Uiversity o Alberta Forest i the City by Trio Heey A thesis submitted to the Faculty o Graduate Studies ad Research i artial ulillmet o the requiremets or the degree o Doctor o Music Deartmet o Music Trio Heey Srig 2014 Edmoto, Alberta Permissio is hereby grated to the Uiversity o Alberta Libraries to reroduce sigle coies o this thesis ad to led or sell such coies or rivate, scholarly or scietiic research uroses oly. Where the thesis is coverted to, or otherise made available i digital orm, the Uiversity o Alberta ill advise otetial users o the thesis o these terms. The author reserves all other ublicatio ad other rights i associatio ith the coyright i the thesis ad, excet as herei beore rovided, either the thesis or ay substatial ortio thereo may be rited or otherise reroduced i ay material orm hatsoever ithout sthe author's rior ritte ermissio.
Abstract Forest i the City is a soudscae comositio or strig orchestra (5/4/3/2/2), divided ito to cocetric circles cosistig o ier ad outer grous, ad electroics. Satializatio o strig orchestra, loudseakers, ad audiece is a major ocus o Forest i the City, as essetial as dyamics ad orchestratio. The electroics are cotrolled by a lato erormer via sotare created i Max 5, a real-time grahical object rogrammig eviromet or music, that allos the comuter to uctio as a musical istrumet uder the guidace o the coductor. The irst chater deals ith the overvie o acoustic ecology ad soudscae, ad ho Forest i the City is situated ithi the rubric o soudscae comositio. I also discuss the imortace o the aurage, or soud-image, as the sychological imrit o a soudscae o the listeer ad its role i Forest i the City. The secod chater covers methodology, rom the iitial ield recordigs, to the soud documets, to the choice o ial soudscaes to be used i Forest i the City. The etire rocess is a codesig o tety-our hours o cotiuous soudscae material traversig the etire legth o the Edmoto River Valley rom the ortheast to the southest do to tety-ive reresetative samles o the Valley. The third chater is about the electroic Max 5 sotare that is resosible or the erormace ad satializatio o the River Valley samles to recreate the soudscae rom both a hysiological ad sychological stadoit. The backgroud textures (hat R. Murray Schaer ould call keyote souds) orm each idividual sectio; ithi these are cotext-deedet oregroud souds sorted ito ioit souds, souds that stay i ii
oe lace, ad aoit souds, souds that ca be reely aed over the course o their duratio. The ourth chater covers the orm, vocabulary, ad aalysis o Forest i the City. The iece s orm is based aroud the recurrece o souds over the course o the jourey through the River Valley; i articular, there is a storm drai at both eds o the valley ad i the cetre o Cailao Park, ormig a rodo rameork. Each o the ive sectios is assiged a seaso ad a time o day as ell, urther distiguishig its idetity. The overall texture o the iece cosists o sustaied toes, reeated aleatory cells, ad isolated evets, much i the maer oe ould exeriece a tyical soudscae. iii
Dedicatio To Alla Gordo ell, ho shoed me the iheret musical beauty i everythig that I listeed to, ad or itroducig me to the idea o the soud-image very early o i my comositio studies. iv
Ackoledgemets First o all, I ish to thak the Uiversity o Alberta, the Faculty o Graduate Studies ad Research, ad the Deartmet o Music or their geerous assistace ith Forest ad the City. I also ish to thak the Academy Strigs or their oderul remiere erormace o this ork. Lastly, I ish to thak my amily ho have give me the suort ad ecouragemet eeded durig the tough times. v
Table o Cotets Abstract...ii Dedicatio...iv Ackoledgemets...v Table o Cotets...vi List o Tables...viii List o Figures ad Illustratios...viii Eigrah...ix 1 OVERVIEW...1 1.1 What is Forest i the City...1 1.2 Soudscae Music...1 What is Soudscae...1 What is a Soudscae Comositio...2 eyod the Cotext Musicalizatio ad Aurage...9 What Kid o Comositio is Forest i the City...10 1.4 Cotext o Forest i the City - Ilueces...12 Comositios ithi the Doctorate...12 Three Movemets or Strig Quartet...12 Drei Waldesgedichte ür Musiker ud Schallschate...14 Outside Ilueces...15 Seciic Comositios...16 2 METHODOLOGY...19 2.1 From Soudscae to Comositio...19 2.2 Fieldotes...20 2.3 Soud Documet Creatio...21 2.4 From Soud Documets to Soud aks...22 2.5 Trascritio o Soudscae Motives... 23 3 SOFTWARE MECHANICS...26 3.1 Sotare Overvie ad Objectives...26 3.2 Sotare Philosohy...27 3.3 User Iterace...28 3.4 Sotare Mechaics...29 3.5 The Score i Relatio to the Electroics...30 4 VOCAULARY AND ANALYSIS...33 4.1 Root Motives...33 Aimal-ased Souds...34 The Chidig Squirrel...34 Ducks ad Geese...36 Sigular Motives...37 Techology-ased Souds...38 4.2 Chordal Comlexes...38 vi
The Drai Comlex...39 Other Maiestatios o Water...40 Droes...40 Seasos...41 4.3 Sectioal Aalysis...42 Macrostructure 1 Rodo Form...42 Macrostructure 2 y Seaso...44 Sectioal Structure...44 4.4 Harmoic Aalysis...45 Pitch Cetres...45 Soud Mass Emhasis...46 Voice Leadig...46 4.5 Satial Desigatios...47 Directioal ackgroud...48 4.6 I Coclusio...48 REFERENCES...49 APPENDI A FOREST IN THE CITY STAGE SETUP...51 APPENDI - DREI WALDESGEDICHTE CONCERT SETUP...52 APPENDI C MAP AND SOUNDWALK LAYOUT...53 APPENDI D - FIELDNOTES AND SOUND DOCUMENT EDITS...54 APPENDI E SOUND ANK CHART...64 APPENDI F ACKGROUND PANNING CHOICES...65 APPENDI G TOP LAYER OF MA PROGRAM...69 APPENDI H FORM AND FLOWCHART OF FOREST IN THE CITY...70 FOREST IN THE CITY...71 vii
List o Tables Table 2-1 Recordig Sessios...19 List o Figures ad Illustratios Figure 1-1 First System o Sudogs...10 Figure 1-2 From Sigle Note to Chord Comlex...14 Figure 1-4 Motive reaku i The Truth About Sausage...14 Figure 1-5 Develoig Textures i Threody ad Forest i the City...17 Figure 2-1 Chidig Squirrel Motive (as trascribed)...24 Figure 2-2 Melodic Versio o Chidig Squirrel (sectio H)...24 Figure 2-3 Aleatoric Versio o Chidig Squirrel (sectio M)...25 Figure 2-4 Cross-Comariso o Storm Drai Chords (trascritio)...25 Figure 3-1 Forest i the City Leged...31 Figure 3-2 Sectio O Perormace Cues...31 Figure 4.1 Chidig Squirrel Motive...35 Figure 4.2 ird Motives ad the Witer Quartal Chord...37 Figure 4.3 Sire Motives...38 Figure 4.4 The Drai Comlex...40 Figure 4.5 Droe Trascritios...41 Figure 4.6 Witer Chord Aurage...41 Figure 4-7 Form o Forest ad the City...43 viii
Eigrah Notice this momet, this lace be aare o it. Locate yoursel ithi its remoteess or let go ad lose all bearigs so that you become remoteess itsel. No hat do you hear Ad o - Alla Gordo ell ix
Trio Heey 1 1 OVERVIEW 1.1 What is Forest i the City Forest i the City is a soudscae comositio or sixtee strig layers ad electroics set u i such a maer that the audiece exerieces soud rom all aroud them so that each audiece member ill have a dieret satial exeriece o the evet. The eight loudseakers ad the larger ortio o the strig orchestra combie together to orm the outer rig o the esemble. A quartet, cosistig o oe o each striged istrumet, is laced i a ier circle aroud the coductor. The audiece is seated i a cocetric circle betee these ier ad outer rigs. 1 1.2 Soudscae Music What is Soudscae A soud eviromet reers to the sum total o erceivable souds, the medium i hich they are situated, their locatios ad acigs, their iteractios ith oe aother ad the listeer, ad the circumstaces o the listeer. R. Murray Schaer deies soudscae as The soud eviromet. Techically, ay ortio o the soic eviromet regarded as a ield or study. The term may reer to actual eviromets, or to abstract costructios such as musical comositios ad tae motages, articularly he cosidered as a eviromet. (Schaer 1994, 274-275) ecause it does t limit the deiitio to the aturally occurrig, his deiitio is oeeded, alloig or a great deal o iterretatio or hat costitutes a soudscae. arry Truax clariies this deiitio i the Hadbook or Acoustic Ecology 1 See Aedix A Forest i the City Stage Setu or a ictorial reresetatio.
Trio Heey 2 A eviromet o SOUND (or soic eviromet) ith emhasis o the ay it is erceived ad uderstood by the idividual, or by a society. It thus deeds o the relatioshi betee the idividual ad ay such eviromet. (Truax, Soudscae) Thus, a soudscae is a soud eviromet, a sum total o all erceivable evets ad their iteractios that oe ca ay attetio to ad derive a uderstadig o. While the soudscae exists hether or ot oe chooses to erceive it, i.e. it is omireset, its exeriece deeds o the rame o reerece o the listeer. What is a Soudscae Comositio A soudscae comositio is a comositio based o such a soud eviromet. The cotext o the soudscae used as the source o the comositio is imortat; i act, it is recisely the cotext o the souds ithi the chose soudscae that is reserved ad exloited by the comoser. A soudscae comositio diers rom a soudscae i that a soudscae alays exists hether oe ats to be creative ith it or ot. Oe ca simly choose to liste to it as i it ere a comositio; there is o shaig or ultimate itet ith the soudscae other tha that hich the listeer ca cotribute. Thus, the soudscae comositio is the maiestatio o the itet to be creative ith a soudscae, but ot to such a extet that the cotext is lost aki to, or examle, a acousmatic comositio, hose objective is the obscurig o ay otetial reerece by treatig recorded soud as a soorous object, here the soud is examied or its o soic characteristics aart rom ay source. (Cox ad Warer 2007) 2 2 I articular, A Soorous Object is ot the state o the mid. The exact oosite ill be see i the aurage later.
