American Psychological Association (APA) Format Creating a Reference Page (Updated March, 2008) The book to consult here is the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5 th Ed). Copies of this book are available for reference in the Writing Center and Regina Library; they are also available for purchase in the Rivier College Book Store. For the most current information on referencing electronic sources, see Electronic Reference Formats Recommended by the American Psychological Association at http://www.apastyle.org/elecsource.html. Basic Rules Your reference list should appear at the end of your essay. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the essay. Each source you cite in the essay must appear in your reference list (except for personal communications); each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. 1. Start the reference list on a new page. Type the word References in upper and lowercase letters, centered, at the top of the page on the first line below the page header; do not underline and do not put in quotation marks. 2. Your reference list must be in alphabetical order according to author s last name; if no author is given for a particular source, alphabetize by the title of the piece and use a shortened version of the title for parenthetical citations. If you have more than one work by a particular author, order them by publication date, oldest to newest. 3. Provide first initials only for all authors of a particular work. Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle of a work. Italicize titles of books and journals. Note that the italics extend to include the period at the end of a book title or the volume number of a periodical. 4. Use & instead of and when listing multiple authors of a single work. 5. The first line of each entry in your Reference list should be at your left margin; subsequent lines should be indented ½ inch. Some professors may prefer that student papers follow the format of indenting the first line with subsequent lines at the left margin. Check with your professor for the preferred style. 6. All references should be double-spaced. Space once after periods that separate parts of a reference citation.
Examples of Specific Reference Types For more examples, see the APA Publication Manual (5 th Ed) or Electronic Reference Formats Recommended by the American Psychological Association at http://www.apastyle.org/elecsource.html. (Note: We ve used 1.5 spacing in these examples due to page limitations should be double-spaced!) Book single author: Eysenck, M.W. (1976). Human memory: Theory, research, and individual differences. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press. Book two authors: Burns, A., & Levy, R. (1992). Clinical diversity in late onset Alzheimer s disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Book two to six authors: Johnston, M., Stanford, T., Thomas, R., & Robbins, G. (1996). The culture of mental illness. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. Book seven or more authors: Wimple, P.B., Van Wijk, M., Potts, C.A., Hayes, J., Obergau, W.R., Zimmer,S., et al. (2001). Case studies in moral decision making among adolescents. San Francisco: Jossy-Bass. Book more than one edition: Mitchell. T.R., & Larson, J.R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational behavior. (3 rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Book group or corporate author: Lorenz Research (1997). Research in social studies teaching. Baltimore: Arrow Books. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4 th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Note: When the author and publisher are the same, use the word Author as the name of the publisher. Edited book: Bailey, R. (Ed.). (1995). The true state of the planet. New York: The Free Press. Norris, S., & Stevenson, B. (Eds.). (1998). Ecology for a strong earth. New York: Longman. Article or chapter in an edited book: Baker, F.M., & Lightfoot, O.B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A.C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Report available from Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC): Henson, R.K. (2001). Preservice teachers' self-efficacy task analysis and classroom management beliefs. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association, New
Orleans, February 1-3, 2001. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED450084). Brochure/Pamphlet Corporate author: Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4 th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author. Note: A corporation or institution is often cited as the author. If there is no author, begin the entry with the title of the pamphlet. If the author is the same as the publisher, write Author after the place of publication. Entry from an encyclopedia: Frederick, C.J. (1994). Psychopharmacy. In R. J. Corsini, et al. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of psychology (2 nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 234-237). New York: John Wiley. Mineral water. (2000). In The encyclopediaamericana of democracy (Vol. 19, p. 159). Danbury, CT: Grolier. Journal article single author: Harlow, H.F. (1983). Fundamentals of preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896. Note: The 55 represents the volume number. Journal article two or more authors: Kernis, M.H., Cornell, D.P., & Sun, C.R. (1993). There s more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204. Monthly or weekly magazine: Posner, M.I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674. Cyberactivism 101. (2001, July/August). Futurist, 35(4), 15. Note: The 35 represents the volume number; the (4) represents the issue number. Newspaper article: James, T. (1993, July 19). Deaths linked to new potent grade of heroin. The New York Times, pp. B5, B7-B8. New drug appears to cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12. Note: Page numbers for newspapers include section letter and page number; precede page numbers with p. or pp. If the article appears on discontinuous pages, list all pages, and separate the numbers with a comma. PowerPoint presentation: O Donnell, P. (2005, April 4). Abnormal Behaviors. Presented at a PSY 208 lecture at Rivier College. Class handout: O Donnell, P. (2005, Spring). Abnomal Behavior in Children. PSY 208: Rivier College. Personal communications (including class lectures): Personal communications may be things such as email messages, interviews, lectures, speeches, and telephone conversations. Because the information is not retrievable, it should not appear in the reference list. They should, however, be cited in the body of your paper. Example: J. Burnitz (personal communication,
