FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd FD-T-E-2325 - Transparent Digital Transmodulator (TDT) Network Specification FD/T/E/2325 Last Updated: 31/10/2017 8:32:00 AM ISSUE 1 Revision 29
Document Control Copyright FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd. All rights reserved. This document contains information proprietary to FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd. Except for the purposes of evaluation, this document may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form, or distributed to any party outside of FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd, by any means, without permission in writing, from FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd. This document is classified to the level indicated at the top of this page. Any classification containing the word confidence or confidential means the document is to be placed out of sight when not in use and placed in a drawer or cupboard when the room will be unattended. Any classification containing the word secret means the document is always to be in someone s hand or under secure lock when not in use. Issue # Issue Date Revision Revision Date 0 1 Document created from Satellite Installation Manual 2 16/11/05 Amendments after review (Sneesby/Circosta) 3 22/11/05 Amendments & rearrangement of sections 4 21/02/06 Additional information inserted after review (Circosta) 5 09/05/06 Added echo level at wallplate information; Updated T5V value in Table 10 Comments Prepared By Authorised By Peter Sneesby Cliff Hobson Peter Sneesby Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Paul Trimble Peter Sneesby Paul Trimble Paul Trimble 1 12/05/06 0 Issued for release Cliff Hobson Paul Trimble 1 21/09/06 Several amendments from Steve Circosta relating to high port to port isolations. Added section on NIP Boxes. Replaced Figures 6 and 7 1 2 19/06/08 Added Transponder 1 to the Channel Plan. Removed 11.3 LO column. 1 3 15/07/08 Updated Reference Std AS/NZS 1367:2007 Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Paul Trimble Paul Trimble Paul Trimble FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 2
Issue # Issue Date Revision Revision Date 1 4 01/09/2008 Added combined Channel Plan for C1 and D3 satellites. (Table 11) Comments Prepared By Authorised By Added number of DVB- S and DVB-S2 modules in Sect 3.1 1 5 30/10/2008 Removed combined Channel Plan for C1 and D3 satellites. (Table 11) Changed Content details for TDT Modules 18 to 24 in Table 12. 6 24/09/2009 Updated Table 12 with current transponder listings. Added 256 QAM level information in all tables in Section 5.4.1 7 28/09/2009 Correction to D3 T9 polarity in Table 12 8 28/10/2009 Correction to QAM frequencies for Ch 31-33 in Table 12 9 03/11/2009 Amended Bit Error Rates and Notes for Table 6 Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta 10 11/11/09 Replace Section 6.2 with content from MDU Manual 11 04/03/10 Amended Channel Plan (Table 12) 12 12/04/10 Amended Work Specific Test Equipment Table (Table 13) 13 24/05/10 Changed C1T2 to D3T11 in Transponder Table (Table 12) 14 25/05/10 Amended DSAM Model Numbers in Work Specific Test Equipment Table (Table 13) Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 3
Issue # Issue Date Revision Revision Date 1 15 17/06/10 Removed references to cable manufacturers in Appendix C. Comments Prepared By Authorised By Amended QPSK level in Table 8. 16 18/04/11 Amended Symbol Rate and FEC for D3T22 in Table 12 17 26/05/11 Updated version year for AS/ACIF S009 and AS/NZS 1367 18 02/08/11 Removed 3 photographs of cable connectors with weatherseals and replaced with single photo showing all 3 (Figure 15) 19 15/08/11 Added D3T8; D3T5 and D3T6 in transponder allocation plan (Table 12) 20 22/11/11 Updated Section 0 System and Wallplate Specifications Updated Section 6.1 to include TDT and NTD testing. 21 08/12/11 Updated Figure 5 and subsequent paragraphs. Deleted Fig 5 and replaced with two individual schematics. Table 12 D3 T6 changed to T7 22 08/02/12 Updated Figure 7 (LNBF type) and cross referencing in Sect 0 23 18/07/12 Added details for Fibre System earthing (Sect 4.4.12) Amended PSTN details in Sect 5.3.1 Removed Updated Installation Certification Testing (Sect 6.1) Updated dish alignment Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson Cliff Hobson FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 4 Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta
