mloih (Lesson 10) OO h 7 *9 (There is a restaurant on the second floor of the hotel.) Objectives in this lesson are to learn: * verbs indicating existence * the function of the particle "K" when indicating a place of existence * the function of the particle "Tr" ("by means of ") * the basic usages of case particles (revision) Ken, a tour guide, is giving some information about the hotel. VMT-fo "Cf+n (V^) h-yw T-iy^\ Vtt. tf (V^ Li 5o (fc) ^-y : h7ytf&<oti~o $(& ) -zzv & (to try: ^ ^ XA.lt. yvy^tat. V^o^ 0^:A (rs^l^) (D7. $ y i±-oc : h^r^ny Ken: Mina san, ii desu ka. Mina san no o heya wa juunikai desu. Asoko ni erebeetaa ga arimasu ne. Ano erebeetaa de juu ni kai made ikimasu. O heya ni wa, basu, terebi, denwa ga arimasu. Dewa ikimashou. Kazuo: Ken: Setsuko: Ken: Setsuko; Atsuko: Anou, asagohan wa, doko de tabemasu ka. Hoteru no ni kai ni resutoran ga arimasu, Asagohan wa, soko de tabemasu. Menzeiten wa, chikaku ni arimasu ka. Hai, arimasu yo. Asoko ni hoteru no uraguchi ga arimasu ne. Menzeiten wa, ano soto ni arimasu. Sorekara, furonto ni wa, itsumo nihonjin no sutaffu ga imasu. Ja, atsuko san, ato de pasupooto o furonto ni azuke ni ikimasen ka. Sou desu ne. ikimashou. 173
Vocabulary +z: (i^ 5 fc) juu ni kai 12th floor zr, erebeetaa elevator & ^ 1" arimasu to be, there is/are menzeiten duty-free shop i ( chikaku nearby 5 ^ <^ uraguchi back door soto outside 7 D y h furonto reception (of a hotel) staff sutaffu imasu to be, there is/are Jbtts ato de later h pasupooto passport fe-f ^t^t" azukemasu to deposit 174
Grammar 10. i '% v ^i~" & a ri ma su i ma su There are two different verbs which indicate the existence of a subject. The verb "fe ^ indicates the existence of inanimate objects, such as cars, houses, trees, etc. The verb indicates the existence of animate objects such as people and animals. There are two common patterns of expression using the verbs "fe ^ and Formula 1 PLACE K (INANIMATE OBJECT) or PLACE m (ANIMATE OBJECT) ^ This pattern emphasises the existence of the subject, rather than its location. The (place) word followed by "( ", a location indicator particle, points out the location first, then refers to the subject in the location (cf. Formula 2, p. 176). eg. ^ V^t"o (lit. In the room over there a cat there is.) There is a cat in the room over there. m M fovti-o (lit. On the campus a post office there is.) There is a post office on the campus. ie dfk $$ ^ti-o (lit. Upstairs a child there is.) There is a child upstairs. Questions with interrogative pronouns such as "Wlk " and "Wtoafi", require the equivalant (Japanese) interrogative pronouns, "fctl" and "fcfc", respectively. A question marker then follows the whole sentence. Note the position of the Japanese interrogative pronouns. eg. (lit. In the classroom who is?) Who is in the classroom? 175
#J:9b-0 M V^^1-0 (lit. In the classroom some students are.) There are some students in the classroom. (lit. In the box what is?) What is in the box? (lit. In the box a pen is.) There is a pen in the box. Formula 2 (INANIMATE OBJECT) ft PLACE (ANIMATE OBJECT) or PLACE This pattern emphasises the location of the subject, rather than the subject itself (cf. Formula 1, p. 175). In this case, the subject is the topic and requires the particle "fi" instead of eg. & &(D^ m (lit. A cat in the room over there is.) A cat is in the room over there. (lit. The post office on the campus is.) There is a post office on campus. IZ (lit. A child upstairs is.) Upstairs, there is a child. 176
Questions about the location of a subject, require "if C" (where), an interrogative pronoun. Note its location. eg. ^ 5 K (lit. The bank where is?) Where is the bank? (lit. The bank over there is.) The bank is over there. (lit. The child where is?) Where is the child? IE Wt K v^^-ro (lit. The child upstairs is.) The child is upstairs. When two people refer to the existence of a subject which has already been introduced, the particle "tt" replaces the particle eg. A: i Where is a post office? A post office? Let me see. Oh, yes! There is a bank over there. Can you see it? A: x.x.0 Yes, I see it. B; ^ Tlhi pmt ffi is next to the bank A: 0 LfCo Thank you very much. B: o L-To You're welcome. 177
