Users' Orientations in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia towards the Reading of E-books through Smart Phones and Tablets: A Survey Study

Research Article Special Issue Users' Orientations in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia towards the Reading of E-books through Smart Phones and Tablets: A Survey Study Abstract-many apps which enable users to download e-books for free without license from the publisher spread recently on the application stores of the Smart Phones and Tablets. There is a large demand from users. In contract, some of known publishers started to create apps for them via these stores from which they can purchase e-books and download some of the licensed free books. There is an opportunity through taking the advantage of the techniques of Smart Phones and Tablets and by knowing the needs of users to reach large number of them and encourage them to purchase and download the licensed e-books leading to boom the E- Publishing Industry. Therefore, the motives of this study emerged which aimed to the determination of users' orientation toward the reading of e-books in terms of: devices and systems, reading topics, purposes of reading, reading rate, the used apps in downloading and reading e-books, preferable formats and e- reading Apps preferences. To reach the objectives of the study, the survey method has been used. The basic tool used to data collection was Online Questionnaire, as it has been distributed through social networks on a random sample of users of the Smart Phones and Tablets in reading e-books in Saudi Arabia from the age of 18 years old. The size of the sample has reached (681) individual. Most of important results of the study were: That the Smart Phones are more widely used in reading e-books than Tablets. As 64 % of the sample members. Most of them download e-books through the apps made available for free without license from the publisher, as their percentage was 75 %. Also, there is low demand for purchasing e-books through apps of publishers as most of sample members with 86 % had never purchased any e- book from the apps of publishers. The Most of important recommendations of the study were that the Publishers must contribute in raising the awareness of the Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Environment, to combat apps and sites which violates the publication rights. They should exert much effort to market their apps through various marketing platforms. They should perform survey studies and communicate with readers through their web sites and social networks to know changes in the interests and needs of readers and attempting to meet them. Keywords-Smart phones; E-reading; E-book; E-publishing; Tablets I. INTRODUCTION Smart phones are considered the natural evolution following the Personal Computers, as it contributes in reducing its popularity after long period of domination. The evolution of doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v10i4s.100 Marwah S. Bajandoh #l, Huda M. Alamoudi *2 #* Information Science Department King Abdul-Aziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia l marwah_bjn@hotmail.com 2 hudal958@hotmail.com Published online: 5 March 2018 Smart Phones was not limited to physical and technical features such as weight, size, processor speed, camera resolution etc.., but the real evolution lies in the content services to be provided by these devices. This content includes texts, images, videos, audio, games etc... This resulted in an apparent change in Users' orientations toward the using of the Mobile Phones, as they are not only means of communication, but also means to produce and exchange information in its various digital forms [l]. The large demand on Smart Phones led to the emergence of Tablets which attempted to cover the gap between the Smart Phone and Personal Computer [2], as Tablets combine between the large size of Personal Computer's screen and the technical specifications of the Smart Phone. But now, there is rapprochement between the size of Smart Phone and Tablets' Screen, as Smart Phones' Screens tend to be larger. In addition to the emergence of smaller Tablets, it leads to a fall in the sales of Tablets, as many users are satisfied with Smart Phones instead of Tablets. The sales of E-Readers such as Amazon Reader has declines, also, coinciding with the spread of Smart Phones and Tablets which became as E-readers for many users from which Newspapers, Journals and E-books can be read. Google and Apple Companies are driving the market of Smart Phones' operating systems with a share up to about 90 % worldwide, throw Android and Apple ios, following the operating systems of other companies such as Windows Phone and BlackBerry [3]. Although the great benefits of the enormous technical and information revolution enabled by Smart Phones, but many people think it has some negative aspects, such as it contributed in reluctance of Arab Users- especially Youth- to read books, by making them occupied with digital entertainment means of the audiovisual materials from Music, Movies, Videos, Games and Others, and making them occupied with Social Networks such as Twitter and Facebook. Intellectuals and Literati believe that the phenomenon of the reluctance of reading is not only existed in the Arab World, but it is a problem existed in most of the world's Countries. The book is living in competition phase with the modern technical devices in the field of keeping, publishing and exchange information. Some opinions which J Fundam Appl Sci. 2018, 10(4S), 321-326 321

