APA edition Works Cited Why Cite? The purpose of citing the source is: to credit the author and publisher of the information you are using to show that your work has a factual basis to provide a bibliography so that others can locate the references you used to avoid plagiarizing (using someone else s words or ideas without citing them) APA [American Psychological Association] is used for citing scholarly resources in the fields of psychology, education and other social and behavioral sciences. Complete rules and additional examples of the APA style, can be found in The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6 th edition, REF BF 76.7. P83 2010, shelved at the 2 nd floor Reference Desk. Also visit The APA Style Center, (http://www.apastyle.org) or the Coulter Library web Citation Guide: (http://library.sunyocc.edu/?q=about/faq/how-do-i-cite-my-paper). Important APA Facts: Always double space, including the text of your paper, quotations, notes and the Reference list. Leave at least a one-inch margin on all sides. Number pages in the upper right hand corner with a running header. Within the text of your paper, underline titles of books, plays, pamphlets, periodicals, films, TV programs, and recordings. Use quotation marks for titles of articles, essays in anthologies, book chapters, and lectures. Alphabetize Reference List entries by author (or first line of entry if no author). 1
Format Reference List entries that are more than one line with a hanging indent of ½ inch or five spaces. If author and publisher are the same, use the word Author as the name of the publisher. If no author or editor, list entry alphabetically by title. If an item has no date, use the short form n.d. where you would normally put the date. If no d.o.i., write Retrieved from and add URL at the end of citation. What is a D.O.I.? The Digital Object Identifier is a unique string of letters and numbers used to identify and provide a permanent link to an item s location on the Internet. The D.O.I. is typically located on the first page of the electronic document near the copyright notice. If there is one, always include it. BOOKS Format: Author s last name, Initial(s). (Year of Publication). Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher. Single Author Rosenthal, R. (1985). Meta-analytic procedures. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Two or more Authors Cone, J.D., & Foster, S.L. (1993). Dissertations and theses from start to finish. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Group or Corporate Author American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice guidelines for the treatment of patients with eating disorders. Washington, DC: Author. Editor(s) Gibbs, J.T., & Huang, L.N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 2
Ebook Moriuchi, E. (2016). Social media marketing: strategies in utilizing consumer-generated content. New York, NY: Business Expert Press, 2016. Hill, J., & Maughan, B. (Eds.). (2000). Conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com Chapter or Essay in Book, Anthology or Compilation Schiessl, P., & Lay, S. (2005). Influence of concrete composition. In H. Bohni (Ed.), Corrosion in reinforced concrete structures (pp. 91-134). Cambridge, England: Woodhead. ARTICLES Note: Italicize name of journal. Include volume number and issue number in parenthesis when available. List doi number if available. Print Magazine or Journal Bekerian, D.A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewitness. American Psychologist, 48, 574-576. doi:10.1037/003.066x48.5.57 Klimoski, R. & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal, 45(2), 10-36. doi:10.1027/1061-4087.45.2.10 Posner, M.I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674. Article From an Online Database Eid, M. & Langheine, R. (1999). The measurement of consistency and occasion specificity with latent class models. Psychological Methods, 4(6), 100-116. doi: 10.1037/1082-989x.4.1.100 Johnstone, J.M., et al. (2009). Childhood neglect and abuse as predictors or antidepressant response in adult depression. Depression & Anxiety (1091-4269), 26(8), 711-717. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20590 INTERNET Note: Same format rules apply author, publication date, title of source, source data. Use brackets when necessary for non-routine information to further identify source. Web Page No Author NIMH. (n.d.). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, OCD. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/toppics/ocd/index.shtml 3
Blog Laden, G. (2011, may 8). A history of childbirth and misconceptions about life expectancy [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/gregladen/2011/05/a_history_of_childbirth_and_mi.php. Social Media [Use real author name if known and screen name in brackets] Obama, B. [BarackObama]. (2009, July 15). Launched American Graduation Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020: http://bit.ly/gctx7 [Tweet]. Retrieved from http://twitter.com/barackobama/status/2651151366 MUSIC, FILM, IMAGES Music Recording Fuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher. Geisel, T. (Lyracist), & Hague, A. (Composer). (1966). Welcome Christmas! On Dr. Seuss How the Grinch stole Christmas & Horton hears a Who [CD]. New York, NY: Rhino. Podcast National Public Radio (Producer). (2011, February 11). Science diction: the origin of antibiotic [podcast transcript]. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2011/02/11/133686020/science- Diction-The-Origin -Of-Antibiotic. Streaming Video/Audio McDonnell, C. [charlieissocoollike]. (2011, May 7). Stop procrastinating [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/charlie#p/u/4/qjlsbdbse8g. Photograph Westinghouse Electric Corporation. (2009). Lightning model [photograph]. Retrieved from http://photgraphy.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-theday//lightning-model-pod-best09/ In-text Citations Whether you are paraphrasing, directly quoting in part, or quoting in entirety, always be sure to cite your sources. Also called parenthetical citations, in-text citations allow your reader to find the sources you used and refer the reader directly back to the Reference List. APA Style does not 4