Trio Heey 3 Schaer deies soudscae comositio as a comositio meat to maiest a soud eviromet o some sort. I additio, Schaer emhasizes the imortace o comositios set i the soud eviromet itsel i his ritigs, most evidet i his magum ous, the Patria cycle. Schaer used both acoustic ad electroic meas to roject eviromets. Trai is a youth orchestra comositio hich is based o the characteristic E lat mior chord o the Caadia trai; each choir o the orchestra as give a role to recreate the eviromet The strig istrumets rovided the altitude, soarig rom sea level u the Paciic moutais at irst, the levelig o across the Prairies, becomig bumy over the Caadia Shield beore descedig agai to sea level at Motreal. The brass ad oodid are ostage erormig the distictive Caadia trai histle, tued to soud a E-lat mior triad ith a udametal o 311 Hertz. (Schaer, Program Notes, 40) This idea ould be take urther i arry Truax s mixed-media comositio, Domiio I each regio it is 12 oo, startig ith the oo gu i St, Joh s harbour, Neoudlad, olloed by various oghors ad other histles. I the middle sectio deictig the vast exase o cetral Caada ad its oudig Aglohoe ad Fracohoe cultures, the oo chimes ad hour bell o the Peace Toer i Ottaa are layed out i couterart agaist the bells o the asilica i Quebec City. The ubiquitous E-lat mior triad o the CPR trai hor coects the various sectios, just as the trascotietal railay as istrumetal i uiyig the coutry. I the Prairies e hear the oo sire rom a small to i Alberta, alog ith various tyical ambiet souds such as id i a heat ield ad a hummig oer lie. Aother set o hors ad histles aouces the arrival i ritish Columbia, ad the ork eds at oo i Vacouver ith the daily soudig o the O Caada Hor. (Truax, Domiio (1991)) I cotrast to Trai, Schaer s Okeaos is a quadrahoic soudscae o the ocea combied ith recitatio o texts by several authors. The quadrahoic ature o the ork as accomlished by dividig the our chaels o the ork ito to stereo airs, each layed o a dieret statio. Peole ould the tue i to both statios o
Trio Heey 4 to dieret radios. (Schaer, Program Notes, 39) This idea o soudscae ith recited text became cetral to may o Hildegard Westerkam s comositios, such as Cordillera, a comositioal realizatio o Norbert Ruebsaat s oem o the same ame; the oem is recited over a soudscae rom the chai o moutais comrisig the est edge o the Americas. (Westerkam, Cordillera) Schaer also believed strogly i the idea o brigig the music to the eviromet itsel, lettig the eviromet lay a role i the ork. I Music or Wilderess Lake, several tromboes are scattered aroud a lake, deedig o a cue rom a cetral oit to lay cells. The esuig musical momets reverberate rom the lake actig uo the soud aves; i additio, deedig o here the listeer is stadig, each tromboe ill arrive at a dieret oit i time because o the dierece i seed betee sight recogitio ad soud travel. (Schaer, Program Notes, 48) Schaer s music drama cycle, Patria, also relies o such iteractio i additio to brigig the exeriece to the eviromet, usig the eviromet itsel as art o the settig, he also desired to create a ull exeriece eveloig all o the arts ad seses istead o just oe. He dubbed this style o ork the theatre o coluece. (Schaer 2002) 3 For examle, Prologue Pricess o the Stars takes lace at a lake i a orest itroducig the Wol ad the Pricess, (Schaer 1981) hile The Greatest Sho is the Ariade-Wol mythos cast as a exeriece o the coutry air. (Schaer 1987) 3 Ideally hat I at is a kid o theatre i hich all the arts may meet, court ad make love. Love imlies a sharig exeriece; it should ever mea the egatio o ersoalities. This is the irst task to ashio a theatre i hich all the arts are used together, but ithout egatig the strog ad healthy character o each.. 14.
Trio Heey 5 Schaer also rote may chamber, orchestral, ad choral orks. Some o these ieces, such as Strig Quartet #2 Waves, use asects o soudscae, such as the timig o the aves, to iluece the desig o the comositio, but the rimary exressio o the heomeo is still evocatio, much like Debussy s La Mer. (Schaer 1976) This idea o a evocative exressio o soudscae is closely related to Alla Gordo ell s cocet o aurage Aurages are the comoser s vocabulary, aalogous to the ords o a laguage, shaed by the grammar o a comoser s crat ito a rocess ell describes as aural memory trasormed, the coscious use o techique to move rom ercetio to exressio. (Felske ad Rasorich 2004, 333) Alla Gordo ell uses such musicalizatios, ot just o literal trascritios, but also o remembraces o evets, as a rimary techique i his comositioal ork. He terms these musicalizatios aurages, musical idioms that rereset a heard evet, aalogous to the image or the see evet. A aurage is to the mid s ear hat a image is to the mid s eye. (ell 1994, ii) A aurage is a evocatio o a certai lace i a certai time via soud. The task o the comoser ith a aurage is that o evocatio, iducig i the listeer the same sesatios ad emotios egedered by a actual lace. (Felske ad Rasorich 2004, 341) arry Truax addressed the toic o soudscae comositio i his mai treatise, Acoustic Commuicatio, as ell as several aers addressed to the subject. 4 The essetial dierece betee a electroacoustic comositio that uses rerecorded 4 Examles iclude Soud, Listeig ad Place The Aesthetic Dilemma, Comosig ith Time-Shited Evirometal Soud, Soudscae Comositio as Global Music Electroic Music as Soudscae, ad Discoverig Ier Comlexity Time-Shitig ad Trasositio ith a Real-Time Graulatio Techique.
Trio Heey 6 evirometal soud as its source material, ad a ork that ca be called a soudscae comositio, is that i the ormer, the soud loses all or most o its evirometal cotext. I soudscae comositio, o the other had, it is recisely the evirometal cotext that is reserved, ehaced, ad exloited by the comoser. (Truax 2001, 237) He the demostrates this ricile by exlaiig the comositioal rocesses o early soudscae comositios such as Jack ody s Musik Dari Jala (1976) hich uses the techique o isolatig a articular soud, i this case the cries o street vedors i Idoesia, ad gradually brigig the eviromet back ito the comositio. Recordig methods are also discussed, such as the tety-our hour method, i hich several miutes o each hour i a seciic locatio are catured over the course o a tety-our hour eriod, the mixed do to the most idicative to miutes o each hour sliced together i chroological order to create a orty-eight miute soud documet. (Truax 2001) Truax also ioeered several comositio techiques ithi soudscae music. Oe such techique is the use o graular sythesis usig real-time audio iut as a source or the grais, rather tha re-recorded soud. Curtis Roads credits Truax ith imortat advaces i real-time graular sythesis o icomig soud sources, alloig him to create such comositios as Riverru, a comositio amed ater a term i James Joyce s Fiega s Wake; this iece is created exclusively usig this rocess. (Truax, Graular Sythesis) Roads otes Sice the mid-1980s, (Truax) has alied graular sythesis as a cetral techique i his oeuvre. His rimary emhasis is o the real-time graulatio o samled souds, here he itroduced may iovatios. (Roads 2001, 208) Such iovatios iclude adatig graular sythesis to digital sigal rocessig
Trio Heey 7 usig the POD system ad the icororatio o the techique i a iteractive eviromet. Graular sythesis is a rocess that creates textures out o grais, small samles o soud ith a duratio o 1-100 millisecods that are the treated as the basic buildig blocks o the comositio, to be sliced, layered, altered ith a aveorm, or otherise treated as soud objects caable o maiulatio. Curtis Roads deies graular sythesis as a accumulatio o such rocesses; Graular sythesis builds u acoustic evets rom thousads o soud grais. A soud grai lasts a brie momet (tyically 1 to 100 ms), hich aroaches the miimum erceivable evet time or duratio, requecy, ad amlitude discrimiatio. (Roads 1995, 168) These textures combie to orm cloud-like textures o molecular soud heomea coalescig together A graular comositio is a lo o multile overlaig clouds. To create such textures, the most lexible strategy is irst to geerate each idividual cloud, the to mix the clouds to recisely order ad balace their lo i time. To create a olychrome cloud texture, or examle, several moochrome clouds, each ith a dieret grai aveorm, are suerimosed i a mixig rogram. (Roads 2001, 108) Oe o Truax s seciic uses o graular sythesis is to create time-shited evirometal soud. I Domiio, The attack ortio o each soud is ket largely itact, i order or it to be easily recogized, hile the mai body o the soud is rologed, ote 30 times or more. The harmoics iside these dramatic ad uique soud sigals o tae are matched by itches roduced by a grou o 12 erormers (strig ad oodid quitets, lus trumet ad ercussio-all amliied) sread out o stage i a coiguratio similar to the geograhic arragemet o Caada's 10 rovices
Trio Heey 8 ad to territories. (Truax 1992) I later comositios Truax uses the techique o covolutio, hich ivolves rocessig to souds together, most tyically a dry sigal ith a reverberatio eveloe. (Truax, Covolutio) I Chalice Well, he adats this aroach to dieret tyes o textures. (Truax, Soud, Listeig ad Place) Truax also tackles the issue o hat a good soudscae comositio should accomlish 1) listeer recogizability o the source material is maitaied; 2) listeer s koledge o the evirometal ad sychological cotext is ivoked; 3) the comoser s koledge o these cotexts ilueces the shae o the comositio at every level; ad 4) the ork ehaces the listeer s uderstadig o the orld ad its iluece carries over ito everyday ercetual habits. (Truax, Soudscae Comositio) Cotiua are established to orgaize soudscae comositios, such as the level o abstractio o the souds, rom o abstractio at all i the oud soud comositio to a heavy abstractio i a imagiary soudscae, or the tye o erective the soud is reseted i, resetig a locale through ixed soud, a jourey through a movig ersective, or mixig the to to create a disjoited eect or symbolic urose. Truax cautios agaist simly recordig the souds or a soudscae comositio, hich ca result i soic tourism, istead emhasizig a sel-relexive rocess by irst acquirig a uderstadig o the soudscae eviromet via coductig soudalks or a eriod o time to establish the correct cotext i hich to lace the recordigs o that soudscae hich ollo. He also cautios agaist subordiatig artistic values i order to covey a social message. (Truax, Soud, Listeig ad Place)
Trio Heey 9 Thus, a major goal o soudscae comositio ivolves aakeig the listeer to the soudscae, causig him or her to ask questios about it ad exlore it urther 1) the listeer ca easily recogize the source material; 2) the listeer s sese o lace is triggered through the comositio; 3) the comoser kos these cotexts as ell ad they lay a key role i the comositio; moreover, the listeer s uderstadig o that soudscae is broadeed by his/her exeriece o the comositio. eyod the Cotext Musicalizatio ad Aurage We come o to the roblem o treatig the source material comositioally or acoustic istrumets. The itch, dyamic ad duratio ca both be trascribed literally rom the recordig; timbre ad other characteristics are more diicult to emulate. The comoser is thus aced ith the questio ho true should the acoustic material be to the origial recordig Should it be aithul i every resect, or is reedom alloed to treat the material i a more covetioal matter, takig oe or to asects o the soud ad trasormig it I Truax s Domiio, umerous souds are trascribed by itch ad elogated to orm the acoustic ortio; the E-lat mior trai hor, the bells o the church i Québec, ad the O Caada hor i Vacouver receive this treatmet. Hoever, the O Caada hor is also metamorhosed ito a metahorical battle betee the rovices that is resolved to the E lat major toality o the hor at the ed o the iece. This is a examle o the musicalizatio o a soud sigal or the uroses o exlorig somethig beyod itsel; the bell becomes the symbol o the tesio betee the rovices. The sychological symbolism o the tue reresetig Caadia uity is ivoked.
Trio Heey 10 Alla Gordo ell uses the aurage (. 5) to covey soudscae via acoustic istrumets. As a examle o cocetrated aurage, ell s Aurages 7 Ehemera oers a collectio o short yet oerul aurages or lute ad strig quartet. Each movemet reresets a heomeo oud i Alberta, such as the rimordial moo, a moutai lake, a scree sloe o a moutai, or a clear moutai lake mirrorig its surroudigs through a quiet relectio. The movemet Sudogs reresets to images o the su ormig o either side o the actual su as a result o ice crystals reractig the sulight o a very cold iter day. This reractio is rereseted by to ave-like lies itersectig oe aother hile oe ote holds costat, all i harmoics. (Figure 1-1 First System o Sudogs) Figure 1-1 First System o Sudogs What Kid o Comositio is Forest i the City I draig rom Schaer, Truax, ad ell, I created a electroacoustic comositio or eight chaels i a rig ormatio aroud the audiece ad strig orchestra. Everythig is satially orgaized. Soud rocesses are miimal, closer to oud soud soudscae comositios. The mai rocess that occurs ith the soudscae material is the satializatio o the various backgroud ad oregroud souds to re-imagie i a octohoic ormat the stereo iles ito soudscae o hat I heard as I et through the river valley.
Trio Heey 11 I ish to immerse the audiece ito the soudscae ad make them aare o my exerieces i the valley. To reserve the relatioshi betee the souds ad their sources, I also ket soud documets ad ield otes o my exerieces o the area ad aig guidelies that I used to create the satializatio attributes o the soudscaes. The evirometal cotext is a cetral art o the iece; betee the title, the miimal editig, ad the iclusio o ieldotes i the cocert rogram otes, it is clear that Forest i the City is ot a abstract comositio, or is it iteded to be oe. Rather, it is much closer to a soic jourey much like Westerkam s Ito Idia soudscae comositios. The ultimate goal I had i creatig Forest i the City as to itroduce the Edmoto River Valley to the audiece i to ays the real exeriece via the soudscae recordigs; ad my subjective exerieces via the strig orchestra through both trascritio o the soudscae ad the aurage. I both esembles, satializatio is a critical asect o the comositio. Merged together, these rereset the River Valley that I et through. The iteractio betee them allos or them to become a uiied reresetatio rather tha to searate, disjoit tracks. Whe the ork remiered o 20 November 2011, several members o the audiece asked about the souds ad here ad ho they ere recorded. Some o them eve shared their o exerieces o the Edmoto River Valley ith me, isired by the exeriece o Forest i the City. From this eedback I believe that Forest i the City achieved its status as a soudscae comositio; it reached the audiece o the aurage level ad elicited a visceral resose. It soke to them ad their exerieces o the Edmoto River Valley.
