S-selection (semantic selection) Syntax 3 c-selection, s-selection, Text pg. 226-233 -bar ory not text Sandy kissed Kim Sandy skidded *Sandy kissed *Sandy skidded Kim!The oppion kissed Kim!The oppion skidded kiss < agent, me > skid < me > 1 2 S-selection A part of picate s meang is type of θ- roles it assigns (its θ- grid): a picate that assigns an agent and a me θ-roles to its arguments has a different meang from one that only assigns a me θ-role. Each θ-role picate s meang entails (requires) that verb s argument possess certa general properties (e.g., be animate, have volition, be movable, etc.) Each picate also imposes specific requirements on its arguments due to its own specific meang ( e.g., be liquid, be edible, etc.) If a picate combes with arguments that do not satisfy se expectations result is semantic anomaly 3 S-selection!My toothbrush is pregnant pregnant < property > [+female]!the pizza is too hot to drk. drk < agent, me > [+fluid]!the witch used her dream to fly out to forest 4 *Sandy kissed to Tom Sandy kissed Tom C-selection (categorial selection) *Sandy told to Tom that she is hungry Sandy told Tom that she is hungry Sandy said to Tom that she is hungry *Sandy said Tom that she is hungry kiss, V [, ] tell, V [,, C] say, V [,, C] C-selection A part of picate s syntax is: Information about syntactic category of its arguments This formation must be lexical entry of picate because it is not pictable from meang of picate Sandy talked to Tom about movie *Sandy talked Tom about movie talk, V [,, ] 5 6
eurolguistic evidence for semantic and categorial selection Violations of s- selection and c- selection can be detected electrical activities of bra ER (bra event related potentials) Munte et al (1998) have found that re are two different types of electrical bra activity that correspond to two types of selection: -bar ory of syntactic structure 400 effect associated with semantic violations 600 effect associated with syntactic violations 7 8 The structure of I want this I want on shelf I want on shelf with a blue cover on with on I want one cover I want one with blue cover and one with cover shelf shelf 9 10 The structure of The structure of V big three big Mary will eat five I will do so too um um' Mary will eat five garden Mary will eat five garden every day big um three big I will do so too I will do so on veranda I will do so on veranda every week 11 12
V V V The structure of V eat five V eat V eat every I saw an excellent film I saw a really excellent film five John is fond of Mary five day John is very fond of Mary garden John isn t that fond of Mary garden 13 14 Structure of He is so out of some ways an an EG EG' EG film excellent Adv Adv' Adv really film excellent fond of Mary Adv Adv' Adv very fond of Mary eg out of some ways EG so out of EG' EG so out some of ways 15 16 -bar ory of syntactic structure Z specifier U adjunct uncts John is a student from Italy John is a student John is from Italy All syntactic categories follow same schema. We can elimate category specific rules adjunct head W adjunct Y complement a student from Italy is a constituent that expresses two separate properties of John from Italy is an adjunct of noun student 17 18
Complements Complement vs. unct John is a student of physics. John is a student *John is of physics Rough approximation: Complement completes meang of a picate Can not be reiterated *buy a a magaze *a student of physics of math a student of physics is a constituent that expresses only one property of John of physics is a complement of noun student unct adds more formation to already complete picate Can be reiterated buy a a day on street a big fluffy cover A student of physics from Italy my class 19 20 Origal motivation for -bar ory V ACTIVE The Romans destroyed city Roman s destruction of city destroyed destruction ASSIVE The city was destroyed by Romans city s destruction by Romans Romans city Romans' of city 21 22 Grammar (revised) Ambiguities Lexicon Morphemes augmented with syntactic category formation (A,, V,, C, ) Subcategorization frames (c-selection) Theta grid (s-selection plus specific semantic constrats) Morphological rules -bar schema To be augmented furr Lexical He gave her a slip. She saw a bat. ry cleaners ad: 38 years on same spot Syntactic At a Santa Fe gas station: We will sell gasole to anyone a glass contaer A Mae shop: Our motto is to give our customers lowest possible prices and 23 24
Tns T n s ' T n s ' T n s V Tns' Tns V w ill V ' will we V sell ' ' ' ' g a s o l e to ' ' ' we V sell gasole and prices lowest prices Conj Conj and a n y o n e ' to lowest ' A d j ' contaer A d j' A d j contaer glass g la s s anyone 25 26