use bibliographies. Each entry in the Reference List, must be cited in the text and each reference cited in your text must appear in the Reference List. Format Since APA style presents what research has proven, it requires that in-text documentation be written in the past tense, citing the researcher s last name and year of publication. If there is no author, use the title (or short form of the title if it is lengthy) and the year of publication. If there is no date, use (n.d.) Page numbers are required whenever you are using a direct quotation, and highly recommended when you are paraphrasing. Indicate the author and the page number within parenthesis after the quotation marks. If you mention the author s name, such as <name of author> states that, then simply put the page number in parenthesis after the quote. Direct quotations longer than 40 words should be typed in a free-standing block of text with the parenthetical citation at the end. Examples of In-text Citations One author Rogers (1994) compared reaction times (p.33). OR In a recent study of reaction times, (Rogers, 1994) (p.33). Two authors [cite both surnames every time the reference begins the text] Werner and Throckmorton (1995) offered statistics (p.55) OR It has been reported (Werner & Throckmorton, 1995) that (p.55). Three five authors [cite all authors the first time. Always include the year of publication] Wasserstein, Zappalla, Rosen, Gerstman and Rock (1994) found (p. 105). [1 st citation] Wasserstein et al. (1994) found (p.105) [subsequent citations] Group Author [1 st citation uses full organization name with abbreviation; thereafter use only abbreviation. One source questioned results (American Medical Association [AMA], 1991) (p.100). [1 st citation] An important finding (AMA, 1991) of this study (p.100). [subsequent citations] No author [cite the first few words of the article or chapter title and the year] The cost has continued to rise rapidly ( Money Concerns, 2005) (p.5). 5
EXAMPLE OF AN APA REFERENCES PAGE Note: Every reference cited in your text must be reflected in an entry on your references page. The exceptions to this are personal communications with the author such as e-mails, conversations, and letters that need only be cited in text. Likewise, every item on the references page must correspond to an in-text citation somewhere in your work. Do not include works that you do not specifically cite in the body of your paper. Format: Begin a new page with header References centered on page, not bolded. Double-space entries using hanging indent when an entry has more than one line. List entries alphabetically. For titles starting with articles ("a" and "the"; and equivalents in other languages), do not consider when alphabetizing. Alphabetized numerals and numbers are as though they are spelled out. References Bass, R. (1997). Technology & learning: A brief guide to interactive multimedia and the study of the United States. Retrieved from http://www.georgetown.edu/crossroads/mltmedia.html Delaroche, Paul (1829) Portrait of a Woman, [Pastel Drawing]. From European Drawings from the Collection of the Ackland Art Museum (p. 93) by Carol C. Gillham and Carolyn H. Wood, 2001, Chapel Hill: The Museum, University of North Carolina. Denmark, F. L. (1999). Enhancing the development of adolescent girls. In N. G. Johnson & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Beyond appearance: A new look at adolescent girls (pp. 377-404). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press. Don't even think about turning here. (2002, October 3). The New York Times. Dorman, S. M. (1997). Video and computer games: Effect on children and implications for health education. Journal of School Health, 67(4), 133-138. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?action=interpret&v=2.1&u=unc_main&it=jiourl&issn=0022-4391&p=aone&sw=w&authcount=1 Fechner, P. Y. (2002). Gender differences in puberty. Journal of Adolescent Health, 4, 44-48. Franklin, M. L. (1991). A motivational approach to exercise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 73, 21-28. 6
Freud, S. (1950). Beyond the pleasure principle (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York, NY: Liveright. (Original work published 1920). Gene therapy to be tried. (2002, October 11). The News & Observer, p. 9A. Hardy, J. (Producer) & Brest, M. (Writer/Director). (2003). Gigli [Motion picture]. United States: Columbia Pictures. Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. Scott, William Bell (Artist). (1861) Incoming Tide on the Northumberland Coast [Painting]. Chapel Hill, NC; Ackland Art Museum. Retrieved November 30, 2010, from http://www.ackland.org Wilson, T. L., Rohlfs, K. & Hüttemeister, S. (2009). Tools of radio astronomy [SpringerLink version]. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-85122-6 OCC Coulter Library Revised September 2018 7