predicts the end of the book and the orientation of the readers to E-Device Screens has emerged [4]. Hence, the need to Systematic Study about the orientations of users toward the reading of e-books through Smart Phones and Tables emerged, to contribute in evolving the e-publishing industry for books through these devices, to contribute in access to as much as possible of users and to attempt the promotion of reading practice through the potentials enabled by apps of the e-books in making the reading practice more fun. The increasing of demand on purchasing and downloading the licensed digital books by users will contribute in booming the digital publishing industry through Smart Phones and Tablets. The study provided important information for publishers which can be utilized in development their services provided through the apps of downloading and reading e-books. Also, the study provided information which contributed in development the E- publishing process through Smart Phones in general. The study relied on Survey Method. The basic tool to data collection was Online Questionnaire, which has been distributed on a random sample of (681) users of Smart Phones and Tablets in reading e-books in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Most of important results of the study were that Smart Phones are more widely used in reading e-books than Tablets. Most of users are downloading e-books through the apps made available for free without license from the publisher. Also, there is low demand for purchasing and downloading e-books through the apps of publishers. II. PREVIOUS STUDIES: The researcher has viewed number of studies related to the subject of users' orientation toward the E- Reading and publishing the e-books through Smart Phones and Tablets. Below the most of important of these studies from the newest to the oldest will be reviewed: - Reference [5] mentioned that the publishers are facing a great challenge in determining the styles of providing high quality services for users. The study looked at the basic triggers which affects the users' behavior toward the reading of e-books. The most important result was that the benefits of the e-book for users lie in the ease of use. - Reference [6] dealt with the concept and the reality of the E- reading in Arab and International Levels. The most important contained in the study was the suggestion of the researcher to establish Arab Council for the E-Publishing and to Form the Following Committees: Arab and International Standards Committee for the E-Publishing, E-Publishing Control Committee, Awareness Programs Committee, Legislation Committee, E-Learning and Digital Content Committee and Qualification, Training and Human Capacity Building Committee needed to the E- Publishing Industry. - Reference [7] reviewed the date of the emergence of e- books in Korea with the focus on the last three years and it was discussed its usage in the Smart Phones- as Important Platform. The study discussed the impact of the entry of number of international publishers to the Korean E-books, such as Amazon, Google and Apple. The study indicated that the delay of acceptance and evolution of the e-books in Korea is a confusing matter in a country which considers one of the most advanced countries in the computer-related techniques. - Reference [8] has been carried out to measure the reading experiences enabled by e-books for the user and ipad2 Device has been used. The results of the study showed that the reading experiment for the user doesn't only relate the e-book but also the device. The reading experiences for the user will be increased in case of he has been linked by the device and the content with several other functions on the physical and knowledge level. - In Reference [9], a survey has been carried out on (2986) Americans at the age of 16 years old and above in the middle of December 2011, the results have showed that around 43% of the sample members have read e-book or long digital content such as E-Magazines and Newspapers using the E-Reader, Tablets or through their Mobile Phones. 17% has read e-book last year and the percentage increased to 21% in February of 2012. The results showed that 88% of those who read e-book last year have read also a printed book. - Reference [10] indicated that the most important feature preferred by users in the e-readers is Touch Screen. The study has focused on the impact of touch screen on the ease of use. A comparison has been carried out between three types of devices which are: Sony PRS 600 Device, Sony PRS 505 Device and Apple ipad Device. In this Study, several users have been participated, as they were asked to perform certain tasks, therefore, replying a questionnaire containing questions to assess each device. The results of the study have shown that the Touch Screen has a significant positive impact on the Navigation Factor and on the Interaction with the user. Despite that, Users have faced some problems during the performance of the