Validity. What Is It? Types We Will Discuss. The degree to which an inference from a test score is appropriate or meaningful.
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1 Validity 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 1 What Is It? The degree to which an inference from a test score is appropriate or meaningful. A test may be valid for one application but invalid for an another. A test s validity is limited by its reliability. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 2 Types We Will Discuss 1. Face validity 2. Content validity 3. Criterion related validity - Concurrent - Predictive 4. Construct validity 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 3 1
2 Type 1. Face Validity The extent to which a test looks like it measures what it says it measures. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 4 1. Superficial. Issues 2. Because it looks good doesn t mean it is good. 3. Because it looks weird doesn t mean it is weird. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 5 Type 2. Content Validity Showing that the behaviors sampled by the test are a representative sample of the attribute being measured. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 6 2
3 Content Domain to be assessed. Content Domain of the test. Basic concepts of reliability as they apply to test evaluation and interpretation of test scores. Individual test items. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 7 Model Domain Test Deficiency Contamination Relevance 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 8 What Good Is It? Does the test cover a representative sample of the skills, abilities, knowledge, and/or behaviors relevant to the construct being measured? 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 9 3
4 Concerns/Issues 1. Did the test items cover the Content Domain? 2. Did the test include items that were irrelevant to the content domain? 3. Were important aspects of the Content Domain missed by test items? 4. How to determine where good is? 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 10 Types of prediction Clinical Actuarial Expert interpretation based on logical integration and interpretation of the test data. Statistical assessment using some empirically derived mathematical formula. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 11 Type 3. Criterion Related Validity Criterion Predictor A standard or measure of the accuracy of a decision or behavioral prediction. An assessment tool used to estimate a person s behavior. Validity Coefficient The correlation between test scores (predictor) and the criterion. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 12 4
5 Performance (Criterion) Selection Test (Predictor) 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 13 A. Predictive Validation 1. Test all applicants (predictor). 2. Hire all applicants. 3. Wait. 4. Collect criterion data. 5. Evaluate the relationship between the predictor and the criterion. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 14 B. Concurrent Validation 1. Get sample of incumbents. 2. Test sample (predictor). 3. Get performance data on sample (criterion). 4. Evaluate the relationship between the predictor and the criterion. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 15 5
6 Question? Which strategy is better and why? 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 16 Comparison Predictive Uncontaminated Sample Positive Test Attitude Full Range of Scores Strong Statistics Takes Time Expensive Contaminated Sample Negative Test Attitude Restricted Range of Scores Weak Statistics Little Time Thrifty Concurrent 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 17 Issues 1. Nature of the sample. 2. Changes over time. 3. Form of the relationship. 4. Is your criterion any good? 5. Standard error of estimate. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 18 6
7 Performance (Criterion) Selection Test (Predictor) 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 19 Standard Error of Estimate SE = SD 1 r 2 est y xy 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 20 Influence of Increasing r on SE est (SD = 10) r r 2 2 SDy 1 rxy /8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 21 7
8 Performance False Negatives True Negatives Cut Score Selection Test Hits False Positives 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 22 Figure 1. Comparison of predicted graduation rates 4.0 to actual graduation rates. 3.0 Count Graduate No Yes 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 23 Predicted Value Combining Tests Test Battery Models Compensatory Multiple Cutoff Group of tests used to predict a single criterion. Strength in one area offsets weakness in another area. Minimal level required for one or more critical areas. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 24 8
9 Combining Tests, cont. Multiple Regression Optimal statistical combination of scores to predict a single criterion. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 25 Decision Impact Selection Placement Classification 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 26 Type 4. Construct Validity Demonstration that the test is measuring the hypothetical construct or trait that one claims it is measuring. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 27 9
10 Evidence for Construct Validity 1. Homogeneity. Does the test score represent a single construct? 2. Relationships. Correlates with other tests in a way that is consistent with the predictions of the construct. 3. Age. Scores change as a function of maturation in a way that is consistent with the theory. 4. Intervention. Posttest scores change after intervention. 5. Groups. Scores from distinctly different groups vary. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 28 Decision Style Rational Intuitive Dependent Avoidant PI Assertiveness AVA Assertiveness PI-Sociability AVA Sociability PI-Calmness AVA Calmness PI Conformity AVA Conformity /8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 29 Convergent vs. Discriminant Validity Convergent Validity Discriminant Validity Demonstrating that the test is related to other tests measuring the same thing. Demonstrating that the test is NOT related to tests with which it should NOT be related.. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 30 10
11 Developmental Changes Some constructs change as a function of age. Abilities. Intelligence. Cognitive skills. Issues. Not all change as a function of age. Cultural influences. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 31 Pretest Posttest Changes Issues. Experimental design. State vs. Trait. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 32 Distinct Groups Can the test differentiate between groups that are distinctly different on the construct? 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 33 11
12 Factor Analysis Statistical techniques for identifying interrelationships between items with the goal of identifying items that group or cluster together. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 34 C G D B E H K A L F I J 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 35 Test Bias Factors inherent in a test that systematically prevent accurate, impartial measurement of one group. 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 36 12
13 Bias in Regression SLOPE BIAS 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 37 Regression Bias, cont. INTERCEPT BIAS Underpredict Overpredict 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 38 4/8/2003 PSY 721 Validity 39 13
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