The Broadcasting System

Transcription

1 2009 English

2 The Broadcasting System Constitutional Mandate The constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany guarantees everyone the right to inform themselves freely from generally accessible sources. It is the constitutionally based function of the broadcasting media and of the other media to give the people free and ample opportunity to form their own opinions. The freedom of reporting by means of broadcasts is a basic freedom written into the constitution. States Have Parliamentary Jurisdiction Legislation is needed to implement this constitutional mandate. In the Federal Republic the parliaments of the various states have general legislative jurisdiction with regard to the media. Federal responsibility is limited to the technical side of broadcasting (i. e. provision and management of the telecommunication systems). National legislation (Bundestag) also regulates some areas of international broadcasting. Aim: Freedom of the Broadcasting Media Experience with media abuse in the years prior to 1945, particularly during the Nazi period, motivated the decision to make radio and television in West Germany independent of government and interest group influence. Founding of Independent Broadcasting Corporations The states in West Germany, either individually or in groups, founded public-law institutions for the purpose of producing and disseminating radio and television programmes. All of the broadcasting corporations established by states or groups of states have the same mission, i. e. to serve the public as a whole with programmes providing information, education and entertainment. This model was applied to the new, eastern states in Since the mid-eighties there are private broadcasting companies in the Federal Republic coexisting alongside the public broadcasting corporations with their mandate to provide comprehensive broadcasting services. Under Public Control Adherence to the public programming mandate is monitored in the public broadcasting corporations by broadcasting councils. They consist of representatives of the major organized groups in society (e. g. labour, industrial management, churches). They represent the interests of the general public, i. e. of all the listeners and viewers. An administrative council monitors the conduct of business. The day-to-day implementation of the programming mandate is the responsibility of the public broadcasting corporation employees. Each corporation is headed by a director (Intendant). Financed from License Fees The public broadcasting system is financed by everyone (well, almost everyone) on the basis of monthly listener/viewer license fees. The amount of the fees is determined by the state parliaments. The public broadcasting organizations also take in some revenue from advertising and sponsoring, but this is a limited source of income. The Core Element of the System: Public Broadcasting Corporations The public broadcasting corporations form the core element of the overall broadcasting system in the Federal Republic. The following are the public broadcasting organizations under state law: Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR), Hessischer Rundfunk (HR), Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR), Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR), Radio Bremen, Rundfunk Berlin- Brandenburg (RBB), Saarländischer Rundfunk (SR), Südwestrundfunk (SWR), and Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln (WDR).

3 ARD and its Members Deutsche Welle (DW) is a public broadcasting corporation under federal law. Finally, there is a country-wide public television corporation: Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF), jointly founded by all of the states together. Deutschlandradio as a corporation under the joint auspices of ARD and ZDF provides two nation-wide radio programmes. Association of Ten Public Broadcasting Corporations With the exception of the ZDF, the public broadcasting corporations joined together to form the ARD for the purpose of promoting their joint interests. Peter Boudgoust, ARD chairman The ARD general meeting elects a member organization for a term of one year to assume responsibility for conducting the business of ARD. The director of the corporation responsible for the conduct of business in a given year is also ARD chairman. The ARD Secretary General in Berlin both supports the chairman and management, and ensures continuity in media policy during the rotation of the chairmanship. The public broadcasting corporation currently responsible for the conduct of ARD business: Südwestrundfunk (SWR) ARD chairman: Peter Boudgoust Neckarstraße Stuttgart Telephone: Telefax: Press office: Harald Dietz SWR/Rafael Krötz Office of ARD Secretary General Schiffbauerdamm Berlin Telephone: Telefax: ARD Secretary General: Verena Wiedemann Press office: Julia Niesert Internal Coordination, Joint Representation on the Outside Cooperation inside ARD is coordinated by commissions. The ZDF is represented on some of them. Individual directors or corporations have assumed responsibility for some longer-term functions. ARD is represented by appointed individuals in dealings with institutions such as the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Separate Institutions for Joint Tasks ARD has created independent institutions for the purpose of carrying out certain joint tasks. ZDF is involved in some cases. The major instances are Degeto Film GmbH, responsible for the production and purchase of films, the German National Broadcasting Archives (DRA), the Institut für Rundfunktechnik GmbH (IRT), responsible for research and develop ment work, the Radio and Television Operations Technology Company (RBT), responsible for testing and measurements, the Training Centre ARD.ZDF medienakademie, and the Fee Collection Centre (GEZ). ARD.ZDF medienakademie gemeinnützige GmbH Wallensteinstraße Nürnberg Telephone: Telefax