Trio Heey 12 While I do ot have a social or olitical outcome to istigate through this iece (c... 9), I believe that by reservig the relatioshis betee the souds as I heard them i the soudscae, shaig the exeriece through the orchestra to add my ersoal exeriece, ad establishig a cotext o the valley rior to egagig it or my comositio, i additio to egagig ad rovokig thought rom the listeers that atteded the cocert, Forest ad the City succeeds i its stated aim o exressig the soudscaes o the Edmoto River Valley. 1.4 Cotext o Forest i the City - Ilueces Comositios ithi the Doctorate The motive has alays bee the ocal oit o my ritig. My comositios ocus o ho a motive develos; the comositio is a jourey o the motive through the soud orld it occuies. It is oly i the doctoral rogram that I started to exlore outside o this status quo to try ad gai a deeer uderstadig o some other methods o comosig music hich ultimately resulted i a multiaceted aroach toards ritig Forest i the City. Three Movemets or Strig Quartet A textural aroach as urther develoed i the outer movemets o Three Movemets or Strig Quartet. The irst movemet, Ito Glare eyod, is a battle betee to textures reresetig the orebodig structure o the buildig ad the iercig glare rom the ido based o a latium rit by Alred Stieglitz, From the ack Wido. The develomet o the iteractio betee these to textures reresets the vieer tryig to ocus o the glare, tryig to see beyod it to hat is iside the buildig. The last movemet, Photos, begis ith a static triad o major secods
Trio Heey 13 beore evolvig gradually via vibratio ito a ild rezy over the course o to-thirds o the movemet. I a attemt to recocile the texture-based ad motive-based aroaches o comositio, I retured to motivic ritig or the middle movemet, The Truth About Sausage, isired by a quote by Joh Godrey Saxe, I you like las ad sausages, you should ever see oe beig made. The less you ko about ho las ad sausages are made, the better you ll slee at ight. (Shairo 2008) The ocus o this movemet is the treatmet o a motive reseted i the irst our measures o this movemet by choig it ito ieces util oly sigle otes remai suseded i sace, the comressed ito a soud mass resemblig the textures i the outer to movemets, like meat choed ito a ie aste ad comressed ito sausage. The overall itet o this movemet as to see hether a movemet solely based o a motive ould be comatible ith a soud mass texture. Forest ad the City borros a e elemets rom this iece. The geeral aig out o a sigle ote as i the case o sectio A o Forest i the City comes rom the idea exlored i Photos. I both cases the aig out as a result o time delay o each istrumet eterig beore startig its glissado doard. (Figure 1-2 From Sigle Note to Chord Comlex). The idea o the aurage soud mass such as the stark iter chord i sectio H origiated i the chord comlexes reresetig the stark, oressive buildig ad the harsh, ureletig glare i Ito Glare eyod (Figure 1-3 Aurage Comarisos). Fially, the chidig squirrel motive s breakig u is isired by the same rocess used i The Truth About Sausage (Figure 1-4 Motive reaku i The Truth About Sausage).
Trio Heey 14 Figure 1-2 From Sigle Note to Chord Comlex Figure 1-3 Aurage Comarisos Figure 1-4 Motive reaku i The Truth About Sausage Drei Waldesgedichte ür Musiker ud Schallschate This sythesis o motivic ritig (i.e. The Truth about Sausage) ad texturebased ritig (i.e. Photos) resulted i the creatio o Drei Waldesgedichte ür Musiker ud Schallschate, a mixed ork or sorao, viola, iao, bass clariet, ad eight seakers cotrolled by Max/MSP. The rimary goal o Drei Waldesgedichte as to exerimet i various ays ith ho a soudscae ca be treated i relatio to acoustic
Trio Heey 15 istrumets. I the irst movemet, Ruh, a disjoited, texture-cetric acoustic art is combied ith a backgroud soudscae, close i sirit to Ito Glare eyod. I the secod movemet, Waldkozert, soud sigals ere searated ad used as istrumets o commad, much like the keys o a iao. I the ial movemet, Waldadacht, the soudscae is treated as its o istrumet by takig a sigle soud ad creatig music that it ithi the cotext o the movemet; a chorale. The cocert setu or Forest i the City is a extesio o the cocert setu used i Drei Waldesgedichte. The audiece is seated i a rig; there are souds origiatig rom both sides o the rig; each erso has his o exeriece o the erormace. I additio, the Max sotare that cotrols the electroics o Forest i the City is a extesio o the soudscae-as-istrumet idea itroduced i Drei Waldesgedichte the coductor istructs he the lato erormer cues i various souds. The soud-mass comositio, texture ritig, ad motivic develomet o all o these comositios are actors i the comositioal develomet o Forest i the City; thus, Forest i the City reresets a logical outgroth o these comositios. 5 Outside Ilueces There are also a umber o ilueces o Forest i the City both rom geeral hilosohies ad seciic comositios alike. Oe o the most romiet ilueces o Forest i the City is the comositioal hilosohy o Alla Gordo ell, ho suervised me hile I udertook my Masters at the Uiversity o Calgary. He has ritte umerous acoustic comositios dealig ith atural Alberta heomea, such as Aurages 7 5 See Aedix Drei Waldesgedichte Stage Setu.
Trio Heey 16 Ehemera (1994), Coriolis (2003) ad Symhoy o Earth ad Sky (2009). His most rooud teachig i relatio to soudscae as the cocet o the aurage metioed earlier. I Forest ad the City, may o my metal imressios are give musical orm i the same maer via the strigs; or istace, i sectio F, the high quartal chord reresets the stark iter coditios I aced as I as goig through Hermitage Park. To cotrast this imagiig, I also ated to liste to soudscae i a more literal sese. It is ot altogether surrisig that the ext logical ste ould be toards listeig to soudscae i a orchestral maer, similar to hat Schaer exhorts i Soudscae Our Soic Eviromet ad the Tuig o the World. The keyote layer o the soudscae reers to the oise loor o the soudscae, ad is aalogous to the backgroud o the orchestral texture. Soud sigals are aalogous to oregroud motives, ad soudmarks, those soud sigals that deie a lace, are aalogous to orchestral solos. This hilosohy o soudscae orgaizatio ilueced ho I coceived the sotare eviromet as a backgroud keyote layer cotrolled by time, ith usercotrollable oregroud soud sigal evets. Seciic Comositios I additio to the aurage, there ere some seciic orks that I dre uo or isiratio, I Pederecki s Kao, the strig quartet ad electroic arts imitated oe aother. (Pederecki 1974) Forest i the City orks i a similar maer ith the oregroud material, articularly ith ragmets o the chidig squirrel motive i sectios K ad V ad ith bird calls i sectio E.
Trio Heey 17 Aother o Pederecki s orks, Threody (or the victims o Hiroshima) juxtaosed static chromatic clusters ad aimated textures. (Pederecki 1985) 6 These to orks ere a iluece o Forest ad the City s texture ad its develomet alteratig aleatoric cells ad static soud masses that develoed betee the strigs ad electroics i call ad resose imitatio. (Figure 1-5 Develoig Textures i Threody ad Forest i the City) Figure 1-5 Develoig Textures i Threody ad Forest i the City The last ork that ilueced me, Joh Corigliao s Symhoy No. 3 Circus Maximus, cemeted my desire to use satializatio recisely because I exerieced acoustic satializatio used eectively to realize a rogram o a aural overload. I the rot, the hors blared out their mai theme; u i oe o the balcoies o the right, there as a saxohoe quartet ith double bass layig smooth jazz-like seductive music; ad movig rom behid the audiece, aroud the erimeter o the audiece, ad exitig out, as a marchig bad. The live erormace o this ork thereore as a much more rooud exeriece tha the recordig sice members o the audiece ere costatly 6 O the irst age, all istrumets are layig the highest ote ossible; each istrumet takes turs alteratig betee o vibrato ad quarter-toe vibrato. O the last age is a static chromatic cluster chord cocetrated aroud middle C.
Trio Heey 18 lookig aroud to see here the soud ould come rom ext. The live erormace, through satializatio, egaged the audiece i active listeig. Whe Circus Maximus used satializatio, the audiece as geuiely egaged i a ay that other elemets o music egaged their resective audieces uo their icetio, such as dyamics rom the eighteeth cetury ad orchestratio i the ieteeth. I ated Forest ad the City to imart much the same exeriece to audieces that listeed to it. I order to do this eectively, I had to id a reliable method o accurately otig the soudscae the source recordigs ad their associated ieldotes, hich ill be discussed i the ext chater.
Trio Heey 19 2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 From Soudscae to Comositio This chater details the rocess o acquirig, selectig, trascribig, ad adatig the soudscae to various roles i Forest i the City. Miimal soud rocessig as used throughout, i the sirit o keeig the soudscae used i the comositio as close to the origial hearig as ossible. The Recordig Sessios The irst ste i this rocess as the recordig o the soudscae material itsel. I iitially started ith the idea o Truax s tety-our hour method metioed earlier. What I ultimately did as to record a alk through the Edmoto River Valley i the sa o a day, divided ito sessios roughly based o hat I thought the overall orm o the ork ould be at the time. Table 2-1 Recordig Sessios Recordig Date Recordig Time Keedale - Hermitage 28 Setember 2010 416 m 740 m Hermitage - Cailao 18 November 2010 730 m 1100 m Cailao Groat Road 8-9 Aril 2011 1100 m 630 am Groat Rd - Whitemud 15 Setember 2010 645 am 1045 am Whitemud - Terillegar 28 October 2010 1100 am 300 m For each o these recordig sessios I olloed a route, startig at the south edge o Sito Park goig ito Keedale Park, ad edig at Terillegar Park (see Aedix River Valley Route). I made several stos alog this route or the urose o caturig
Trio Heey 20 the soudscae o the area; or istace, i the Keedale-Hermitage recordig, I stoed to record i the oe ark est o 40 Street, over a creek bridge, ear a large storm drai, udereath the Victoria Trail reeay, ad i Hermitage Park itsel. 7 2.2 Fieldotes Accomayig these recordigs are ieldotes that cotai data about the eather, date ad time o day, ad exerieces as I as recordig the area. The rimary urose o the ieldotes is to accout or the sychological imact o the soudscaes that I listeed to hile recordig them, to better exress these sesatios through music, or examle as a aurage. For examle, the storm drai at Keedale Ravie droed out all o the remaiig souds i the area ith its churig ad roilig; these asects o the soudscae make their ay ito the storm drai comlex (see Ch.4). Aother aurage is the starkess o the iter ight hich I elt i the jourey rom Hermitage Park; this is rereseted i Forest i the City by the use o a high quartal chord. The ieldotes are icluded i the rogram otes or ay erormace o the comositio. They are itegral to the audiece listeig to the soudscae because they documet the coditios uder hich I heard the souds; they detail the souds that I heard ad the ath I took hile goig through the River Valley, alloig others to retrace my stes i they ish to do a comariso recordig; ad they sho the ersective rom hich I am listeig; or examle, my exerieces as I olloed the route i Keedale Ravie 7 See Aedix C Ma ad Soudalk Layout.
