CHAPTER 1.8 Refereces ad quotatios Academic writig depeds o the research ad ideas of others, so it is vital to show which sources you have used i your work, i a acceptable maer. This uit explais the format of i-text citatio, the use of quotatios ad the layout of referece sectios. 1 Referrig to sources It is importat to refer to the work of other writers that you have used. You may preset these sources as either a summary/paraphrase or a quotatio. I both cases a citatio is icluded to provide a lik to the list of refereces at the ed of your paper. Uderlie the citatios i the followig examples. Which is a summary ad which a quotatio? What are the advatages of each? Friedma (1974) poited out that iflatio was effectively a kid of taxatio. As Friedma stated: Iflatio is the oe form of taxatio that ca be imposed without legislatio (1974: 93).
59 1.8 Refereces ad quotatios 2 Practice exercise: Refereces There are three pricipal reasos for providig refereces: (a) to show that you have read some of the authorities o the subject, which will give added weight to your writig; (b) to allow the reader to fid the source, if he/she wishes to examie the topic i more detail; (c) to avoid plagiarism. See Uit 1.3 Avoidig plagiarism Decide if you eed to give a referece i the followig cases. Citatio Y/N (a) Data you foud from your ow primary research (b) A graph from a iteret article (c) A quotatio from a book (d) A item of commo kowledge (e) A theory from a joural article (f) A idea of your ow based o readig several sources 3 Referece verbs ad systems Summaries ad quotatios are usually itroduced by a referece verb: Friedma (1974) poited out that... See Uit 3.14 Verbs of referece These verbs ca be either i the preset or the past tese. Normally the use of the preset tese suggests that the source is recet ad still valid, while the past idicates that the source is older ad may be out of date, but there are o hard-ad-fast distictios; Friedma s statemet still has validity today.
60 Part 1 The writig process There are several systems of referecig i use i the academic world, but most busiess schools use the Harvard system, which is explaied here. You should ask your teachers if you are ot sure which to use. With ay system, the most importat poit is to be cosistet. 4 Usig quotatios Usig a quotatio meas brigig the origial words of a writer ito your work. Quotatios are effective i some situatios, but must ot be overused. They ca be valuable: whe the origial words express a idea i a distictive way whe the origial is more cocise tha your summary could be whe the origial versio is well-kow (as i the quote from Friedma i 1, p. 58). All quotatios should be itroduced by a phrase that shows the source, ad also explais how this quotatio fits ito your argumet: Itroductory phrase Author Referece verb Quotatio Citatio This view is widely shared; as Friedma stated: Iflatio is the oe form of taxatio that ca be imposed without legislatio (1974: 93). (a) Short quotatios (2 3 lies) are show by sigle quotatio marks. Quotatios iside quotatios (ested quotatios) use double: As James remarked: Marti s cocept of iteral space requires close aalysis. (b) Loger quotatios are either ideted (give a wider margi) or are prited i smaller type. (c) Page umbers should be give after the date. (d) Care must be take to esure that quotatios are the exact words of the origial. If it is ecessary to delete some words which are irrelevat, use poits... to show where the missig sectio was.
61 1.8 Refereces ad quotatios (e) It may be ecessary to isert a word or phrase ito the quotatio to clarify a poit. This ca be doe by usig square brackets [ ]: [this secod category of] products is distiguished by its high brad recogitio ad resistace to switchig strategies.... 5 Examples Study the followig paragraph from a article called The Mobile Revolu - tio i the joural Developmet Quarterly (Issue 34 pages 85 97, 2009) by K. Hoffma. 5.1 Accordig to recet estimates there are at least 4 billio mobile phoes i the world, ad the majority of these are owed by people i the developig world. Owership i the developed world reached saturatio level by 2007, so coutries such as Chia, Idia ad Brazil ow accout for most of the growth. I the poorest coutries, with weak trasport etworks ad ureliable postal services, access to telecommuicatios is a vital tool for startig or developig a busiess, sice it provides access to wider markets. Studies have show that whe household icomes rise, more moey is spet o mobile phoes tha ay other item. (a) Summary Hoffma (2009) stresses the critical importace of mobile phoes i the developig world i the growth of small busiesses. (b) Quotatio Accordig to Hoffma, mobile phoe owership compesates for the weakesses of ifrastructure i the developig world: I the poorest coutries, with weak trasport etworks ad ureliable postal services, access to telecommuicatios is a vital tool for startig or developig a busiess, sice it provides access to wider markets (2009: 87).