4 Broadcasting Areas Flensburg KIEL Heide Rostock Greifswald Lübeck Otterndorf Norderstedt Esens Bremerhaven HH-Lokstedt SCHWERIN Wilhelmshaven HAMBURG Neubrandenburg NDR Prenzlau Oldenburg RB Lüneburg BREMEN Perleberg Verden MDR Lingen DW NDR Vechta HANNOVER Stendal Deutschlandradio ARD-Hauptstadtstudio Braunschweig BERLIN Frankfurt Hameln POTSDAM Rheine Bielefeld Detmold Dessau RBB Münster Paderborn Cottbus Wernigerode Kleve Duisburg WDR Dortmund Göttingen Essen Sondershausen Halle LEIPZIG Wuppertal Witzenhausen Heiligenstadt Bautzen Arnsberg Naumburg Düsseldorf Kassel Korbach Weimar Görlitz Deutschlandradio HR ERFURT MDR DRESDEN Aachen KÖLN Jena SWR Siegen Eisenach Marburg Gera Chemnitz Betzdorf DW Bonn Gießen Bad Neuenahr- Saalfeld Suhl Plauen Ahrweiler Fulda Limburg Osnabrück MAGDEBURG (Oder) Gerolstein Koblenz Hanau Hof Traben- FRANKFURT SWR Trarbach Wiesbaden Schweinfurt Bayreuth Trier MAINZ Aschaffenburg Bamberg Idar- Darmstadt Oberstein Worms Würzburg Bensheim Erbach Kaiserslautern Ludwigshafen Tauberbischofsheim Nürnberg SR SAAR- Mannheim/ Buchen Ansbach Amberg Ludwigshafen BRÜCKEN / Mosbach Landau Heilbronn Schwäbisch-Hall Bodenmais Karlsruhe BR SWR Regensburg Pforzheim Aalen BADEN-BADEN STUTTGART Ingolstadt Mamming Donauwörth Landshut Passau Tübingen Offenburg Ulm Augsburg Albstadt-Ebingen Biberach/Riß M.-Unterföhring M.-Freimann Villingen-Schwenningen MÜNCHEN Freiburg Rosenheim Traunstein Lörrach Konstanz Ravensburg Kempten Friedrichshafen Waldshut- Murnau Tiengen Lindau Broadcasting centre, studio Office, newsroom Deutschlandradio Radio and television Radio and television Broadcasting centre, studio Radio Television Radio Television German National Broadcasting Archives DRA Bertramstraße Frankfurt Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Rundfunk-Betriebstechnik GmbH RBT Wallensteinstraße Nürnberg Telefon: Telefax: Internet: Deutsches Institut für Rundfunktechnik GmbH IRT Floriansmühlstraße München Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Degeto Film GmbH Am Steinernen Stock Frankfurt Telephone: Telefax:

5 ARD Members Bayerischer Rundfunk BR Rundfunkplatz München Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Director: Thomas Gruber Press office: Rudi Küffner Hessischer Rundfunk HR Frankfurt Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Director: Helmut Reitze Press office: Tobias Häuser Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk MDR Kantstraße Leipzig Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Director: Udo Reiter Head of Communications: Stefan Anton Mugrauer Norddeutscher Rundfunk NDR Rothenbaumchaussee Hamburg Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Director: Lutz Marmor Press office: Martin Gartzke Radio Bremen Diepenau Bremen Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Director: Heinz Glässgen Press office: Michael Glöckner Rundfunk Berlin- Brandenburg RBB Masurenallee Berlin Telephone: Telefax: Marlene-Dietrich-Allee Potsdam Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Director: Dagmar Reim Press office: Ralph Kotsch Saarländischer Rundfunk SR Funkhaus Halberg Saarbrücken Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Director: Fritz Raff Press office: Peter Meyer Südwestrundfunk SWR Neckarstraße Stuttgart Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Director: Peter Boudgoust Press office: Ariane Pfisterer Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln WDR Appellhofplatz Köln Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Director: Monika Piel Press office: Gudrun Hindersin Deutsche Welle DW Kurt-Schumacher-Straße Bonn Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Director-General: Erik Bettermann Press office: Johannes Hoffmann