tasks. Researchers ended up that there is still a scope for improvement in the E-Readers regarding the ease of use. - Reference [11] indicated that the demographics for the users of the Internet through Smart Phones differ partially from the stereotype. The using of Latins and Blacks for Internet on their Smart Phones in the United States is not less than the using of Whites. Low-income and Low Education Users tend to use the Internet through their phones only without Computers. - Reference [12] is survey study aimed to know the possibility of using the Mobile Phones in broadcasting the Digital Arabic Content. The most important results of the study that the Digital Arabic Content began its publication through Mobile Phones in 2009 modestly. Most of the Arabic Content through Mobile phones was limited to the Quick Content such as Magazines, in addition to some of the General Books such as Encyclopedias, also it lacks to the Specialized Scientific Books. - Reference [13] is survey study aimed to know the orientation of the Students of Arabic Languages as Second Language toward the e-reading. The study has been applied on a sample of (47) students of the Fourth Level in Arabic Teaching Institute for non-native speakers in King Saud University. The most important findings of the study that Students prefer the Free e-reading through surfing the Internet for reading certified E-Resources. Large J Fundam Appl Sci. 2018, 10(4S), 321-326 322

Percentage of them thinks that their reading skills evolved due to the practicing of the Free e-reading. - Reference [14] discussed the impact of Mass Media on the Ideas related to cooperation and participation in authoring and designing the e-books. The study indicated that the evolution of the e-books compatible with Tablets gave a large area for cooperation between designers and authors, as the designers have greater role in forming the meanings and the content. - Reference [15] reviewed the Features of the most important E-Readers available in Markets which are ipad, Sony Digital Reader, Kindle, NOOK. It indicated to that the spreading of Smart Phones and Tablets contributed in increasing the secondments of e-books in Libraries and prices of E-Readers such as Kindle and Nook taking decline according to the evolution of E-Reading Techniques through Smart Phones and Tablets. The Researcher considers that the e-books will not cancel the printed books, although the orientation toward e-books is increasing. - Reference [16] discussed the emergency of the e-books market in Japan, its current situations and the impact of the entry of Amazon Company, Apple and Google to the Japanese Market. The researcher mentioned that the booming of the Technological Industry in Japan created suitable environment to adopt the e-books. Digitization initiatives in Japan started in 2003 with digitization large number of Japanese Storybooks Manga. - Reference [17] aimed to know the orientations of Faculty Members and their Assistants in Assiut University toward the E-Reading. The basic tool to data collection was the Questionnaire, which has been distributed on a sample of (386) individuals. The most important results of the study that Most of Faculty Members and their Assistants deal with E- Texts daily, 50% of them deal with it through the Personal Computer. Also, the results showed that English is the most language used in the E-Reading followed immediately by Arabic Language. - Reference [18] focused on the impact of the modern technology on Reading Practice. The study ended up that E-Media showed new types of the Literacy Practices such as the selective referenced reading and hypertext reading. Also, the E- Reading is not considered real readings for the slice not to be reckoned by intellectuals and researchers, because they see it lacks to the seriousness in the form and content. - References [13], [17] and [18] are dealt with the Free E- Reading through Websites in general without determining the quality of resources or devices. Meanwhile [6] linked the reality of the E-Reading with the E-Publishing. Reference [12] participated with the objectives of the current study in defining the importance of the E- Publishing through Mobile Phones. The results of [15] agreed with the results of the current study in that although the e-books have increased the demand, but it will not cancel the printed books. III. RESEARCH PROBLEM Through informing the researcher on apps of downloading and reading the e-books available on Apple App Store, she found some of these apps provide unlicensed versions of the digital books which can be easily downloaded and read through these apps. Large demand on these apps by the users will necessarily lead to the falling of sales of the licensed e-books that would weaken the publishing market of e-books. In contrast, the researcher found several apps for some known publishers in Saudi Arabia provide for users the possibility of purchasing, downloading and reading the e-books through the application, in addition to the possibility of downloading some of the licensed free books. There may be an opportunity through the awareness the users by the Intellectual Property Rights to the digital sources and through the good marketing for these apps in increasing the demand of the users on purchasing the