Trio Heey 21 I started recordig uo reachig the est ti o the ravie. This ark area is the urthest aay rom the river arklad alog the valley goes. The irst art is rather tame. It cosists o rollig hills o cut grass ith a aved ath goig to 40 th Street. Ater crossig 40 th Street, the ild art o the valley begis a gravel ath ith several ootbridges. The air as arm, aroud 15 degrees C or so. The isects ere out, but ot registerig i most cases. The most romiet eature o this soudalk as the dieret souds that ater makes loig through dieret areas o the ravie. The id as much more romiet i this recordig, i some cases overhelmig the microhoe. The soud the id made rushig through the autum leaves is quite distict. The ath ids aroud a creek that eeds ito the river. I took the oortuity to record several siets at each oode ootbridge that crossed the creek. There ere also a coule o istaces here the ater as loud eough to be heard ithout goig over such a bridge irst, here a storm drai as emtyig ito the creek; secod, he the ater as rushig beside the ath just beore eterig Heritage Park. 8 These ieldotes or Forest i the City ilueced a umber o comositioal choices; or istace, the call-ad-resose o the ducks at the EPCOR asteater lat, sread out betee strigs ad recordig, relects the same rocess that I exerieced hile I as recordig the evet. These ieldotes also layed a ivotal role i the ext ste o the methodological rocess selectio o material or the creatio o soud documets deictig my jourey through the Edmoto River Valley. While I listeed to the ra material that I recorded, I deeded o the ieldotes to kee a ear out or the iterestig souds that I heard ad cosidered imortat. 2.3 Soud Documet Creatio The soud documets are collectios o selected audio clis o the ra recordig data rom each area se together ith short crossades. These collectios o soudscae 8 Comlete ieldotes ca be oud i Aedix D Fieldotes ad Soud Documet Edits.
Trio Heey 22 material rereset to me the essece o my recordigs, ad ca be oud olie or listeig as the research ortio o the dissertatio, alog ith the ieldotes ad soud documet edit otes. (htt//.ualberta.ca/~heey) There are some commo criteria that I used to make these selectios. I ated each soud documet to rereset the soudscae I exerieced distilled to its most icoic maiestatios, ithout ay techological itererece. These selectios also had to be comositioally iterestig by icludig both recurrig ad uique oregroud ideas as ell as texturally dieret backgrouds. 2.4 From Soud Documets to Soud aks The audio selectios comrisig the soud documets are i tur urther slit ito idividual soud layers, hich together orm soud baks that ould be used as material or each sectio i order to adat the soudscae or erormace. Each o these soud baks reresets a sectio o the jourey i the Edmoto River Valley, ad is slit u ito three dieret categories o soud hich are laced together simultaeously 1) a backgroud layer; 2) a set o ioit souds, hich are souds i oe lace; 3) a set o aoit souds, hich are reely movable by the lato erormer. 9 Sice I ated to give the coductor some reedom to determie he the sectios chage, I decided that the iles or the backgroud layers ould last or aroximately oe ad a hal times the duratio o the sectio i hich they aear. I also ated to esure that I could use a miimal iterace or the erormace o the sotare. Triggerig a dieret backgroud layer ith the keyboard ill also chage the 9 See Aedix E Soud Chart or a comlete list o souds.
Trio Heey 23 oregroud souds that the lato erormer ca trigger ith the cotroller. The ioit ad aoit souds are cotext-seciic to the backgroud layer. I assiged each category o soud its o satial characteristics. Satial cotrol o the backgroud layer is automated; breakoit grahs reresetig the co-ordiates o the backgroud layer cotrol the motio o the backgroud layer satially over time. 10 The ioit souds are tyically short, usually stayig i oe lace. Whe triggered, the ioit soud is assiged ixed satial co-ordiates. The aoit souds i cotrast are geerally loger ad move aroud, requirig that the aoit soud s satial coordiates be reely cotrolled. 2.5 Trascritio o Soudscae Motives I additio to the cotet ad satial characteristics o the electroics, these soud documets are the source o several motives or the strig orchestra. These motives ere trascribed by ear usig a quarter-toe temered scale. Like the soud documets ad the soud baks, similar criteria exist or the selectio o motives. I a soud as heard more ote, it as idetiied as a overall soud o the River Valley, ad as trascribed as a recurrig motive that ca be develoed over time. Uique souds ere also trascribed ito their o motives sice they ca accetuate each sectio o the comositio as its o distict etity. Several categories o motives emerged, based o their sources; birds, squirrels, storm drais, bridges, ad traic are some o the categories o souds that lay a major role i Forest i the City. I geeral, he a soud as oly heard i oe area o the River Valley, its 10 See Aedix F ackgroud Paig Choices.
Trio Heey 24 trascritio is oly heard ithi that sectio as these ere most ote reeatig ostiati cells. I cotrast to these ostiati, there are also souds that simly aealed to the ear ad stad out or motivic treatmet. Oe such soud as a chidig squirrel that I chaced across alkig alog the horse trail circlig Hareluk Park arallel to the river (Figure 2-1). This motive became the basis or umerous develomets, such as a melodic versio (Figure 2-2) or a aleatoric cell versio (Figure 2-3). Figure 2-1 Chidig Squirrel Motive (as trascribed) Figure 2-2 Melodic Versio o Chidig Squirrel (sectio H)
Trio Heey 25 Figure 2-3 Aleatoric Versio o Chidig Squirrel (sectio M) Figure 2-4 Cross-Comariso o Storm Drai Chords (trascritio) A dieret aroach as take ith regards to trascribig the backgroud layers or strigs. Sice the backgroud layer as layig costatly, the strigs ould ocus o the most romiet otes, or activity level o the texture, ad si a aurage usig these otes or the activity level as the oudatio. The most romiet o these is the drai chord comlex (Figure 2-4). This comlex shos as the edoit o the texture i the irst storm drai sectio (), i a much more subdued maer i the mid-city storm drai sectio (K), ad as the loudest oit o the comositio i the Terillegar Storm Drai sectio (). etee the motives, the chordal comlexes, the soud baks, ad the backgroud layers, soudscae ad its sychological imact are at the heart o every methodological decisio made, rom the iitial laig stages or the route take or the recordig to the trascritios. The motivic develomet hoever is rom a rimarily comositioal ersective, but still ket recogizable to achieve a sese o develomet, hich ill be urther discussed i the aalysis chater (see age 39).
Trio Heey 26 3 SOFTWARE MECHANICS 3.1 Sotare Overvie ad Objectives Accomayig Forest ad the City is a iece o sotare created ith Max 5. This sotare is cotrolled by a sigle lato erormer usig a QWERTY keyboard ad a O 360 US cotroller. The sotare oututs soud to eight loudseakers saced equidistat rom oe aother aroud the outer erimeter o the audiece betee the members o the outer strig esemble. I ated to create a rogram that ca iteractively cotrol various souds as oosed to the more covetioal strict time-based arragemet, alloig the electroics to be lexible eough to be subject to the coductor rather tha vice versa. Aother goal o the rogram is to build i eough cotext sesitivity such that a ide variety o souds ca be made available ithout comlicatig the cotrol scheme. The sotare s rimary urose is to serve as a iteractive lato istrumet or cotrollig the soudscaes o the Edmoto River Valley. To achieve this urose, the sotare iteracts ith the strig orchestra i three dieret ays. First, the sotare costatly roduces the soudscae backgroud hich serves as the cotext or the strig orchestra. The satial assigmets o the strig orchestra comlemet the satial assigmets o the backgroud layer. As a examle, i sectio G, the backgroud lat droe is laced i the east, comlemeted by octaves belo i the southest cotrabass ad southeast viola. The sotare also egages i oregroud activity via its ioit ad aoit souds, sometimes rovidig uique evets that distiguish the soudscae as its o etity, sometimes egagig i call ad resose ith the strig orchestra. To cotiue the
Trio Heey 27 examle rom sectio G, hile the lat droe occurs, the ol souds occur i the est i both strigs ad electroics, ad the trai hor occurs i the orth, sice the bridge is orth o the lat. Fially, the lato erormer has some sectios here it erorms aloe i Forest ad the City, most otably i sectio O, the horse trail, here the ull chidig squirrel motive is revealed, ad sectio Y, the edig, here the quietess o the southest edge o the city revails over the di that receded it. 3.2 Sotare Philosohy The iitial isiratio or the sotare o Forest ad the City came rom R. Murray Schaer s hilosohy regardig the arragemet o the soudscae. I Soudscae Our Soic Eviromet ad the Tuig o the World, Schaer divides souds ito three distict categories. Keyote souds comrise the backgroud layer o the soudscae, or istace may droes ad the oise loor. Soud sigals cosist o oregroud souds that dra the attetio o the listeer. The soudmark is a secial kid o soud sigal, reerrig to a sigature soud that deies the area aurally. (Schaer 1994) 11 The ultimate maiestatio o this hilosohy i the sotare is through the selectio ad assigmet o soud samles ito cotext-sesitive soud baks. Each soud bak cosists o the backgroud layer hich ill cotai either simle keyote souds uo hich the other souds lay, or the etire soud samle should all souds ithi the recordig be ervasive eough (such as i sectio T Uder the Whitemud ridge); ad u to to each o ioit ad aoit souds.
Trio Heey 28 The backgroud layer is aalogous to the keyote layer o the soudscae; thus it uctios like the backgroud layer o a orchestral comositio. The ioit ad aoit souds are the soud sigals o the soudscae; i Forest ad the City, they are treated as motives. I additio, most sectios also have at least oe sigature soud that deies that sectio, hether it is the characteristic buzz made o the Walterdale ridge as cars drive over i sectio M or the oer lat droe i sectio G. Each soud bak corresods ith a sectio o the iece that lasts ayhere betee just uder a miute to a miute ad a hal. The soud bak cosists o a backgroud layer corresodig ith the keyote souds o the locale i questio. 12 3.3 User Iterace The urose o the rogram s user iterace is to aid the lato erormer by shoig the results o cotroller ad keyboard iut. 13 This user iterace cosists maily o diagostic readouts, divided ito a iut box o the uer let, hich cotais the diagostic cotrols or the box 360 cotroller; the bak box, hich cotais the soud bak loader, soud bak readout, ad master cotrols; ad a iece o embedded exteral sotare called vba8p, oud i UCtools, 14 hich cotais the master volume/meter readouts ad the idividual soud satial co-ordiates ad levels. 11 Soudmark The term is derived rom ladmark to reer to a commuity soud hich is uique or ossesses qualities hich make it seciically regarded or oticed by the eole i the commuity. 12 A ull descritio o each soud bak is listed i Aedix E Soud Chart 13 A ictorial reresetatio o the user iterace is available i Aedix G To Layer o Max Program. 14 Robert Pritchard ad Keith Hamel. UCTools. Freeare or Max 5 (Coyright 2011).
Trio Heey 29 The oudatio o the satializatio mechaics o the rogram, oud i vba8b, is Ville Pulkki s vector-based amlitude aig (VAP). This system calculates soud rom a cetral oit ad assigs it a vector. The ositio o the loudseakers are deied as a vector agle rom this cetral oit; or istace, the seaker setu or Forest i the City ould be deied as 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, ad 325. VAP the calculates the virtual soud sace o each soud by comarig the soud s locatio to the locatios o the seakers. With this rocess, seakers ca be laced ayhere. (Pulkki, Geeric Paig Tools or Max/MSP) 3.4 Sotare Mechaics The Max rogram is erormed by usig the keyboard ad a cotroller. The keyboard chages the soud baks ad triggers the backgroud evets associated ith ith the aroriate letter cue oud o the score hile the to aalog joysticks cotrol the satial co-ordiates o the oregroud souds (ioit ad aoit souds). The let aalog joystick cotrols the ioit soud locatio, hile the right aalog joystick cotrols the locatio o the aoit souds. The our trigger buttos o the shoulders o the cotroller trigger the oregroud souds. The cotets o these souds are determied by the curretly selected soud bak. 15 The dyamics o the souds i these soud baks are geerally uchaged rom their sources; o dyamic maiulatio is i the sotare itsel. 15 See Aedix H Form ad Flochart o Forest i the City.