eg. A: Where is your father? B: Xtsirfro ^{cv^^t"o My father? He is at the tennis court. There is a football ground over there. Can you see it? A; X. XLo Yes. B: htfc Tlh temiani e Mitt is behind the football ground. M is over there. 10.2 Particle"fc" 4 As we have seen, the particle "\Z." has various functions. This lesson focuses on the function which indicates the place where something or someone exists. It is often used with "ab ^ or (see 10. 1, p. 175). 10. 3 Particle "V" 2 Particle ""Tr" shows the means of transport, communication, type of instrument, etc., besides indicating where a particular action takes place. Compare the following actions and the different means indicated by the particle ""Tr". pa I come to uni. by car. (means of transport) O^t^) Kft (V^ I go to work by train. (means of transport) I speak to Mr. Tanaka in Japanese, (means of communication) I write a letter with a pen. (type of instrument) 178
NB: go on foot "fe <5 This " X" in "fe^) V^T" derives from the Te Form of a verb cf (See 11.1, p. 3 in vol. 2) 10. 4 "r2 "C, and are coupled with "i" to form location (words) such as "here", "there" and "over there". See the following: here there over there (not fc^) cf. where }f C (where) eg. -!! ^ C X'f'fao Where are we now? ^fe ^ ^J:0 Your pen is there. ^ 5 J; Oi C ^ "f"o The post office is over there. 10.5 Conjunction "Jp" When referring to certain items among a number of items, place after each item, except for the final item on the list. eg. T" 7'VKD± ( 5 X.) ({3;^) i 5 ^ There are pens, books and rulers (together with other things) on the desk. v K 4s^-f v X'Ote;. h ^ y ^ (Big cities such as) Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane are in Australia. 179
Japanese Particles refers to the subject in a question. eg. (#) ^ Ltcfro Who came (here)? accompanies particular adjectives or verbs. eg. fa (^/cb) t (I-) I like coffee. (^{^O M&tP* ty ft* (lit. I understand Japanese.) I speak Japanese. "CO" between two nouns shows possession. eg. my pen "CO" links nouns and modifies the last one in the given context, eg. 0^; ^(<^^) a Japanese car a man in a blue shirt COt) "^r" indicates the direct object of a transitive verb. eg. May I have coffee please? P^ x^co&ti-o I drink juice. ^ ({^A,) I read books. 180
7" 1/ I watch T.V. \- Ay^itAy%fc^<±-to I eat my dinner. "^r" indicates the place from which the subject leaves. eg. I leave home (for ). &ir0 I get off the bus. "hc" indicates the place where something or someone exists, eg. o< i9 There is a book on the desk. MM cea,^) (tcfcfr) Mr. Tanaka is beside the telephone. I am going to live in Sydney from next year. "^" indicates the definite time when an action takes place. eg. I go to Japan in April, -W (Li3b) I get up at 7;00 a.m. "fc" indicates the place where someone goes, eg. (/cv^o I go to university. 5 y V X^yiCi/^gtLTco I went to Brisbane last week. 181
"V indicates the place where an action takes place. eg. UX I have my lunch at a restaurant. I watch T.V. at home. "1?" indicates means of transport and communication, type of instrument etc. eg. I eat steak with a knife and fork. ^ (< (fcv^o o I go to university by car. I speak in Japanese. indicates the place where someone goes. eg. 4-0 (cf J: 5) ^ 5 i I go to the post office today. "t" links two nouns of equal emphasis. eg. ^ ({j/v) t^y a book and pen a textbook and notebook "t" indicates a partner with whom the subject does something, eg. <*: J; 5 I study with my friend. I take a walk with my dog. 182
>" indicates the starting point of a time or place. eg. School starts at 9:00 a.m. The bus leaves from in front of the university. indicates the finishing point. eg. The supermarket is open until 6:00 p.m. 183