licensed digital books, thus the growth of e- books publishing industry in Saudi Arabia. Through informing the researcher on [12] for the availability of the digital number through the Mobile Phones, which its recommendations include that the users' orientations toward the access of the digital content through Mobile Phones to be studied. All these factors helped to form the study problem that can be displayed in the following question: What are the users' orientations toward the reading of e-books through the Mobile Phones and Tablets? IV. SOLUTION METHODOLOGY The survey method has been approved, for being the suitable method to achieve the objective of the study. The survey method is one of the descriptive method patterns through which information or data about the phenomenon to be studied must be collected, determination the current situation to it to know the validity of this situation or it needs to change [19]. Data collections have been relied on studies related to the readers' orientations towards the e-reading and publishing e-books through Smart Phones and Tablets. Sources have been looked for using Google's Search Drive in addition to the system's database, Al-manhal Database and Academic one file and LISA databases made available through the Saudi Digital Library. To Data collection, it has been relied on the Online Questionnaire through using Google Forms. The questionnaire has been distributed on a random sample of (861) of the Smart Phones' and Tablets' Users in Saudi Arabia from Males and Females at the age of 18 years old and above and it has been distributed through the Twitter and WhatsApp in the Period between 19/04/2015 to 18/05/2015. V. RESULTS Results has been obtained through the Online Questionnaire which included 37 questions with the purpose of knowing the Users' Orientations in terms of: devices and systems, reading topics, purposes of reading, reading rate, the used apps in downloading and reading e-books, preferable formats and e- reading Apps preferences. 1) The Sample Properties: The percentage of males was 53.5 %, while the percentage of females was 46.5 %. The ages of most members of the sample are ranging from 18 to 35, as their percentage was 58 J Fundam Appl Sci. 2018, 10(4S), 321-326 323

%. Regarding the educational qualifications, the educational qualification for more than half of the sample members is the Bachelor, as their percentage was 55 %, followed by those who obtained High School Certificate with 26 %. It could be interpreted that the Youth Category is the Category which is more widely used Twitter Application which has been relied mainly upon to distribute the questionnaire. In addition to that the Youth Category also is more widely used for E-books as shown in several studies. 2) Literacy Preferences of The Users: a) Reading Devices: Results showed that 64 % of the sample members are using Smart Phones, while 36 % of them are using Tablets. The reasons which led to this result that, the Smart Phones tend to have large screens relatively which making many of users are satisfied by it instead of the Tablets. In addition to the Smart Phones are easier in carrying and moving. Some studies have indicated for these two reasons to be the reasons of decline in the sales of the Tablets recently. b) Operation Systems: More than half of the samples are the users of Apple ios as their percentage was 61 %, followed by the users of Android with 35 % and 4 % only who are using Windows whether in Tablets or Smart Phones. We find that the users of Windows have very low percentage in the sample, given that the Windows for the Smart Phones was no longer published recently due to the monopoly of Android and ios for the Market. c) Favorite Languages: The results of the Questionnaire showed that most of the Sample Members prefer the Arabic Language as their percentage was 88 %, followed by English with 10 %, it may be due to that most Schools and Universities- Especially Governmental- in the Kingdom are still considered the Arabic Language is the Main Language in Education. d) Research Methods: The questionnaire analysis showed that more than half of the Sample Members prefer the search by the title of the book as their percentage was 58 %, followed by the search by the Topic with 33 %, then 8 % prefer the search with Author Name and the less percentage was the search by the publisher as their percentage was only 1 %. e) Apps of Downloading and Reading the Book: The most frequently used apps by the Study's sample members is Apple Application ibook with 41 %, followed by Adobe Reader with 38 %, then the application of the Whole Library with 33 %. It could be explained that most of sample members are the users of Apple ios, and it is natural most of them to use the ibook application, followed in use by Adobe Reader Application which is considered the most popular reader of PDF. followed in use by the application of the Whole Library which contains thousands of available unlicensed books for free to download and reading through the application. Favorite Formats: Most of sample members prefer the using of PDF Format in reading e-books as their percentage was 70 %, while 28 % expressed that they don't prefer a specific format. It could be explained that PDF Files are considered very common to all types of E-. Also, most apps of reading e-books support PDF Files. Methods of Downloading Books: Most of Sample Members are downloading books through application to enable its downloading for free such as the whole library apps with 75 %. They mentioned that 14 % is downloading the book on Computers, thus moving it to the Smart Phone or Tablet. 