Issue # Issue Date Revision Revision Date Comments Prepared By Authorised By instructions in Sect 7.1 23 10/09/12 Update Sect 4.4.13 Connectors 24 11/10/12 Updates to earthing sect4.4.12 ONT & Launch Levels added to sect 5.1 25 26/11/13 Updates to Changes made to sect 5.2 isolators 2.1.1 Dish selection 2.2 Mounts Figure 6 Spaun TDT 5.2 Isolators 5.3.1 removal of PSTN Table 6 Wallplate digital performance Table 7 wallplate signal level Table 11 Regional azimuth, elevation and skew information Table Removed Windload conditions previous section 7.3 Table 13 Work specific test equipment Appendix B drawing symbols 26 09/07/14 TDT dish sizes and zone map added section 2.1.1 27 28/11/16 Addition of Figure 8 Terra TDT headend Removal reference to FD-T/E/3169 New link for N.T deemed to Comply Reference Standards updated 28 7.2 Transponder Listings Updated 29 31/10/17 Update System components to 5-2400MHz Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta John Mitsios John Mitsios Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta Steve Circosta FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 5
Issue # Issue Date Revision Revision Date Comments Prepared By Authorised By Updated TDT headends FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 6
+Distribution List Name Position Company Document Approval Name: Enver Vasfi Senior Customer Technology Architecture Lead - Technology Development (28/11/16) FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 7
Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION... 10 1.1. PURPOSE... 10 1.2. SCOPE... 10 2. SIGNAL INPUT... 11 2.1. OUTDOOR UNIT (ODU) DISH AND LNB... 11 2.1.1. Dish Selection... 11 2.1.2. Dish Alignment... 13 2.2. MOUNTS... 13 2.2.1. Mount Selection... 13 2.2.2. Location of Mount... 18 2.2.3. Mount and Dish Placement... 18 3. HEADEND... 19 3.1. HEADEND... 19 3.2. HEADEND REMOTE MONITORING... 20 4. NETWORK... 24 4.1. GENERAL NETWORK DESIGN INSTRUCTIONS... 24 4.2. NETWORK DESIGN TOPOLOGIES... 24 4.2.1. Star Design Topology... 25 4.2.2. Tree and Branch Design Topology... 26 4.3. DE-RATING AMPLIFIER OUTPUT... 26 4.3.1. Second and Third Products... 26 4.3.2. Reduction of amplifier output levels... 26 4.3.3. Output reduction in cascade amplifiers... 27 4.4. CABLE-BASED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS... 27 4.4.1. Cable Selection... 27 4.4.2. Cable Types... 28 4.4.3. Cable Types (Fibre-based system)... 28 4.4.4. Extending Cable Reach... 28 4.4.4.1. Back feed... 28 4.4.4.2. Forward Feed... 29 4.4.5. Active Equipment... 29 4.4.6. Location of Active Equipment... 30 4.4.7. Subscription Broadcast Provider Boundary Issues... 30 4.4.8. Design Optimisation... 30 4.4.9. Cable Segregation... 30 4.4.10. Identification of Cables... 31 4.4.11. Earthing of Network... 31 4.4.12. Earthing of Fibre Systems... 31 4.4.13. Connectors... 31 4.4.13.1.1. Upgrading Satellite single polarity or non IQ ready Systems to TDT Technology... 31 4.4.13.1.2. Weather Seals... 31 4.4.14. Power Block... 32 4.4.15. Isolating Line Power Supplies... 32 4.4.16. Optical Transmitter / Receiver... 32 4.4.17. Distribution amplifiers... 32 4.4.18. Line extenders... 33 4.4.19. Reverse Path... 33 5. WALL CONNECTIONS... 34 5.1. NETWORK INTERFACE POINT, WALL BOX OR OPTICAL NETWORK TERMINAL... 34 5.1.1. RF Levels at ONT, NIP or Wall Box... 34 FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 8
5.2. ISOLATORS... 36 5.3. WALLPLATE... 37 5.3.1. Ethernet connection... 37 5.4. SYSTEM AND WALLPLATE SPECIFICATIONS FOR INSTALLATIONS... 38 5.4.1. Echo Level at Wallplate... 40 6. COMMISSIONING... 41 6.1. INSTALLATION CERTIFICATION TESTING... 41 6.1.1. LNB Tests... 41 6.1.2. Amplifier Tests... 41 6.1.3. TDT Headend Tests... 41 6.1.4. NTD Tests... 41 6.2. QUALITY CONTROL... 41 7. TECHNICAL REFERENCE INFORMATION... 43 7.1. ALIGNING A SATELLITE DISH... 43 7.2. SATELLITE TRANSPONDER LISTINGS... 45 7.3. TEST EQUIPMENT... 46 APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY... 48 APPENDIX B. DRAWING SYMBOLS... 54 APPENDIX C. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION... 55 C.1. PASSIVE EQUIPMENT... 55 C.2. ACTIVE EQUIPMENT... 58 C.2.1. Amplifier Maximum Output Test Method... 59 C.2.1.1. Digital Service Rating... 59 APPENDIX D. REFERENCE STANDARDS... 61 APPENDIX E. STU INSTALLATION... 62 E.1. INSTALLING STU IN THE HOME... 62 FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 9
