Polarization Engineering for LCD Projection

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1 Polarization Engineering for LCD Projection Michael G. Robinson, Jianmin Chen, and Gary D. Sharp Colorlink Inc., USA John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

2 Contents Series Editor's Foreword Preface XIII XV 1 Introduction The Case for Projection History and Projection Technology Overview Cinema Film CRT-based Projection Systems Schlieren Optics-based Projector Microdisplay-based Projection Systems Other Projection Technologies Scope of the Book 17 2 Liquid Crystal Projection System Basics Introduction Brightness and Color Sensitivity of the Human Eye Brightness Brightness Uniformity Color White Color Distinction and Just Noticeable Differences (JNDs) Contrast Size, Resolution, Registration, and Distortion Electronic and Panel-related Metrics Photometrie Measurement Summary of What Constitutes a "Good" RPTV Display in the Current Marketplace System Engineering Rear-projection Screens Folding Mirrors 34

3 VIII CONTENTS Projection Optics Color Management and Modulation Subsystem Illumination System Light Source Etendue Considerations 41 3 Polarizarion Basics Introduction Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Polarization of Monochromatic Waves Complex Number Representation Jones'Vector Representation Stokes' Parameters Poincare Sphere Interaction with Media Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves Matrix Formulation for Isotropie Layered Media Matrix Formulation for Anisotropie Layered Media Index Ellipsoid Visualization Modeling Techniques 72 4 System Components Introduction Retarders Polarizers Absorptive Polarizer Reflective Polarizers Interference Filters Anti-reflection Coatings Quarter-wave Stack Normal Incidence Dichroic Filters Dichroic Beam Splitters Polarizing Beam Splitters (PBSs) Dichroic Cube PBS Multilayer Birefringent Cube PBS (MBC PBS) Wire Grid Plate PBS Other Components Mirrors Light-pipe Substrates Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) Description and Brief History Anisotropie Properties of Liquid Crystals Frank Free Energy and Electromagnetic Field Contribution to Free Energy Alignment Layer and LC Pretilt Angle Rotational Viscosity Electro-optical Effect of LCs LC Modes for Projection Electrically ControUed Birefringence (ECB) Mode TN and VA 90 TN Mode 117

4 CONTENTS IX Reflective TN Mode Mixed TN (MTN) Mode MTN Mode FOV of LCDs Retarder Stack Filters Introduction Principle and Background of RSFs Single Stage Polarization Interference Multilayer Polarization Interference RSFs in LC Projection Systems Optical Filters Color Splitters/Combiners Design of RSFs Impulse Response of a Birefringent Network Design Methodology Impulse Response to RSF Angular Profile Mapping Properties of Retarder Stacks Unitary Jones'Matrix Representation Properties of Symmetrie RSF Designs General Properties of Symmetrie RSF Designs System Contrast Introduction On-axis Contrast Head-on Contrast of LC Mode Normal Incidence Pre- and Post-polarizers Off-axis Effects Homeotropic Liquid Crystals Off-axis Property of Sheet Polarizers Geometrical PBS Compensation PBS/LCOS Compensation VALCOSMode General LCOS Mode Influence of the Reflections from Interfaces on System Contrast ANSI Contrast Enhancement Skew Ray Compensated Retarder Stack Filters Alternative Projection Systems Off-telecentric Wire Grid PBS System Off-axis System Overall System Contrast Color Management Introduction System Color Band Determination Color Management in Projection Systems Spatial Color Separation and Recombination Temporal Color Separation 209

5 X CONTENTS Transmissive Three-panel Projection System Introduction Brief System Description System Throughput Lamp Flux Output, < Illumination Efficiency, r) m Color Management System Efficiency, r\ cm Color Correction Efficiency, r\ cc Modulation System Efficiency, v\ m Imaging System Efficiency, TJ^, Total System Lumen Output, <t> out Contrast Negative c-plate Compensation Splayed Negative Birefnngent Film Compensation Scheme Negative o-plate Compensation Positive o-plate Compensation Scheme Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) Compensation Scheme Three-panel Reflective Systems Introduction x PBS/X-cube System Description of Basic Operation Comparison to Transmissive System Brightness Contrast Systems Upgrades v Alternative PBS Solutions Polarization Color Filter Systems The CQ3 Three-PBS Architecture System Analysis Three-panel LCOS System Comparison Single and Dual Panel LC Projection Systems Introduction Generic Color Sequential Single Panel Reflective LC System System Description Single Panel LCOS System Throughput System Contrast Temporal System Issues Example Single Panel Color Sequential Systems Scrolling Color System Field Sequential Single Panel System Two-panel Systems White Color Balance Color Break-up Two-panel Architectures 270

6 CONTENTS XI 11.5 Commercialized Single Panel Projection Systems Based on Spatial Color Separation Angular Color Beam Separation with Panel-based Microlens Arrays Holographie Micro-optic Color Separation Flat-panel LCD Projection 274 Appendix A 277 Index 281 /

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