6 Technology Finances Transmitters, Satellites and Cable Networks In order to provide the entire population of Germany with radio and television, ARD and its members utilize all the currently available broadcasting technology: closely connected networks of terrestrial that is, earthbound transmitters, satellites and cable plus, on an ever increasing scale, the Internet. Terrestrial transmission of radio broadcasts is still largely analog (FM), whereas for television and other modes of transmission, digital procedures are used increasingly, such as ASTRA Digital Radio (ADR), Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB). All radio channels and all TV channels are transmitted additionally or mainly by satellite. The radio channels are primarily digital, the television channels are usually both analog or digital. Furthermore, ARD channels are fed into cable networks within and from news broadcasts to TV shows. To record and produce outside the studio, mobile broadcasting units or vans outfitted with audio/visual equipment are necessary. Programmes Cost Money To produce radio and television programmes, and to transmit them efficiently, costs a great deal of money. Transmitters and studios have to be built and maintained, transmission lines have to be hired, and film and recording tapes must be bought. Feature films and transmission rights to such things as sporting events have to be acquired, and copyrights must be purchased. Last but not least, the employees and freelancers have to be paid for their services. Programmes for Everyone, Fees from Everyone The public broadcasting corporations receive most of the funding they require from their listeners and viewers: WDR/Herby Sachs sometimes outside of their terrestrial broadcasting areas. On Internet, mainly all those ARD radio channels that are broadcast in Real-Audio- Format or other special formats, can be heard. Studios and Mobile Broadcasting Units Broadcasting organizations require extensive studio facilities in order to produce and transmit such a broad variety and scope of programmes WDR opened a new TV Broadcasting Centre in Cologne. with their license fees, members of the public finance more than 80 per cent of the programming produced by ARD broadcasting organizations under state law (in 2008). Revenues from advertising, co-productions, co-financing, marketing of programmes etc. bring in the rest.

7 TV In the current year a total of per month in license fees must be paid: this consists of a basic fee of 5.76 and a TV fee of for every set subject to such fees. Of the total amount, the ARD broadcasting corporations under state law receive Cooperation and Revenue Equalization Revenues from fees are lower of course in the smaller broadcasting areas than in the larger ones. In order to be able to provide the same standard and variety of programming everywhere in Germany, the ARD member organizations cooperate in a number of ways. By means of a revenue equalization system, the financially stronger ARDmembers support the less-well-off corporations. DW receives subsidies from the federal government. Administering Advertising Varying volumes of advertising are broadcast on 33 ARD radio pro - grammes and on the regional TV programmes. The total air time for TV commercials cannot be more than 20 minutes per workday, averaged annually. The ARD public broadcasting corporations have established their own independent companies to acquire and carry out advertising contracts. These companies are all members of the ARD-Werbung, an association of nine companies for public broadcast advertising. Their marketing and service firm is the ARD-Werbung SALES & SERVICES GmbH (AS&S). ARD-Werbung SALES & SERVICES GmbH (AS&S) Bertramstraße Frankfurt Telefon Telefax Internet: TV Coordination Centre: Programme Directorate of Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen The individual broadcasting corporations under state law contribute to the cooperative programme of ARD, Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen, according to their financial capacity. Programming is coordinated by a standing committee whose chairman is the programme director of Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen. He is assisted by controllers for the various programming areas. All enquiries from abroad are handled by the department of International Relations. The standing committee is advised by the Programmbeirat, the television advisory board, whose members are representatives of the monitoring councils of the individual broadcasting outlets. Programme Directorate of Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen Arnulfstraße München Telephone: Telefax: Internet: Director: Volker Herres Press Office: Silvia Maric Director Department of International Relations: Andreas Weiss Common Infrastructure: ARD-aktuell, Capital Studio and Foreign Correspondent Network ARD has established a common newscentre operation, ARD-aktuell, at NDR in Hamburg. Its staff produces the three news broadcasts, Tagesschau, Tagesthemen and Nachtmagazin. Other cooperative broadcasts are produced by individual outlets for all members. The studio facilities in Germany s capital city Berlin are utilized by both television and radio. They also share a network of foreign correspondents: this network of more than 100 correspondents in 30 places makes it one of the largest world wide.