Trio Heey 30 3.5 The Score i Relatio to the Electroics For Forest i the City, the erormace cues o the lato erormer are divided ito to staves, ioit ad aoit. The rehearsal cue or each sectio also uctios as the erormace cue or that backgroud evet; or examle, at rehearsal cue A, the lato erormer resses A, causig the backgroud o Keedale Park to come ito beig. I each sta, the soud iitiators are rereseted by boxed text ith the aroriate butto commad iside (L1, L2, R1, R2); belo this commad is a ictorial reresetatio o the aroriate aalog joystick rereseted by a small circle iside a much larger circle; the smaller circle idicates the ositio o the joystick. I the aoit souds sta, some joystick coiguratios deote movemet rom oe oit to aother over a set eriod o time; the time o this movemet is deoted i the score by a dashed lie ith the idicated time. Figure 3-1 Lato Perormer Commads As a examle, sectio O, the horse trail i Harelak Park, cosists o seve such commads. As the backgroud evet is triggered, R1 (a short bird call) is triggered due east. Ater six secods, a loger bird call, assiged to R2, is triggered, held ortheast. Te secods i, the amiliar squirrel machie-gu chatter, assiged to L1, is triggered tice, irst rom the south, the ive secods later rom the southest. The mai soud evet occurs tety secods i a log, gregarious chidig squirrel assiged to L2, hich starts to the est or 2 secods beore movig to the east over the course o telve secods, stayig at that ositio util the coclusio o the soud.
Trio Heey 31 Figure 3-1 Forest i the City Leged Figure 3-2 Sectio O Perormace Cues This sectio o Forest i the City is a shocase o the lato erormer as a soloist as oosed to its usual roles as art o a atihoal air ith the strigs or as a backgroud rovider, demostratig the lexibility ad versatility o the sotare as ell
Trio Heey 32 as its ease o use. The sotare is thereore able to uctio as a ull arter to the strig orchestra, either backgroud iller or ilexible dictator o time.
Trio Heey 33 4 VOCAULARY AND ANALYSIS The basis or most o the motivic, harmoic, dyamic, ad satial vocabulary is the soudscae recordigs. From these soudscae recordigs arise motives, aurages, ad soud mass textures, all hich mesh together to orm a strig couterart to these soudscaes. I the Edmoto River Valley, soud sigals ca geerally be heard clearly above the oise loor i both atural ad techological situatios. The degree to hich the orest ad the city are reset relative to oe aother are deedet o the time o day as the majority o city-based souds, such as traic ad costructio, are diural i ature. While may aimal souds are also diural, some are octural, ad eather-based souds are ot aected by the time o day. The soudscae teds to be sarse at times, but ca also become somehat saturated, as i the case o the Valley Zoo recordig. Each soud is easily distiguishable, both as its o etity ad as art o the category o orest or city. Forest souds are geerally comosed o short, raid evets, hile city souds resembled soud masses, each comoet masked by the hole, ith gradual dyamic characteristics. 4.1 Root Motives The motivic vocabulary i Forest i the City cosists o various soud sigals, ocusig o motives based o recurrig soud sigals ad soud sigals that ollo a melodic cotour. The rimary motives are derived rom either aimal cries or souds o techology.
Trio Heey 34 Aimal-ased Souds The most commoly trascribed soud sigals i Forest i the City are derived rom aimal sources. Patters are set u by bird calls, goose hoks, duck quacks, dog hols, ol hoots, cro cas, ad squirrel chirs iteractig ith oe aother ad the eviromet surroudig them. The Chidig Squirrel The most varied aimal-based soud sigal is the chidig squirrel occurrig i sectio O o the iece, metioed earlier. This soud is comrised o ive dieret hrase grous hich occur shortly ater its recurret machie-gu like squirrel call (Figure 4.1). The iitial hrase grou cosists o a raid, reeatig tremolo that luctuates betee a mior third ad a mior secod. The rimary iterval cell o the chidig squirrel motive is a mior secod olloed by a reeat. (grou A). I the irst hrase, this is reeated tice, olloed by a dro o a tritoe ad the reeat. This hrase is trucated ad reeated retrograde as hrase 2. I hrase 4, grou A s iterval is augmeted to a major secod ad strug together i ormal, retrograde iverse ad retrograde orms cosecutively. The ial hrase is a exteded iversio o hrase 1.
Trio Heey 35 Figure 4.1 Chidig Squirrel Motive While may cell ragmets or melodic igures oly occur ithi their resective sectios, or examle, the holig dog i sectio U, this chidig squirrel call ad the rimary motive ragmet comrisig its majority get extesive treatmet. The iitial squirrel call occurs i sectio C; this call is olloed by the itroductio o the irst to hrases o the chidig squirrel by the strigs. The irst o these is reiterated as a tovoice ostiati. The ext occurrece o the squirrel call is i the strigs. The irst ad secod hrases are simliied ad merged as a viola-to-violi ier quartet solo; i resose, ive violis i the outer rig cocetrated aroud the southest lay the irst hal o the ourth hrase resolvig to the itch E6 that begis the secod rerai.
Trio Heey 36 The ext aearace o the squirrel motive occurs as a reeat o the to voice o the ostiato irst oud i sectio C i sectio K i the est violi, assimilatig itsel ithi the quiet rerise o the storm drai comlex. This ostiato is joied by the comlete occurrece o the secod chidig squirrel hrase reseted as a ostiato i the orthest violi at sectio L3. oth o these are altered at the ed to acilitate the trasitio to the uiso A at sectio L5. The ull chidig squirrel motive ially aears i the electroics i sectio O, lastig about a miute. The movemet o the squirrel, rom the est to the east, relects the satial circumstaces i hich I exerieced the actual evet. I sectio Q, the squirrel call is comlemeted by a e, short squirrel chide hich oly occurs i this sectio, both i the strigs ad the electroics. The squirrel motives do ot aear agai util a more ragmeted ostiato o the irst chidig squirrel hrase comrisig the ier, orth, ortheast, east, ad south violis i sectio V is itroduced to comlemet the squirrel alarm i the electroics. This staccato texture is shortly joied by a held D5 i the south violi ad glissadi rom A lat 5 to F5 i the southest violi, olloed by the oeig o the ourth hrase i the est violi much like the reeatig ostiato o the squirrel alarm occurrig i the electroics beore becomig absorbed by the ial drai comlex. Ducks ad Geese Ducks ad geese are the to recurrig birds over the course o the recordigs; this tedecy is relected i the comositio. Their irst aearace is i sectio E, here the duck ad goose occur as ostiati alog ith aother bird keeig i the electroics; these soud sigals covert to static otes i the strigs to become the iter quartal chord.
Figure 4.2 ird Motives ad the Witer Quartal Chord Trio Heey 37 Goose Hok ird Keeig Duck Quack Witer Chord The ducks ext aearace behid the EPCOR asteater treatmet lat becomes the rimary ocus o sectio I. This motive is treated atihoally; call-adresose activity occurs betee the strigs ad the soud sigals amogst a backgroud o costat lo quack-like chatter. The duck ad goose motives reuite i Harelak Park i sectio N. oth o these souds, comlemeted by aother dieret bird call, are oce agai imitated by the strigs. These to bird souds, the duck ad the goose, combie ith the squirrel motives to comrise the recurrig aimal motives i Forest i the City. Sigular Motives The rimary uctio o the sigular motives i this ork is ot develomet, but rather characterizatio; these motives are geerally sigature souds that cemet the uiqueess o each soudscae. Various dieret bird calls occur, such as the cro at the creek, or the ol just south o Yellohead trail o a iter ight. Further to the est, dog souds become more commolace as the seaso is right or their outdoor exercise. The souds o each bridge i this ork, hether Yellohead Trail, the Lo-Level ridge, or the ootbridge coectig Harelak Park ith uea Vista Park, each has its o characteristics that allo the itet listeer to discer here they are o the jourey. With
Trio Heey 38 regards to soudscae comositio, these uique idetiiers are just as imortat as the recurrig, develoig motives that give a commo groudig to the jourey. Techology-ased Souds The ext most commoly occurrig soud sigals are techologically based. Examles iclude traic o a major road ad trai hors. Comared to aimal souds, hich are tyically short ad clied, the techological souds orm a cotiuous texture, evolvig much more sloly tha the aimal iteractios. The most revalet techology-based motive is the sire. It cosists o a log glissado, startig aroud D6, movig u to A lat 6, beore allig do to A lat 5. (Figure 4.3) This motive is iitially itroduced i sectio D i the electroics; this motive agai occurs i sectio L o ith strig imitatio. The sire soud reoccurs electroically i sectio W but does ot aear i the strigs agai util sectio here it becomes subsumed ithi the domiat drai comlex texture as a atural develomet o the glissadi oud i the aimatio o the storm drai comlex i sectio. Figure 4.3 Sire Motives Log Sire Motive Short Sire Motive 4.2 Chordal Comlexes For may o the sectios, I rote a metal imressio o the soudscae or strigs i the orm o a musical texture a chordal comlex. The rimary ilueces or the develomet o these comlexes come rom the keyote layers o the river valley
Trio Heey 39 soudscaes, articularly elemets that emhasize themselves ot oly o accout o the recordigs that I have doe, but also iormed by my hysiological ad sychological exerieces associated ith the soudscae. Some o these comlexes are bore rom a oetic recollectio o the area; these aurages are crystallizatios o my subjective imressios o these recorded soudscaes. Other comlexes are trascribed by itch. The Drai Comlex The most romiet comlex i Forest ad the City is the drai comlex, a soud mass ilueced by hearig the various storm drais i the River Valley. This comlex is built via a overtoe series based o the slight romiece o D4 i the recordigs. (Figure 4.4) The drai comlex tyically begis as a solid chord based o this overtoe series, trasormig ito a aimated versio o itsel. The itesity o the aimatio is cotext-deedet. I the oeig sectio, the drai comlex is moderately aimated ith the oudatio remaiig static, hereas its reoccurrece at sectio K is subdued ito the quiet asect o ighttime. Its ial iteratio i sectio icororates elemets rom other motives to become the loudest, most aimated maiestatio thereo. The shit rom a static soud mass to a aimated comlex reresets ho the idividual elemets come ito ocus as oe aroaches the source o the soud. The aimated texture roils aroud the same chord, reresetig the loig ater.