6 % mentioned that they use other methods. An open paragraph has been made available directly to the sample members to mention the other methods. Most Answers were that they are downloading e-books directly on the Smart Phone or Tablet through Websites such as: Forums, Blogs, Social Networks and Files Uploading and Downloading Sites. Many of them are reading books online on the Websites without downloading it. Purchasing Books: Most of sample members mentioned that they have never purchase e-book from any application for publishers as their percentage was 86.5 % and 13.5 % only who had purchased e- book. Searching for Free Versions: 87 % of sample members mentioned that they search for free versions for books before purchasing it and 27 % mentioned that sometimes they are searching for that, while 10 % only responded that they don't search for free versions before purchasing books. Favorite Topics: Many of Studies indicated also that more sales of e-books are often novels. These results of this study agreed with these results as the percentage of who prefer novels of sample members was 62 %, followed by self-development books with 43 %. The reason for that may refer to the promotion of Jarir Bookstore for these types of books through translating and advertising it. The remaining percentage distributed closely on other topics such as: Religious Sciences, History, Policy, Technique and others. Purposes of the Reading: The purpose of reading e-books for sample members was development of cultural outcome as their percentage was 75 %, followed by self-learning with 55 %, then entertainment with 51 %, development of the vocabulary outcome with 33 %, then keep pace with development in the field they interested with 23 % then using them as study references with 20 %. Monthly and Annual Reading Rate: This Paragraph was left open for sample members. Answers varied between one book or less per month. Most sample members have mentioned that they don't have a specific number as they may read one book every few months or they may not read a complete book but they take the needed information only. Several months may be passed without reading any book. But there is a good percentage of sample members indicated that they read between two books to three J Fundam Appl Sci. 2018, 10(4S), 321-326 324

monthly, as their percentage was 27 %. 9 % indicated that they read within 4 to 5 e-books monthly. Reading Preferences: (26) Phrases has been formulated in a tabular form, Triple Likert Scale has been approved, as sample members were asked to read phrases carefully and choosing one of the following answers (Agree, Somewhat Agree, Disagree). Number of repetition every answer and percentage has been shown in Table 1. s. NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Phrases I see the reading of e- book more fun than the reading of the printed book I see the reading of e- book easier than the reading of the printed book I see websites or application to enable the e-books for free violates the Publisher right I feel the book download apps helped me to develop the reading habit I care about moving the e-book to several devices I care about controlling in font size of the book I am reading I care about controlling in colors when reading the book I care about choosing font type which the text of e-book will be displayed I care about searching within book text I care about moving between book parts using hyperlinks I care about choosing the format I want to download the book I care about writing my notes on e-book pages I care about putting signs on pages to know where I stopped I care about putting signs on the important pages I care about that I can shade or determine the important parts from the text of the e-book I care about knowing a brief about the book before reading it I care about known a brief about the author before reading the book TABLE 1. USERS' PREFERENCES IN READING E-BOOKS THROUGH SMART PHONES AND TABLETS Agree somewhat Agree Disagree 122 354 385 14% 41% 45% 313 318 230 36% 37% 27% 258 375 228 30% 44% 26% 464 306 91 54% 35% 11% 426 251 184 49% 29% 21% 628 170 63 73% 20% 7% 387 278 196 45% 32% 23% 370 306 185 43% 35% 21% 522 239 100 61% 28% 12 414 326 121 48% 38% 14% 495 241 125 57% 28% 14% 326 314 221 38% 36% 26% 666 156 39 77% 18% 4% 583 207 71 68% 24% 8% 548 219 94 64% 25% 11% 623 200 38 72% 23% 4% 342 356 163 40% 41% 19% 18 I care about knowing the 319 380 162 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 other books of the author 3% 44% 19% I care about knowing books related to the book I am reading I care about knowing a brief about the publisher who published the book I have no mind to read the book through the publisher application I care about that I can open the e-book with more than one application I prefer reading through the Smart Phone more than reading through Personal Computer I prefer reading through the Tablets more than reading through Smart Phone I