8 TV The Flagship: Das Erste Das Erste (First programme) offers a wide variety of TV for all viewers. The range extends from regular news and sport broadcasts to entertainment shows, various series, political magazine-type pro grammes, cultural broadcasts, TV plays, feature films, family programmes, religious and musical broadcasts. On workdays ARD and ZDF broadcast a Morgenmagazin and a Mittagsmagazin. Anne Will, talkshow in Das Erste on sunday nights. Anne Will (r.) in conversation with a guest. In the early evening hours on workdays ARD offers a news programme followed by two daily soaps and other series and shows of ARD s own production. All told, ARD broadcasts 24 hours of television programming and a nation wide videotext programme daily on its main transmitter chain. Technically, ARD can reach a lmost everyone in Germany. In fact, Das Erste is watched by 38.4 per cent of all viewers every day. Average viewing time is 28 minutes a day, which represents 13.4 per cent of each viewer s total television consumption. ARD Digital ARD presents its own programme package of digital television. Included are all tv channels and radio programmes from ARD, as well as many interactive services. The joint TV channels EinsExtra, EinsFestival and EinsPlus can only be received digitally. NDR/Wolfgang Borrs KI.KA and PHOENIX: Two Special Channels The ARD/ZDF children s channel, KI.KA, broadcasts a programme without commercials for the youngest viewers. As a joint project, ARD and ZDF also operate PHOENIX, the current affairs and documentary channel. KI.KA Erfurt Telephone Telefax Internet: PHOENIX Langer Grabenweg Bonn Telephone Telefax Internet: Cultural Programming: 3sat and ARTE The satellite cultural channel 3sat is produced by ARD together with ZDF, Austrian and Swiss television. The European cultural channel ARTE is another joint venture involving the ARD, along with ZDF and the French company ARTE France. ARD-Koordination 3sat SWR Funkhaus Baden-Baden Hans-Bredow-Straße Baden-Baden Telephone Telefax Internet: ARTE G.E.I.E 4, Quai du Chanoine Winterer F Strasbourg Cedex Telephone Telefax Internet:

9 TV Radio Third Programmes: Information and Entertainment with a Regional Accent With seven Third programmes besides the nation-wide First programme, the ARD broadcasting corporations demonstrate their regional competence. These programmes Bayerisches Fernsehen, hr-fernsehen, MDR FERNSE- HEN, NDR Fernsehen (from NDR and Radio Bremen), rbb Fernsehen, SWR-/ SR-Fernsehen and WDR Fernsehen total 24 hours a day. A significant element in some of these programmes is the fact that they have their own news broadcasts. Regional information and entertainment programmes are broadcast, along with educational programmes and music, cultural and science programmes, documentaries, feature films, series, game shows and talk shows. Important Cooperation Cooperation also plays a major role in the Third programmes: all of the outlets are able to expand their programmes selection through access to a common programme pool. Technically, the Third programmes reach virtually all of the population within their broadcast areas. Almost all of them are broadcast by satellite and can be seen in other regions, too. They account for 13.2 per cent of the average viewing. At least 37.6 per cent of all viewers tune into them once a day. BR broadcasts not only its Third programme but also BR-alpha, an educational channel. MDR aktuell, a regional news magazine in MDR FERNSEHEN MDR\Berger ARD-Radio: Cooperation and Common Programmes The ARD radio stations are involved in a lively exchange of programmes, they cooperate on various coproductions and they produce three common night time programmes, which they take turns in producing. An episode of ARD Radio Tatort, produced by Radio Bremen In addition, some of the ARD radio stations produce programmes in different languages and in German for foreigners living in Germany which are carried by other regional stations. WDR Funkhaus Europa (WDR/Radio Bremen) provides special broadcasts for foreigners living in the broadcast areas from WDR, Radio Bremen and RBB. Apart from that each organization offers its listeners its own programming: four or more programmes per broadcast area. There are additional channels via DAB like Bayern Mobil (BR), MDR KLAS- SIK, SWR cont.ra, WDR 2 Klassik, and the WDR traffic channel VERA. The children s channel Kiraka.de or 1LIVE Kunst on WDR are solely web channels. All told, ARD s radio programmes reach 50.2 per cent of all persons every day, and account for 57.1 per cent of all radio use 101 minutes a day. Music and Information The popular stations Bayern 1, hr1, Antenne Brandenburg and radioberlin 88,8 (RBB), Bremen Eins, and SWR1 all broadcast information, entertainment and music. Advice and request programmes are part of the package, as are political reports, commentaries Radio Bremen