Trio Heey 40 Figure 4.4 The Drai Comlex Drai Comlex Sectios ad Quiet Drai Comlex Sectio K Other Maiestatios o Water The rimary texture o sectio C is a aurage o the creek babblig, cosistig rimarily o izzicato ad jeté cells soudig asychroously like the creek soudscae the texture is based uo, thus servig as a cotrast betee the thicker texture o the storm drai comlex i the sectio beore ad the static traic texture aterards. Droes Aother major source o chordal comlexes is the costat resece o static droes o various itches ad timbres. These droes are the basis or may o the static textures i Forest ad the City, ragig rom a sigle ote such as the D5 o the lat just south o Yellohead Trail i sectio G, to octaves such as the hal lats i sectio J based o the resoatig requecy o the EPCOR asteater lat i Cailao Park, to the very loud, almost overbearig chord ceterig o G4 comrisig sectio T based o the costructio souds I heard hile I as goig udereath Whitemud Drive o the bike ath to Fort Edmoto. (Figure 4.5)
Figure 4.5 Droe Trascritios Trio Heey 41 Plat south o Yellohead Trail EPCOR Wasteater Plat Uder Whitemud Trail Seasos The chordal comlexes based o the seasos are much more vague, based o ho I exerieced them; as such, these are more aurage tha trascritio. A examle o such a comlex is a chord comosed o quartals i sectio F hich reresets the starkess ad solitude o iter i the late eveig. Sice the aimal souds rom the recedig sectio comrise a similar chord, the trasitio betee them is almost imercetible. The goose rovides D5 ad G5, the duck rovides A4, ad the keeig bird soud rovides F6. Thus sectio F occurs by comletig the quartal ith a C5. (Figure 4.6) Figure 4.6 Witer Chord Aurage Goose Hok ird Keeig Duck Quack Witer Chord I cotrast, the summer ad autum soudscaes are busier sice they occur i the daytime. I a umber o laces the strig orchestra is silet to allo the soudscae ull aural imact; o aurage or strig iut o ay kid is eeded to comlemet their comleteess. The irst o these momets occur at the begiig o sectio E, the
Trio Heey 42 marshlads; here, each soud allos the requisite strig istrumet to brig orth the corresodig static ote hich evetually trasorms ito the iter chord. The busiest soudscae, the horse trail aroud Harelak Park comrisig sectio O, has o strigs soudig or its etire duratio, alloig that soudscae to take cetre stage i the middle o the iece. The ial occurrece o silece is sudde; ater the strigs ad the soudscae reach the loudest eak i the iece, the strigs dro out alog ith the Terillegar drai soudscae, leavig i their lace a soudscae so quiet that ay strig soud ould obscure the soudscae s resece. This soudscae, deictig the southest edge o Edmoto at the ester edge o Terillegar Park, is the ed o the jourey, thus the ed o Forest i the City, lastig but a brie momet comared to the tety-our recedig soudscaes. 4.3 Sectioal Aalysis Forest i the City is orgaized rom both harmoic ad seaso-based oits o vie, each ossessig the commo uit o the idividual soudscae. 16 Macrostructure 1 Rodo Form From the harmoic oit o vie, Forest i the City is arraged i a rodo-tye orm. The rerais cosist o a uiso E hich develos ito the drai comlex. 16 See Aedix H Form ad Flochart o Forest ad the City
Trio Heey 43 Figure 4-7 Form o Forest ad the City The irst rerai, lastig rom the begiig to the ed o, is a simle glissado rom a sigle ote to the drai comlex. This drai comlex gradually trasorms ito the izzicato creek backgroud begiig the irst eisode. The trai chords i sectio G orm the backgroud agaist hich siets o squirrel melody lay o oe aother to resolve to a uiso E begiig the secod rerai just beore sectio I. This uiso does ot last log beore it is quickly joied by the lo duck quackig backgroud ad a droe based o the EPCOR asteater lat earby, hich becomes the oudatio ote or the ext drai comlex. This drai comlex evetually resolves to a uiso A begiig the ext eisode at sectio M. The ial rerai arises rom a cotext dieret rom a resolutio to a held uiso itch E6. Istead, there is a staccato texture comrised o ragmets o the squirrel motive mostly cosistig o that itch. These squirrel ragmets orm a sarse texture hich the gradually builds util beomig the ial drai chord at sectio, hich sells to the loudest momet i the iece beore beig abrutly cut o to reveal the quietest soudscae o all, located at the southest edge o the city.
Trio Heey 44 Macrostructure 2 y Seaso From the methodological oit o vie, Forest i the City is i ive throughcomosed sectios cosistig o the souds recorded durig each o the ive excursios i the Edmoto River Valley. Each soud recordig ad some o the associated strig material relect uique circumstaces. The Keedale area i the autum has the strogest ater souds, excludig the storm drai sectios. The Hermitage area i the iter is a thier texture relectig the stark coditios therei. The Mid-City sectio i the dead o ight i the srig is geerally very quiet, relectig the subdued ature o the city at that time. I the the Harelak-Quesell sectio, the summer morig is very loud sice the recordig starts ear a busy thoroughare at the start o the morig rush hour. Fially, the Fort Edmoto-Terillegar sectio is the most varied, begiig at a very loud costructio zoe ear Whitemud Trail ad edig at the quietest area o all, the large grasslad area o Terillegar Park at the southest edge o the city. While the drai comlex determies the ormal asect o Forest i the City, the seasos ad times o day lay a large role i determiig the dyamics ad istrumetatio. Sectioal Structure These dieret aroaches toards the orm o Forest i the City, rodo orm ad by seaso, are uited by usig the same sectioal structure as their commo deomiator tety-ive sectios lastig ayhere rom ity to iety secods, each ocusig o a soudscae. Each o these soudscaes has a uique character, eve those soudscaes that seem similar. For examle, the three storm drai sectios, K, ad, although cotaiig the same cells, develo them dieretly. I additio, each storm drai soud
Trio Heey 45 ile is dieret because o its locale i Keedale, the ater is loig out coiously, droig out the other souds; i Cailao, the ater is muted amogst a very quiet oise loor; ad i Terillegar, the ater is amliied ad made reverberat rom the ie it los through; this drai soud as recorded rom above rather tha at a distace. 4.4 Harmoic Aalysis Sice Forest i the City is a soudscae comositio borroig a umber o techiques rom soud mass ritig, the harmoic aalysis is rimarily based o either itch cetres he the backgroud layer is clear, or otes that distiguish themselves rom ithi a toe cluster backgroud layer o a articular soudscae i the backgroud is dese. Occasioally, there are other harmoic rocesses, such as voice leadig. Pitch Cetres The romiet requecies o droes ad motives serve as the basis or may o the itch cetres i Forest i the City. For istace, the irst drai comlex o sectio hovers ad udulates aroud D4, agaist hich the cotrabass rovides a oudatio o D1. The stark quartal iter chord i sectio F is gradually ared do to a solitary D5 that matches the revailig oer lat droe just south o Yellohead Trail. The hal lat droe i sectio J is imitated by the cotrabass a octave belo; this cotrabass ote resolves to a A i sectio M that is the rimary ote heard rom the oregroud souds i this sectio, the souds o the Walterdale bridge vibratig as cars drive over it. The E that begis each rerai is revealed i the ial rerai to be the iitial ote o the chidig squirrel motive.
Trio Heey 46 Soud Mass Emhasis There are other sectios lackig a deiitive itch cetre; these istead have a revailig ote rom the soudscae hich the chord is built aroud. The backgroud o the soudscae o sectio D, deictig the ath udereath Victoria Trail, cosists o a mass o traic soud hich emhasizes itch D4. This soud mass is comlemeted by a soud mass i the strigs cocetratig aroud itch F4. This soudmass stays static or the duratio o the sectio, iterruted oly by the souds o traic goig over the bridge. The to trai chords i sectio G, C4/Eb4/Ab4/4 ad D-Eb4/F#4-G4/b4-4, orm the tremolo oudatio i sectio H, hich evetually is relaced by a uiso E. Sectio N, deictig the soudscae o the orth side o the addleboat od durig morig rush hour i the summer, cosists o a less ell-deied cluster aroud the same area hich is mimicked by the strigs. I sectio P, the strigs create a cluster o otes aroud hal shar 4, C5, ad D hal lat 5, mimickig the soud o the hollo steel ootbridge railig struck by a loose backack stra as I as alkig ext to it. Sectio R s costructio ad traic-based soud mass is much loer tha all else; this loess is emhasized by havig oly the cotrabasses lay the aurage that imrited i my mid at that time. The loudest static soudmass is located at sectio T here the bridge udereath emhasized the G4 over a loud, lo oise loor; the secodary emhasis is o a E2 dyamically augmeted by the cotrabasses. Voice Leadig To sectios are imortat because o their uctio o the orm o the overall iece. As such, they are give additioal eight through the use o voice leadig.
Trio Heey 47 The major case o voice leadig occurs i sectio L. The hal lat rom sectio J, loered to lat, is joied ith the sire s emhasized otes, D ad A lat, ormig a oe domiat seveth chord. This chord is treated as a Italia sixth hich resolves to the uiso A that begis sectio M. 4.5 Satial Desigatios All o the souds comrisig the electroic istrumet i Forest i the City have satial attributes. The backgroud souds are determied by a reloaded eveloe deictig i some ashio the jourey take hile this soudscae occurred. 17 The ioit ad aoit souds are cotrolled by their resective joysticks o the cotroller as er the directios o the score. These directios ere determied by listeig to the eviromet, keeig otes o the directios o the souds relative to the listeer, 18 ad usig these otes to determie lacemet o the souds amog the eight seakers. These lacemets become x-y co-ordiates hich are ed ito vba8b to satialize the soud. The strigs themselves are also satialized. They are searated ito a ier quartet o our, cosistig o violi, viola, cello ad double bass, ad a larger esemble comrisig the rest o the strig orchestra, each ith its idividual art based o its ositio i the outer rig. To maximize the satial asect o the comositio ad to imart a uique exeriece o each listeer, the audiece is seated betee the ier quartet ad the outer rig i a cocetric circle. 19 17 Please see Aedix D Fieldotes or details cocerig the oit o vie o each backgroud ile. 18 Please see Aedix F ackgroud Paig Choices or details o each decisio made. 19 Please see Aedix A Forest i the City Cocert Stage Setu.
Trio Heey 48 Directioal ackgroud Each backgroud soud i a soudbak, i additio to havig a satial eveloe, also has a directio. The directio determies the oset o the stereo ile satially to diverge the let ad right chaels rom a cetral oit desigated by the satial eveloe, imartig a greater deth to the soudscae reseted. For the uroses o Forest i the City, orth reers to the lacemet o the irst seaker. For examle, i the directio is ortheast, the let chael ould be oset toards the orthest, hile the right chael ould be oset toards the southeast. 4.6 I Coclusio The soudscae is a comlex atural soic occurrece, yet oe that is most easily uderstood to the itet listeer. It ecomasses timbre, dyamics, satializatio, itch, texture, harmoy, ad rhythm, itereavig together i atters ad variaces. Forest i the City is created ith the itet o havig the audiece rediscover these atters ad variaces, the comlex iterlay that occurs betee soud sigals, the subtle diereces betee soudscae backgrouds, the areciatio o the uique sigals deiig each soudscae ad commo sigals uitig the area as a hole. Furthermore, Forest i the City is my ersoal jourey through the Edmoto River Valley, realized as a comositio through the use o aurages to evoke the exerieces that I have had o the River Valley, ad I ivite those illig to liste to share i my exeriece.
Trio Heey 49 REFERENCES "Heilbru Timelie o Art History.", accessed Jauary 20, 2012, htt//.metmuseum.org/toah/orks-o-art/49.55.35. ell, Alla Gordo. Aurages 7 Ehemera. Calgary Caadia Music Cetre, 1994.. Coriolis. Calgary Caadia Music Cetre, 2003. ody, Jack. "Musik Dari Jala." Accessed Jue 9, 2012, htt//souz.org.z/orks/sho/10399. Cox, Christoher ad Daiel Werer, eds. Audio Culture Readigs i Moder Music. Ne York Cotiuum, 2007. Felske, Lorry ad everley Rasorich, eds. Challegig Frotiers The Caadia West. Calgary Uiversity o Calgary Press, 2004. Heey, Trio. Drei Waldesgedichte Für Musiker Ud Schallschate (2009).. Forest i the City (2011).. Three Movemets or Strig Quartet (2008). Pederecki, Krzyszto. Kao. Maiz Schott, 1974.. Threos De Oer Vo Hiroschima. Ne York Alred, 1985. Pritchard, Robert ad Keith Hamel. UCTools. Vol. 5 2011. Pulkki, Ville. "Geeric Paig Tools or Max/MSP." Accessed August 11, 2012, htt//cmat.berkeley.edu/system/iles/attachmets/geeric+plaig+tools.d. Roads, Curtis. The Comuter Music Tutorial. Cambridge MIT Press, 1995.. Microsoud. Cambridge MIT Press, 2001. Schaer, R. Murray. The Greatest sho. Idia River Arcaa, 1987.. Patria The Comlete Cycle. Toroto Coach House ooks, 2002.. "Program Notes." Accessed Setember 1, 2011, htt//atria.org.arcaa/programotes.d.. Prologue The Pricess o the Stars. Idia River Arcaa, 1981.. Soudscae Our Soic Eviromet ad the Tuig o the World. Destiy ooks Rochester, 1994.. Strig Quartet o. 2, "Waves". Idia River Arcaa, 1976.