Ji Coffee break do ko ni a ri ma su ka do ko ni i ma su ka (Where is/are 9 ^ L/C a ^x. 9 L5 nfc v \r^: AtB(D&^fc / / -W 184
Activity 1.1 Drill Describe the locations of the black ball as shown in the example. U 1.2 Drill Look at the objects below and describe their existence using a verb, either or eg. "dog" "pen" 185
1.3 Drill Look at the illustration below and list the things in this room. eg. 2. 1 Pair work Look at the illustration in the 1.3 Drill and take turns in asking/answering the questions below, using Formula 1 on p. 175. eg. A; 0< x. 5 ^ 2. ^!9 3. 3 t. 4. '( f 5 & t (both sides) V) 5. 7.!9 8. ^>11 CO it t V t-tfro 9. yyr OjpLO&yfctetetiZ&Vti-fro 10. T- 7VK7) L-ft 11. FC0 5 12. 0< x.cdt^x.^^^^s) ^ 186
2. 2 Pair work Look at the illustration in the 1.3 Drill and take turns in asking/ answering questions regarding the location of things/animals/people, using Formula 2 on p. 176. eg. A: 2. 3 Pair work Look at the illustration in the 1.3 Drill and take turns in asking/answering questions regarding the location of objects/animals/people, using Formula 1 (p. 175) and 2 (p. 176). eg. A: (Formula!) B; ^ Ht^c, (Formula 1) yjv m 5 XJS& ^ t.f'o (Formula 2) 2. 4 Pair work Pair up and take turns in asking/answering about the location of objects/animals/ people using "C!!", "-"ErC, or Refer to the 1.3 Drill. eg. A: h B: h io (Formula 2) (Formula 2) A: B: (Formula 2) (Formula 2) 2. 5 Pair work Take turns in asking/answering about the location of your classmates. eg. A: h (Formula 2) B: h 'J (Formula 1) A: x.x.o B: N (Formula 2) 187
2. 6 Pair work Look at the street-map below and answer the following questions. (2)? Asti z (5)C (3)^) (4)#XC titfro 2. 7 Pair work Refer to the street-map in the 2.6 Pair work and complete the following dialogues with suitable word/s. 1) A man is talking to Mike. Man: Mike: ( ^5^XtJ;<( ) 5 V^^CD( )/j\ ) ^ ( ) cto 2) A man is talking to Mike. Man: Mike: ( ) fi; ( ) <0 ti~j:c 3) A man is talking to Yumi in the park. Man: ^ ( )& <0 ti~^\ Yumi: ( ( ) 4) A man is talking to Mike. Man: A,o ^ 5 D i 5 ^^ Mike: ^o ( ) fcc 5 ^ ^"f"o 188
5) Mr Koyama is talking to a receptionist at the hotel. Koyama; 5 ^ < ("& *9 Receptionist >^^( >1; X. < ><^ 01" < ' nfc <o?!>*& ( ) v^t^ ( ) frvti-* ( ) t ft V V 6) Mr Koyama is talking to a receptionist at the hotel. Koyama: i'&t'lt/uc V ttfro Receptionist yfcy/lsco ( ) (D^^^XJ^fc^O ( ) ) tte*) ( )2b'9^i"o 2. 8 Pair work First look at the street-map in the the 2.6 Pair work and decide where you are now and where you want to go. Then, ask your partner for directions to the place where you want to go to. Your partner should give you directions to lead you to your destination. Change roles and repeat. 3. Drill Link a verb from the left column with an object from the illustrations, using the particle "T?" as shown in the example. eg. Verbs, Objects go watch j make cook! write talk listen cut clean chew smell think 189
4. Translation practice Translate the following English sentences into Japanese, using the particle "Tr". (1) I went to Sydney by car. (2) It is 7:30 p.m. by my watch. (3) I write a letter with this pen. (4) I open the door with this key. (5) I wrote a letter in Japanese. (6) I heard it in the morning news. (7) I read the article in yesterday's paper. (8) Sally corrects typing errors with Liquid Paper. 5. 1 Pair work Pair up and take turns in asking/answering the following questions. eg. g (fe) TrH 0 - -t-to (1) P (<^) -W^rL^lh^o (5) & ( >U (2) 5 (6) # (T) (3) m (7) it (&) (4) # Gift) 5. 2 Pair work Pair up and ask each other the following questions, using the particle '"Xr". (1) How does s/he come to school? (2) How does s/he usually go to Brisbane? (3) What does s/he write an assignment with? (4) In what language does s/he talk with his/her family? (5) What does s/he use to eat with? 190