62 Part 1 The writig process (c) Summary ad quotatio Hoffma poits out that most of the growth i mobile phoe owership ow takes place i the developig world, where it has become crucial for establishig a busiess:... access to telecommuicatios is a vital tool for startig or developig a busiess, sice it provides access to wider markets (2009: 87). Read the ext paragraph of the same article, also o p. 87 of the source. 5.2 I such coutries the effect of phoe owership o GDP growth is much stroger tha i the developed world, because the ability to make calls is beig offered for the first time, rather tha as a alterative to existig ladlies. As a result, mobile phoe operators have emerged i Africa, Idia ad other parts of Asia that are larger ad more flexible tha Wester compaies, ad which have grow by caterig for poorer customers, beig therefore well-placed to expad dowmarket. I additio Chiese phoe makers have successfully challeged the established Wester compaies i terms of quality as well as iovatio. A further tred is the provisio of services via the mobile etwork which offer access to iformatio about healthcare or agricultural advice. (a) Write a summary of the mai poit, icludig a citatio.
63 1.8 Refereces ad quotatios (b) Itroduce a quotatio to show the key poit, referrig to the source. (c) Combie (a) ad (b), agai ackowledgig the source. 6 Abbreviatios i citatios I-text citatios use the followig abbreviatios, derived from Lati ad prited i italics: et al.: used whe three or more authors are give. The full list of ames is give i the referece list. ibid.: take from the same source (i.e. the same page) as the previous citatio. op. cit.: take from the same source as previously, but a differet page.
64 Part 1 The writig process 7 Orgaisig the list of refereces At the ed of a essay or report there must be a list of all the sources cited i the writig. Note that the list is orgaised alphabetically by the family ame of the author. You should be clear about the differece betwee first ames ad family ames. O title pages the ormal format of first ame the family ame is used: Sheila Burford, Jua Gozalez But i citatios oly the family ame is usually used: Burford (2001), Gozalez (1997) I referece lists use the family ame ad the first iitial: Burford S., Gozalez J. If you are ot sure which ame is the family ame, ask a classmate from that cultural backgroud. Study the referece list o the followig page ad aswer these questios. (a) Fid a example of: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) a book by oe author a joural article a chapter i a edited book a article from a ewspaper website a aoymous magazie article (electroic) a official report (b) What are the mai differeces i the way these sources are refereced? (i) (ii) (iii)
65 1.8 Refereces ad quotatios 7.1 REFERENCES Brader, J. ad Specer, B. (1985) Export Subsidies ad Iteratioal Market Share Rivalry. Joural of Iteratioal Ecoomics 18, 83 100 Cable, V. (1983) Protectioism ad Idustrial Declie. Lodo: Hodder ad Stoughto Corad, K. (1989) Productivity ad Cost Gaps i Maufacturig Idustries i US, Japa ad Germay. Europea Ecoomic Review 33, 1135 1159 Gribbe, R. (2009) Miisters Accelerate Support for Car Idustry. The Daily Telegraph olie. Dowloaded from: www.telegraph.co.uk/fiace/ewsbysector/trasport/4975676/miistersaccelerate-support-for-car-idustry.html [12 March 2009] Itriligator, M. (2005) Globalisatio of the World Ecoomy: Potetial Beefits ad Costs ad a Net Assessmet i Gagopadhyay, R. ad Chatterji, M. (eds) Ecoomics of Globalisatio. Aldershot: Ashgate 67 76 OECD (1998) Ope markets Matter. The Beefits of Trade ad Ivestmet Liberalisatio. Paris: OECD The Ecoomist (2009) Uderpowered. 16 April. Dowloaded from: www.ecoomist.com/world/britai/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13497452 [29 April 2009] (iv) (v) (vi) (c) Whe are italics used? (d) How are capital letters used i titles? (e) How is a source with o give author listed? (f) Write citatios for summaries from each of the sources. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
66 Part 1 The writig process (v) (vi) (vii) For a full guide to the use of the Harvard system see: http:// home.ched.covetry.ac.uk/caw/harvard/.