Trio Heey 50 Shairo, Fred R. "Quote... Misquote." Ne York Times, July 21, 2008. Truax, arry. Acoustic Commuicatio. Secod Editio. Westort Ablex, 2001.. "Comosig ith Time-Shited Evirometal Soud." Leoardo Music Joural 2, o. 1 (1992) 37-40.. "Covolutio." Accessed July 24, 2012, htt//.su.ca/~truax/cov.html.. "Domiio (1991)." Accessed May 22, 2012, htt//.su.ca/~truax/domiio.html.. "Riverru (1996)." Accessed July 23, 2012, htt//.su.ca/~truax/river.html.. "Soud, Listeig ad Place The Aesthetic Dilemma." Accessed July 24, 2012, htt//.su.ca/~truax/os8.html.. "Soudscae Comositio." Accessed July 24, 2012, htt//.su.ca/~truax/scom.html. Westerkam, Hildegard. "Cordillera." Accessed May 22, 2012, htt//.su.ca/~esterka/istallatios/cordillera1.html.
APPENDI A FOREST IN THE CITY STAGE SETUP Trio Heey 51 Vl. VIII Vla II Vl I 1 2 Vl. II Vlc. 8 3 Vl. VII Vl. I C Coductor Vl. III 7 Vlc, Vl. II 4 Vla. VI C 6 5 Vl. V Vl. IV Vla. I
APPENDI - DREI WALDESGEDICHTE CONCERT SETUP Trio Heey 52
Trio Heey 53 APPENDI C MAP AND SOUNDWALK LAYOUT Sectio 1 Keedale Sectio 2 Heritage to Cailao Sectio 3 Sectio 4 Hareluk Sectio 5 Terilligar Mid City
APPENDI D - FIELDNOTES AND SOUND DOCUMENT EDITS Keedale Ravie Fieldotes Date recorded 28 Setember 2010 Time recorded 416 m to 740 m Trio Heey 54 Route Started at the est ed just borderig Sito Park, roceedig eastard to the North Saskatchea River. Notes I started recordig uo reachig the est ti o the ravie. This ark area is the urthest aay rom the river arklad alog the valley goes. The irst art is rather tame. It cosists o rollig hills o cut grass ith a aved ath goig to 40 th Street. Ater crossig 40 th street, the ild art o the valley begis a gravel ath ith several ootbridges. The air as arm, aroud 15 degrees C or so. The isects ere out, but ot registerig i most cases. The most romiet eature o this soudalk as the dieret souds that ater makes loig through dieret areas o the ravie. The id as much more romiet i this recordig, i some cases overhelmig the microhoe. The soud the id made rushig through the autum leaves is quite distict. The ath ids aroud a creek that eeds ito the river. I took the oortuity to record several siets at each oode ootbridge that crossed the creek. There ere also a coule o istaces here the ater as loud eough to be heard ithout goig over such a bridge irst, here a storm drai as emtyig ito the creek; secod, he the ater as rushig beside the ath just beore eterig Heritage Park. As ar as creature souds go, a e stood out 1) call-ad-resose squirrel. 2) A loe cricket. 3) Several geese i oe o the mauactured etlads mii-lakes ear the river. 4) Ducks ear the same. 5) Dogs! The river valley as a hole seems to be a avourite sot or dogalkers. Aother sot o ote is uder Victoria Trail. The valley ath goes udereath a reeay bridge; the souds o traic overhead chage he directly udereath the bridge because said bridge acts as a sort o soic bale ad coduit.
Trio Heey 55 Keedale Ravie Soud Documet Edits 1) 000-958 Wid rushig through the trees i the Keedale Ravie east o 40 ST. Traic ca be heard rom the major thoroughare. (5PM) 2) 958-1500 Water gushig rom a storm collector ito the creek i the ravie. 3) 1500-2000 The creek loig udereath a ootbridge i the valley 4) 2000-2100 Further do the creek. 5) 2100-2345 The ravie goes udereath a large reeay beore oeig u ito Heritage Park beside the river. 6) 2345-2515 The marshes i Heritage Park. Migratig aterol gather here. Metadata Hermitage! Cailao Date November 18, 2010 Time 730m to 1100m Coditios very cold (-20 C), 8-10 cm o so o the groud 730m Started recordig. Here, I am at the south ed, ad it is retty quiet so ar. Do the hill rom the bus sto there is a trail close to the river. 745m I am just about to go uder Yellohead Trail. A giat railroad track looms above the trail just beore the highay. I the distace lares ad other lashig orage lights lay alog the smoke like ill-o-iss. 800m Udereath the eastboud bridge o Yellohead. The vehicles goig across the bridge make a distict soud as they go across. Cluk-cluk. Usually this is because there are to sets o heels. The irst o may trais to cross toight aroach. 810m Just south o the bridges. Several souds combie together to create a iterestig soudscae a ol hootig, the D5 droe o the lat area, ad the trai hors soudig dieret chords E lat mior, C4-Eb4-Ab4-4, mior thirds, ad so o. I do t thik there ill be ay other birds toight. This sectio o recordig souds like it could be a iece o music by itsel.
Trio Heey 56 840m I am aroachig the Aisorth-Dyer ridge. The valley ca o loger be traversed estard o the orth bak. Oce across, I ll be at Gold ar Park. Just beore said bridge are sigs deictig various birds, such as the moutai bluebird, Frakli s Gull, ad so o. At the middle o the bridge is the best lace to record the river i this area. The ice loes breakig u i the river have a distict soud. Trai hors ca still be heard i the distace, as ca the D5 hie rom the lats. 910m The river trail leads to the back side o a large aste ater treatmet lat oed by Ecor. 1000 m I itessed somethig I could ot believe. A iter eveig at -20C, ad there ere hudreds o ducks gathered together. There as a costat lo quacky texture, amog hich call-ad-resose high quacks ould rise rom everyhere alog this area o the river. 1030 m I ve just about reached the ester edge o the lat, ad e are i Cailao! Time to sto recordig. Soud Documet Edits Hermitage Park (000-100) The air is still ad very cold (-20 C). The soudscae here is rather quiet. Odd chordal juxtaositios are heard rom dieret soud sources. Aroachig Yellohead Trail (100-315) Footstes soud dieret he they ack do so rather tha gravel. I ca hear traic rom the highay. Eve this late at ight, the highay is still busy. Hearig traic rom belo is a odd exeriece. Some o the vehicles harshess is dameed by the iterveig cocrete barrier; this eect becomes more roouced i the ext sectio.
Trio Heey 57 Udereath the Eastboud ridge (315-655) The bridge makes a iterestig soud as vehicles ass over it. This kid o soud exists oly i iter because o the ay the temerature acts ith the bridge. The soud comes rom the vehicles assig over a saeguard that comesates or the material o the bridge shrikig i colder climes. Just south o the Eastboud ridge (655-1045) A trai asses by o the railroad bridge orth o the highay, soudig its C4-Eb4-Ab4-4 hor at times. From the east, the lat emaates a costat D5 hie. A ol jois i o F#4 i a characteristic rhythm (e.xee). I laces, a D2 droe hases i ad out. The traic adds some midrage hite oise to the mix. Near the begiig is somethig that souds like a costat lo quack-like texture. Further south (1045-1230), (1230-1310) The D5 hie o domiates the soudscae. Near Rudle Park (1310-1405) The trai hor o souds like a dimiished chord (D4-F#4-A#4). This chord ould be a ice oe to iterose agaist the revious trai chord rom the bridge. There is actually a istace o the hor doig a slight uard glissado as it is soudig, by as much as a semitoe over ive secods. At the riverbak o Rudle Park (1405-1435) Here I heard the soud o ot oly ater loig, but loes breakig aart ad loatig do the river. Aisorth-Dyer ridge (1435-1600) Here is much better recordig o the ice loes breakig o the bridge suorts. A lo bobbig soud is costatly soudig I thik it s rom the ater, but I have ever heard such a soud rom the ater i my other recordigs, makig this uique as ar as I ko. It might be a atereect o the breakig ice loes ehid the EPCOR Wasteater Plat (1600-2040) No that I thik about it, the ice loes breakig soud very similar to glass breakig. Some o that is heard i this sectio; hoever, I as comletely caught o guard by hat I itessed here. Over to hudred ducks coversig ith oe aother. At te o clock i the eveig. IN -20C. I could ot believe my eyes or my ears.
Trio Heey 58 The mai backgroud texture cosists o the breakig ice loes ad the lo droe-quacks. Amidst this texture arises a series o call-ad-resose high-itched quacks. This cogregatio o ducks lied the etire legth o the asteater treatmet lat ear the south bak o the river. The ester edge o the lat is at Cailao; thus this art o the recordig eds the documet. Mid City Fieldotes ad Soud Documet Edits Date ad Time Aril 8 th (1100PM)-Aril 9 th (630AM) Temerature 3C (droig to -4C over the course o the recordig) Wid Light id comig rom the east, taerig o to dead calm Geeral otes The mid city recordigs tured out to be surrisigly the quietest o the ive desite the recordig sessio lastig almost tice that o ay o the others. There ere some ice soudscaes here ad there, but or the most art the soudscae as simly a quiet backgroud oise bad o distat traic. The secod siet is a tyical examle. With the excetio o oe very vocal goose that accomaied me throughout much o the recordigs, the hole city as aslee. Eve the traic as at a miimum. Seciic recordigs 000-115 West side o EPCOR Treatmet Plat (1100PM) Electricity has a articular itch associated ith it i Caada (60Hz, hal lat). Here oe ca erceive several octaves that use that itch as the udametal requecy. The highest o these has a avelike atter. 115-318 Cailao Park (1112PM) Other tha the di o distat traic, o other soud could be erceived rom here. 318-433 Caliao Storm Drai (1116PM) This drai is quieter tha either Keedale s or Terillegar s, hich is surrisig cosiderig it is srigtime. 433-847 Udereath the Cailao ridge (1155PM) The athay is te eet at most uder the bridge. Its character is similar to the Yellohead ridge ear Hermitage Park, excet there are o oer lats earby.
Trio Heey 59 847-1443 Riverside Park (1230AM) This sectio is a veriicatio o the adage Good thigs come to those ho ait. While the soud is uiorm or the irst hile, a goose ad sire add to the backgroud about miday through. 1443-2031 Rolad ridge (120AM) I alked across this bridge alogside car traic. The metal bars o this bridge resoate a dimiished C#E b chord. eore reachig the ed o the bridge, several sires started soudig, oe ater the other, each at a dieret startig oit creatig crossaves. 2031-3607 105 th Street ridge (440AM) This soudscae stood out head ad shoulders above the rest o the recordig. There as ater driig ad loig i dieret laces rom the so meltig. The bridge surace is a lattice iro rameork ith holes creatig a buzzig soud heever a car drove over it. The itch o the buzz as etirely deedet o the car s seed. Otetimes oe car ould start beore aother iished, creatig a dyad, or eve oce a triad chord. I ca oly imagie hat this bridge ould soud like o a eekday rush hour. Miday through, a goose added its voice to the esemble. The acoustics o the small tuel udereath the bridge added a slight reverberatio to the etire soudscae. 3607-4122 Uder the LRT ridge (510AM) O Saturdays Edmoto s Light Raid Trasit is ot active at this time, so the most romiet soud is that o the electrical lights illumiatig the siral athay leadig u to the ootbridge that hags udereath the LRT bridge. Aother 60Hz (or 60x2 ) soud. 4122-5211 Groat Road (610AM) The aimals, the traic ad the rest o the city i geeral is startig to ake u. It is a Saturday, though, so the traic ill ot reach as much o a eak as it ould o a eekday. I additio to our ried the goose, cros ad ducks o joi i.