10 Radio DW and magazine-style broadcasts, all aimed at the broadest possible range of listeners. Cultural Programmes The cultural programmes hr2-kultur, MDR FIGARO, NDR Kultur, Nordwestradio (Radio Bremen/NDR), Kulturradio (RBB), SR 2 KulturRadio, SWR2, and WDR 3 broadcast programmes designed for listener groups with special interests. These outlets provide radio plays, features and readings, and broadcast on literature, science and politics. The musical spectrum reaches from symphonies to jazz. The all-music station Bayern 4 Klassik offers only serious music. Spoken Word Stations Bayern 2, antenne saar (SR), SWR cont.ra, and WDR 5 mainly broadcast the spoken word. The spectrum ranges from radio plays and readings to information and also includes school and children s radio. B5 aktuell, hr-info, MDR INFO, Inforadio (RBB), and NDR Info during the day offer news and wire service information, short reports, commentaries and interviews, updating it every 15 or 20 minutes. SWR1 Hitparade : Thomas Schmidt (l.) and Patrick Neelmeier For Young People YOU FM (HR), MDR SPUTNIK, N-JOY (NDR), Bremen Vier, Fritz (RBB), UnserDing (SR), DASDING (SWR), and 1LIVE (WDR) broadcast the latest rock, hiphop, new beat and electronic sounds, catering particulary for young listeners. In addition they offer interactive radio with listening audience phone-ins and discussions, short reports and radio comics. Rob Green presenting the YOU FM Roadshow (HR), a programme for young people Easy Listening Popular rockfree music, from easy listening hits to dance music and operettas, as well as entertaining and informative short reports and commentaries are featured on hr4 and WDR 4. Regional Programmes The broadcasting facilities of each state offer regional entertainment and information programmes particularly on Bayern 1, hr4, MDR 1, NDR 1, Bremen Eins, radioberlin 88,8 (RBB), Antenne Brandenburg (RBB), SR 3 Saarlandwelle, SWR4, and WDR 2. HR/ Sascha Rheker Pop, Service & Information Bayern 3, hr 3, JUMP (MDR), NDR 2, Radioeins (RBB), SR 1 Europawelle, SWR3, and WDR 2 all aim at a younger or young-at-heart audience, with short reports and commentaries, tips and information, as well as pop music. There are also newscasts on the hour, along with traffic reports. SWR/Kluge DW: Radio and TV for the World As Germany s international broadcaster, DW produces programmes for all five continents. DW-RADIO broadcasts via short wave, satellite and Internet in 30 languages. DW-RADIO s English and German programme is offered 24 hours a day. DW-TV has a global reach and offers daily news, magazines and

