Topics. RCBD with a covariate
Statistical Consulting Topics RCBD with a covariate Goal: to determine the optimal level of feed additive to maximize the average daily gain of steers. VARIABLES Y = Average Daily Gain of steers for 160
More informationLogic Analysis Basics
Logic Analysis Basics September 27, 2006 presented by: Alex Dickson Copyright 2003 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Introduction If you have ever asked yourself these questions: What is a logic analyzer? What
More informationCHAPTER 2 SUBCHANNEL POWER CONTROL THROUGH WEIGHTING COEFFICIENT METHOD
CHAPTER 2 SUBCHANNEL POWER CONTROL THROUGH WEIGHTING COEFFICIENT METHOD 2.1 INTRODUCTION MC-CDMA systems transmit data over several orthogonal subcarriers. The capacity of MC-CDMA cellular system is mainly
More informationSelecting Cables for Power over Ethernet
Hitachi Cable America Inc. Selecting Cables for Power over Ethernet Factors to Consider when Selecting the Appropriate Cable 8/12/217 Ratio of Power Dissipated vs 1 Power over Ethernet Standards and applications
More informationTeaching Plasma Nanotechnologies Based on Remote Access
Teaching Plasma Nanotechnologies Based on Remote Access Authors: Alexander Zimin, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia, zimin@power.bmstu.ru Andrey Shumov, Bauman Moscow State Technical University,
More informationAnalyzing 8b/10b Encoded Signals with a Real-time Oscilloscope Real-time triggering up to 6.25 Gb/s on 8b/10b encoded data streams
Presented by TestEquity - www.testequity.com Analyzing 8b/10b Encoded Signals with a Real-time Oscilloscope Real-time triggering up to 6.25 Gb/s on 8b/10b encoded data streams Application Note Application
More information