Trio Heey 60 Hareluk-Quesell Fieldotes Start Poit Groat Road Hareluk Park Etrace Ed Poit Quesell ridge Coditios misty, overcast, sigle digit temeratures. Date Setember 15, 2010 Start time 645 am Fiish time 1045 am I the begiig, I took the rog etrace by accidet. Just orth o the Hareluk etrace o the turo o Groat Road is a roaday leadig ito a gol course ad resort area. It did t take log to realize I eeded to head urther south. The etrace to Hareluk is retty straightorard. A small stri o grassy area to the right ith a tree barrier (ad later discovered reiorced by a barbed ire ece!), ad a large cetral area to the let. The road loos couterclockise aroud the ark arallel to the river. I the morig, may migratory birds ere heard, articularly aroud the od. eig this early i the morig, I as the oly itess. Geese, ducks, ad birds could clearly be heard at the lake ear hich a cabi resided here oe ca ret addle boats. Uusual heomea icluded leaves that ell rom a tree earby, straight as a arro, at a 45 degree agle, straight ito the groud; ad the gol course trimmer hich roared its egie through the etirety o this hour. 800am Ater sedig some time at the lake, I decided to go o the horse trail sice it as closer to the river. Every so ote, there is a trail brachig o that goes to the riverbak. This area deserves a bit o urther ivestigatio. The highlight o this hour as deiitely the chidig squirrel. Although may squirrels have the tyical machie-gu chitter, this little guy added several short, saced, dieretly-itched chirs remiiscet o scoldig. O the recordig, it s umistakable. Eve this ar out, a roilig bad o oise ermeates the backgroud. This hour eds at a outost, ot ar rom the ucomig edestria bridge. 900 am No that I am at the bridge, it is a ide edestria bridge hose metal bars ossess a distictive rig as a stra o my backack ket strikig them. The dogalkers have started shoig u i droves, alog ith a e joggers.
Trio Heey 61 Shortly ater crossig ad headig estard alog the orth bak, I discovered a ide exase o sedge-like grasslad. Desite the temerature, isects are umerous there. 945 am I cotiued to alk estard. The birds are layerig ith each other i a exasive couteroit. Mr. Chidig Squirrel makes a reaearace as ell. The trail rus ito the Valley Zoo arkig lot beore goig ito aother oe ark like Hareluk, the curvig uard to a log staircase leadig to a air o bridges. 1045 am hich are both closed due to costructio. Uortuately, this cuts short the exeditio that I had laed or today; evertheless, I o have almost 4 hours o material to sit through. Soud Documet Edits 000 528 The addle boat lake, 740 am. 528 1110 The horse trail, 815 am. 1110 1620 The edestria bridge, 930 am. 1620 2230 Near the Valley Zoo, 1020 am. Fort Edmoto Terillegar Fieldotes ad Edits Date October 28, 2010 Time 1100am-300m Codiitos Suy throughout, startig at -3C, imrovig to 4C over the course o the recordig 1 1101 am (000-300) This cut is just east o the Whitemud drive bridge. There, a smaller river merges ith the North Saskatchea. The ducks are more vocal tha i Hareluk or Keedale. 2 1107 am (300-420) The microhoe is ocusig o the maiteace ork o the bridge as a ocus o the huma side o the eviromet here. 3 1113 am (420-610) A very vocal dog ad some birds.
Trio Heey 62 4 1121 am (610-840) I m goig udereath the bridge. 5 1128 am (840-915) I am o o the est side o the bridge. The hammerig souds seem to carry the arthest. They ere overhelmed he right ext to the bridge. 6 1132 am (915-1015) Relative quiet ad calm revails comared to beore alog the Fort Edmoto River Loo Trail. 7 1145 am (1015-1145) A strage soud that I have ever heard beore, soudig almost like a cross betee a bird ad a dog. 8 1147 am (1145-1635) The squirrel has retured. This time I thik I as itrudig uo its home territory because he I moved i to ocus, the squirrel gave out some arig chirs, leaed oto a tree ith hat looked to be like ests built o its ork, the roceeded to alterate betee chirig ad suddely chagig oses -> really quick movemets. 9 1154 am (1635-1720) / 10 (1720-1810) / 11 (1810-1910) Vocal aterol ear the ater. 12 1225 m (1910-2005) / 13 (2005-2235) The soud o the rost meltig caught my ears here. It souds similar to ood cracklig i a ire. The squirrel makes a re-aearace ith the same kid o arig call. Near the ed, a sire ca be heard rom a great distace aay. 14 1232 m (2235-2400) / 15 (2400-2650) Near the ater, aroachig Whitemud Road. A sailboat is arked i this area, to be accessed by Fort Edmoto eole. A variety o souds are heard here squirrels, laes, costructio, aterol, ater, etc.
Trio Heey 63 16 100 m (2650-2725) Whitemud Road. Surrise, surrise urther edestria access is blocked by costructio. Thakully, a coule met me as I as about to head back ad gave me a ride to the etrace o Terilligar Park, hich, as it turs out, as ot ar. E route, e assed by the site o a large riverbak collase that claimed at least our masios i Riverside. Others ear the site have their oudatios or do it seems ievitable that they too ill collase i the ear uture. 17 130 m (2725-2740) Well, here e are the trail that leads ito Terilligar Park. 18 150 m (2740-2830) / 19 (2830-2920) I am o miday do a stee hill that goes rom Riverside to the riverrot. The ater soud is rom a mahole cover at the bottom. They re doig costructio aroud here too, it seems. 20 156 m (2920-3055) / 21 (3055-3400) I am o right above the mahole cover. This is a storm drai just beore it dums ito the river. 22 205 m (3400-3420) This is the storm drai exit. The ater crashes agaist several series o barriers beore beig deosited ito a rock bed hich urther ilters the ater beore it eters the river. 23 215 m (3420-3500) I am o at the river i Terilligar Park. This lace is ot actually orest aymore, but a vast grasslad ark. Numerous dogs ad their oers cogregate i this giat o-leash ark. The river beds almost 180 degrees creatig a sort o eisula. The echo chamber here is amazig (aologies or the mic itererece; this art as too good to ass u) 24 230 m (3500-3830) / 25 (3830-4000) This is the urthest est the river goes beore leavig the city. The silece is such that I caot move at all ithout disturbig the delicate soudscae here. This is a erect lace or eace ad quiet, costructio crae earby otithstadig. I ca oly imagie ho still it ould be i iter.
Trio Heey 64 APPENDI E SOUND ANK CHART ackgroud Pioit 1 Pioit 2 Paoit 1 Paoit 2 Leaves Rushig Sudde Chir Motorcycle Grol ird Chorus Wid Gusts Storm Drai Creek Melodic Ca Vehemet Ca Squirrel Call Uder Freeay Sire, Gravel Marshlad Goose Hok Duck Quack ird Keeig ird Call Uder ridge Poer Plat Ol Hootig CEbAb Trai Movig Trai DF#b Hor Floes reakig Quack Droe Short Quack Loud Quack Plat Droe Cailao Drai Riverside Double Sire Walterdale ridge Sigle Note Chord Ascedig Scale 1 Ascedig Scale 2 Pod @ Groat Quack ird Call Hok Sessio Teet Sequece Horse Trail Squirrel Call Short Chidig Chidig Squirrel ird Call Footbridge ridge Rig Ca ad Dig Valley Zoo ird vs Squirrel Quesell ridge Quack rakig Vehicle River ear Quesell Hammer Dog ad Hammer Dog ad Hammer2 Uder Whitemud Movig Car Fort Edmoto ird Call Strage Hol Squirrel Alarm Squirrel Cry Slo Quack Frost Meltig Sire Outside Storm D Iside Storm Dr Terilligar Ed
Autum, Early Eveig APPENDI F ACKGROUND PANNING CHOICES A Keedale Park, oe aved ath, East Trio Heey 65 I as oitig the microhoe east to revet the id rom overhelmig the microhoe. I as also alkig eastard rom Sito Aveue do through Keedale Park. Storm Drai, South. The ath ad the drai ere searated by about te metres or so o ater, so the aig relects that. The storm drai is south rom the ath; as such, the soud is laced south. C Creek, North Agai the microhoe as statioary, ositioed directly above the creek. D Uder the Victoria Trail Freeay, North I as movig uder the reeay eastard, so the aig choice relects this circumstace. The aig or this sectio as doe rom a erso s ear oit o vie. E Hermitage Park Marshlad, North The listeer is statioary relative to the souds i this recordig. Various small lakes are scattered i Hermitage Park, may o them orth o the ath. May o the bird souds are laced there. Witer, Late Eveig F Uder Yellohead ridge, South This recordig is doe rom rom a erso s ear oit o vie. I as movig uder the bridge, ausig or a hile, the cotiuig orard, thus the bridge starts rom the south ad gradually shits orth. G South o Yellohead ridge, Southest This recordig is doe rom rom a erso s ear oit o vie.the oer lat is located i the southeast, domiatig the let chael. The ath veers close to the lats the aay i a U sort o shae. The oer lat droe is east; the ol is est; the trai is orth.
Trio Heey 66 H Aisorth Dyer ridge Floes reakig, Southest This is aother statioary soudscae. The microhoe is ositio directly above the river at its cetre. There are o soud sigals; the oly soud is that o the ater loig agaist the bridge, the ice loes breakig agaist the cocrete suorts. I ehid the EPCOR Wasteater Plat, Duck Droe, North This soudscae is statioary. Here, the microhoe is situated orth ad the backgroud layer relects the river. All o the oregroud souds (duck quacks) are laced i the orther hal o the audio sace. Srig, Night J West side o the EPCOR Wasteater Plat, North This soudscae is also statioary. The locatio relects the area rom hich I heard the droes o the lat, to the orth. K Cailao Storm Drai, North This is aother statioary soudscae. The microhoe is right above the storm drai, so the storm drai backgroud layer is cetred. L Riverside, North The microhoe is oitig orth, i the directio o the river. Oly the ambiece is i the backgroud. The backgroud layer is cetred. M Uder 105 Street ridge, West I am directly uder the bridge, so the ocal oit is cetred. The oregroud souds are cotrolled by aoit vectors sice they relect the cars goig over the bridge rom the southeast to the orthest. Summer, Morig N Paddle oat Pod i Hareluk Park, South The microhoe directio south relects the directio rom hich I as acig the od. The ater ambiece is laced i the south; the gol cart is i the orth; the traic rom earby Groat Road is i the east. The backgroud layer is cetred.
Trio Heey 67 O Horse Trail, West The ocus o the backgroud is o the river to the orth. I as alkig estard he the chidig squirrel evet occurred. P Across the bridge, Northest Here, I ated to give a statioary out-o-body ocus to someoe alkig rom the ortheast to the southest alog this bridge. The souds o the rigig bars o the bridge occur i several saces; this soud s sace is deied more by musical choice tha by accurate sace ortrayal. Q Valley Zoo irds, South The backgroud layer is statioary. The birdsog is ervasive but masked by the traic, makig it imossible to satialize aart rom the microhoe s directio. Autum Midday / Ateroo R Whitemud Drive Costructio, Southest The microhoe directio relects my listeig ositio he I caught the costructio. The backgroud layer is situated due est, here the costructio takes lace. S Near River e route to udereath the Whitemud Drive ridge, North The microhoe is statioary. The backgroud layer is cetred, relectig the omiresece o ater soud at this locatio. T Crossig udereath the bridge, West The recordig is doe rom a listeer s ear oit o vie, goig estard udereath the bridge. The shar a at the 59-secod mark is to a the ater sill rom est to east to relect my exeriece o goig through the ater sill exitig the bridge. U Fort Edmoto, West I have chose a quiet ambiece to cotrast the revious three areas. Here, aimals ca be clearly heard. This soudscae is statioary ad cetred. V Squirrel Alarm, Fort Edmoto, East This little squirrel decided to squeak o-sto. I as acig east hile he as i the orth so the backgroud layer relects this by keeig him mostly i the let chael.
Trio Heey 68 W Meltig Frost, Fort Edmoto, East The recordig is doe rom a listeer s oit o vie, goig estards. The cracklig soud o the meltig rost, though everyhere, as most romiet i the south. Storm Drai, Terillegar Park, North Whe I catured this storm drai, it as orth o me. Later o I ositioed the mic right above it; I decided to make this a aoit soud so I could layer it over the iitial recordig or comariso; the sudde augmetatio also its ell ith the ial strig ush. Y Oe Field, Terillegar Park, ear the river at the est side, West The iece eds ith a ice echoig ambiece rom this locatio. This is statioary ad oset to the orth to relect here the majority o souds are heard.
APPENDI G TOP LAYER OF MA PROGRAM Trio Heey 69