September 20, 2000) indicated that. or In a recent class lecture (K. Frenn, NSG 101, April 19, 2004), I learned that. AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA Television series: Apsell, P. (Producer). (2005). Nova [Television series]. Boston: WGBH. Episode of a television series: Johnstone, G. (Writer/Producer), & Alpin, R. (Director). (2005, October 11). Einstein s big idea. [Television series episode]. In P. Apsell (Producer), Nova. Boston: WGBH. Motion picture: Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me [Motion Picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures. Video/DVD: Classroom Productions (Producer) & Suderman, R. (Writer/Director). (1996). Hip fractures [Videorecording]. Irvine, CA: Concept Media. Medcom, Inc. (Producer). (1986). Nasogastric intubation [Videorecording]. Garden Grove, CA. Johnstone, G. (Writer/Producer). (2005). Einstein s big idea. [DVD]. Boston: WGBH. ELECTRONIC SOURCES Article in an Internet periodical: Basic Format: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved month day, year, from http://web address. Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8(4). Retrieved February 20, 2001, from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html Jacobson, J.W., Mulick, J.A., & Schwartz, A.A. (1995). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved January 25, 2000, from http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html Internet document without an author: Social constructionism and MOOs (2001, May 1). Retrieved August 6, 2001, from http://sites.unc.edu/- daniel/social_constructionism/ Internet document with no author and no date: GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/ usersurveys/survey1997-10/
Internet document from a university or government agency web site: McConnell, L.M. (2001, August 17). Genetic testing and Alzheimer disease: Has the time come? Retrieved September 1, 2001, from Stanford University, Project in Genomics, Ethics, and Society Web site: http://scbe.stanford.edu/pges Entire website: American Dietetic Association. (2004). EatRight.org Home Page. Retrieved June 16, 2004, from http://www.eatright.org/public/index.cfm Article, page, or section from a website Fitzgibbon, M. & Stolley, M. (2000 December). Minority women: The untold story. In NOVA Online: Dying to be thin. Retrieved June 27, 2004, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/thin/minorities.html Article from ERIC Database: Mackey, M. (1999, November). The changing powers of readers in a time of new technology. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the International Association of School Librarianship, Birmingham, Al. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 437067 ). Retrieved October 26, 2004, from ERIC database. Article found on EBSCOhost or other database: Mardesich, J. (1999, October 25). Online music stocks: Expect plenty of static ahead. Fortune, pp.382-384. Retrieved April 13, 2000, from Academic Search Premier EBSCO database. Maich, S. (2005, June 27). What s a Whistle Blower? MacLean s, 118, 22-24. Retrieved August 2, 2005, from Business Source Premier EBSCO datatbase. Millar, J. (1999, September 24). The rise and fall of everyman: "American Beauty" proves potent. Houston Chronicle, p.1. Retrieved April 2, 2003, from LEXIS-NEXIS Academic database. Wallace, W.T. (1994). Memory for music: Effect of melody on recall of text. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1471-1485. Retrieved April 3, 2003, from PsycARTICLES database. CQ Researcher Online: Cooper, M. (2004, December 10). Tobacco industry. The CQ Researcher Online, 14, 1025-1048. Retrieved January 15, 2005, from http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2004121000 Article in an online newspaper: Pear, R. (2001, January 23). Gains reported for children of welfare to work families. The New York Times
on the Web. Retrieved January 23, 2001, from http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/23/welf.html Branigin, W. (2000, November 30). Low-tech, high impact; Medical volunteers answer the call in Honduras. Washington Post, p. V1. Retrieved November 18, 2003 from ProQuest Newspapers database. Individual Differences 13 References American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4 th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Baker, F.M., & Lightfoot, O.B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In A.C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Burns, A., & Levy, R. (1992). Clinical diversity in late onset Alzheimer s disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cyberactivism 101. (2001, July/August). Futurist, 35(4), 15. Daly, B. (1997). Writing argumentative essays. Retrieved May 12, 1998 from the World Wide Web: http://www.eslplanet.com/teachertools/argueweb/frntpage.html Harlow, H.F. (1983). Fundamentals of preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896. Jacobson, J.W., Mulick, J.A., & Schwartz, A.A. (1995). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved January 25, 1996 from the World Wide Web: http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html James, T. (1993, July 19). Deaths linked to new potent grade of heroin. The New York Times, pp. B5, B7-B8. Kernis, M.H., Cornell, D.P., & Sun, C.R. (1993). There s more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204. Mardesich, J. (1999, October 25). Online music stocks: Expect plenty of static ahead. Fortune, pp.382-384. Retrieved April 13, 2000, from Academic Search Premier EBSCO database. New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12. Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4 th ed.) [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.
Schneiderman, R.A. (1997). Librarians can make sense of the Net. San Antonio Business Journal, 11 (31), pp. 58+. Retrieved January 27, 1999 from EBSCO on-line database.