11 Deutschlandradio Online features in German, English, Spanish and Arabic via satellite in a 24-hour coverage. Radio Tobi, a radio play for kids in Deutschlandradio Kultur Deutschlandradio Culture and Information Deutschlandradio broadcasts countrywide 24 hours a day from two stations, one in Berlin and one in Cologne. Both stations concentrate on news and cultural programming. Deutschlandradio Raderberggürtel Köln Telephone: Internet: Director: Willi Steul Press office: Dietmar Boettcher Online: Orientation in the Net On Internet, ARD presents programmerelated features that inform, educate, advise and entertain visitors. In providing these pages, freely accessible and open to everyone, ARD helps all citizens become part of the knowledge society. And there are no advertisements or DLR/Jonas Maron sponsors on the homepages, contrary to the usual commercialised environment of the web. With its serious, quality contents, ARD leads the way. All subjects and offers provided by ARD on the Internet can be accessed at This also includes the ARD media library with the recall data of radio and TV. For licence fee payers, this is a definite plus. ARD s Internet pages also serve as platforms for communications offers to users. ARD.de combines in a single location the wide variety of offers from member channels and stations, and provides information on current programmes as well as on events and issues from all over the world. In the category Fernsehen (TV), DasErste.de provides information on programme listings and featured personalities of the First Programme. Under Nachrichten (news), tagesschau.de which draws upon information from ARD radio and TV and from ARD s international network of correspondents reports on national, international and regional events even more quickly than the Tagesschau news programme. In the category Börse (stock exchange), boerse.ard.de brings you the latest and most important developments in the financial world, based on radio and television reports from the stock exchange. Under Sport, sport.ard.de provides news, background information and reports, as well as pictures and multimedia features from the world of sports. ARD-Online-Koordination is loca ted at the SWR offices in Mainz. ARD.de

12 2009 English ARD is the abbreviation for Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. This translates as the Association of Public Broadcasting Corporations in the Federal Republic of Germany. ARD consists of nine independent broadcasting corporations under state law. Their joint task, by law, is to provide radio and television to the public in the Federal Republic of Germany. The tenth member of ARD is the international broadcasting service Deutsche Welle. Radio and TV: Broad Selection for Listeners, Viewers and Users The programming provided by ARD and its member corporations covers a wide range of listener and viewer interests. In keeping with its mandate under law, this includes news, education, culture and entertainment, taking into account majority and minority interests. The stations in question broadcast regionally, nationally and internationally, as the case may be. Television programming includes regional focusses on the Third Programmes, and general programming on Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen. In addition to this, there is the children s channel, KI.KA, and the current affairs and documentary channel, PHOENIX, (broadcasting responsibility shared with ZDF), 3sat, a cultural channel broadcast via satellite, in which the ARD is involved, the European cultural channel ARTE, and the programme package of digital television, ARD Digital. Radio programming consists primarily of the stations operated by the individual broadcasting corporations under state law. These stations serve a given state or broadcast region and cater for the needs of specific target and age groups. Some broadcasting corporations also have regional window stations. Deutschlandradio (German Radio) offers two nation-wide radio programmes. Radio and TV programmes as well as a multimedia Internet portal are produced for the entire world by Deutsche Welle. 2008, around 43.1 million radios and 36.9 million TV sets were registered in Germany. Listeners and viewers anywhere in this area can choose from among at least four ARD radio outlets and at least eight TV channels by ARD or joint projects. Via cable or satellite the choice is much greater. As a complement to their radio and television broadcasts, ARD, its member stations and Deutschlandradio present their own Internet pages on news, education and entertainment, which refer back to the contents of programmes. Services are also a major component of these pages. publishers The press offices of the ARD member broadcasting corporations and the programme directorate of Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen. editors Gudrun Augustin, Jutta Weismüller, DRA, Frankfurt. cover Julia Eichhorn and Ludmilla Schmidt, Saarbrücken. composition, lithography, graphics Dinges & Frick GmbH, Wiesbaden. production Dinges & Frick, Wiesbaden. date of publishing detailed information on the ard Consult the ARD Yearbook 08 or ARD-online ( In addition, the ARD guidelines 2009/2010 and the ARD report concerning the fulfillment of its assignment 2007/2008 are available for recall at ARD.de/intern. The Yearbook is available in bookstores for the price of 9.00 (isbn ). IMPRINT