see that reading e- books substitute me than reading the printed books I believe that the printed books will disappear over time 368 354 139 43% 41% 16% 149 283 429 17% 33% 50% 412 366 83 48% 42% 9% 483 278 100 56% 32% 12% 465 236 160 54% 27% 19% 365 275 221 42% 32% 26% 212 295 354 25% 34% 41% 170 246 445 20% 29% 52% By analyzing Table 1, we find that most of sample members believe as follows: - The printed book is more fun in the reading than the e- book; it may refer that due to getting used to the reading through papers, as it is considered more comfortable for sight for many people. - Book download apps helped them to development the reading habit; it may refer that due to those apps made it easier to them to obtain books they want quickly and with a low cost. - Reading through Smart Phone is more fun than reading through Personal Computer; it may refer that due to Touch Screen which making the reading is more fun. - The printed books will not disappear over time; it may refer that due to that paper books are the traditional form know for the book since many centuries and it is difficult to be cancelled. Opinions of Sample Members were varied in the following points: - Reading the e-book is easier than reading the printed book; it may refer that due to getting used to the printed booksas previously mentioned-. - The importance of writing notes on the pages of e-books, perhaps some users still prefer to write notes in a paper manner even with their using of e-books. - Websites and apps to enable e-books for free violated the publisher rights; it may refer that due to the lack of awareness with the Intellectual Property Rights, in addition to the Intellectual Property Protection Laws in the digital environment were not activated seriously till now in Saudi Arabia. Most of Sample Members are caring about the existence of the following features in E-books and its Apps: J Fundam Appl Sci. 2018, 10(4S), 321-326 325

- Controlling the font size of the book, moving between the book parts by Hyperlinks and searching within the books text, as these features are considered the most important characteristics of the e-book than the printed book. - Highlighting the important parts and putting marks on the important pages, and often they will be the important characteristic to whom will used the e-book as scientific reference. - Putting a break to know the stopping place and knowing a brief about the book before reading it, this is considered an important characteristic for reading even in the printed books. - Choosing the format of downloading the e-book and opening it with more than one application; it may refer that due to the difference of some characteristics provided by apps. [6 ] K. Chang, "E-Book Industry Trends in Korea," Springer Science & Business Media, Pub Res Q, Vol. 29, pp. 244-251, 13 Aug. 2013. VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: [7 A. MacWilliam, "The Engaged Reader A human-centred evaluation of - The results of this study and other studies confirmed that ebook user experience," Springer Science&Business Media, Pub Res Q, users prefer reading through Smart Phones more than the Vol. 29, pp. 1-11, Jan. 2013. Computers and Tablets. According to that, Publishers who [8 L. Rainie, K. Zichhur, K. Purcell and M. Mdden, "The rise of e-reading," would enter the e-publishing fields would focus on Pew Internet, a project of PewResearchCenter, 5 Apr. 2012. digital groups. Publisher must not ignore the importance of the existence of printed versions of the e-books, due to that a lot of users are still believing that the printed books have much fun in reading than e-books- as shown by the results of the study. [13] REFERENCES [1] A. Mohamed Alsaid, "Using mobile phones to support accessing Arabic digital content: Surveying wireless publishing requirements." 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Saeed Mohamed, "Orientations of Faculty Members and their text, moving between book parts using the hyperlinks, Assistants in Assiut University towards the E- Reading: Field Study," make availability of downloading the common formats for 2010. e-book, and most important is PDF, which is compatible [17] J. Jaber, "Reading Practices in the IT and Communications Era," with most of reading apps. Cybrarians Journal, Vol. 11, Dec. 2006. [18] Z. Obaidat, A. Adas, and K. Abdelhaq, Scientific Research: Concept, - Publishers must benefit from their websites and social network in carrying out survey studies periodically to know changes in the cognitive interests and needs for readers. They can be benefit also from Social Networks in spreading the awareness of the Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Environment and attempting to combat sites and application which violate the Copyrights. They must exert efforts in marketing their apps through the various marketing platforms. - Researchers suggested carrying put more future studies about the Users' Orientations towards the reading of the Newspapers, Cybrarians Journals through Smart Phones and Tablets and carrying put Studies to design standards and specifications of Book Stores and e-reading apps and assessment of Publishers Apps thereupon. Tools and Methods, 1 st Ed., Amman, Jordan: Dar Al-Fikir, 2007. J Fundam Appl Sci. 2018, 10(4S), 321-326 326