1. Introduction 1.1. Purpose The purpose of this document is to: Specify the requirements for designing, installing and commissioning TDT installations which satisfy FOXTEL s requirements. Provide some key information necessary to appreciate the complexities of TDT distribution installations. 1.2. Scope For any FOXTEL TDT installation, the signal shall be delivered via a high-availability satellite dish, processed by the TDT system (mounted within the headend facility), distributed throughout the complex by a network (cable or fibre-based) and finally delivered to FOXTEL subscribers at wallplates in customer homes. This document is organised in a way which mirrors the signal path throughout the network, commencing with signal input from the satellite dish. From time to time, the requirements within this document will change as the FOXTEL business develops. This could be due to introduction of new technology or identification of field difficulties, which require clearer detail to ensure the quality expectations of the business are met. Specifically, this document does NOT address FOXTEL business processes for TDT installation and commissioning. Nor does it address issues such as eligibility of sites for TDT deployment these matters are the responsibility of FOXTEL Customer Installations Group. National Broadband Network (NBN) The NBN will not be carrying FOXTEL and O.B (FTA) RF audio-video services on the NBN backbone. It is recommended that two backbones are installed to cater for all services: 1. Backbone for FOXTEL and O.B Services 2. Backbone for NBN services. Note: FOXTEL specifies in this document that 2 x Cat6 cables should be installed adjacent to the FOXTEL wallplate. These cables can be used for an ethernet connection to FOXTEL or O.B and can also be used to deliver NBN or other services. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 10
2. Signal Input 2.1. Outdoor Unit (ODU) Dish and LNB The overall availability of FOXTEL services provided via TDT is capped by the availability obtained from the satellite dish input. FOXTEL s requirement is for >99.95% availability at the satellite dish. This section provides guidance on selection and installation of the satellite dish and LNB. 2.1.1. Dish Selection The step of selecting the correct dish performance is to ensure that it will provide appropriate increase in margin of Bit Error Rate, Modulation Error Ratio (in band noise ratio) and Digital Channel Power performance to ensure it will cater for rain fade margin and distribution system degradation. Figure 1 provides information on the Six (6) satellite coverage zones and the appropriate size dish required for an installation at this location. Figure 1 Optus C1 FOXTEL Satellite Coverage Zone Map FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 11
Table 1 Dish Location Zone to Size Selection Matrix MDU 3 Stories MDU 3 Stories & MRE TDT Commercial (hotel MDU) Commercial (single Dwelling) Zone 1 65cm 90cm 1.2m 90cm 60cm Zone 2 85cm 90cm 1.2m 90cm 85cm Zone 3 80cm 90cm 1.2m 90cm 80cm Zone 4 85cm 1.2m 1.2m 1.2m 85cm Zone 5 85cm 1.2m 1.2m 1.2m 80cm Zone 6 1.2m 1.5m 1.5m 1.5m 1.2m Note: The minimum dish size for TDT installations is 1.2m for zones 1 to 5 and 1.5m in zone 6. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 12
2.1.2. Dish Alignment There are two steps to aligning a satellite dish for optimum performance, Azimuth elevation setup and cross-polarisation. A meter must be used for all dish alignment (see Installer Product List for current models). FOXTEL has selected these new meters to make the dish alignment process more accurate and efficient. See Section 6.1 for step by step installation procedures. 2.2. Mounts This section describes how to select a mount and where to install it. Note: No mount is to exceed its maximum rated dish size or wind rating specifications. All mounts must be installed in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions. Note: For further information on mount specifications and details, refer to the Domestic Installation Manual (Satellite Installation Manual Domestic (SIM-DOM)) or the Manufacturer s instructions provided with the mount, or refer to the Manufacturer s website. 2.2.1. Mount Selection When selecting a mount, it needs to be suitable for the size of the dish and the prevailing wind conditions in the area where it will be used. Australia can be divided into four regions for prevailing wind conditions: Region A: Normal Region B: Intermediate Region C: Tropical cyclones Region D: Severe tropical cyclones Use Table 2 below and the map in Figure 2 to select the appropriate mount for the location. For further clarification on the suitability of the mount required for your location in all regions, contact the mount manufacturer. Refer to the manufacturer s website for further information relating to mount selection to suit the dish size used in your region. Jonsa Australia: Hills Antenna & TV Systems http://www.jonsa.com.au/ http://www.hillsantenna.com.au/ FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 13
Mount Wind Rating Mounting hardware for the installation of satellite dishes on domestic dwellings must have a wind rating that complies with the requirements of AS 4055-2012 Wind loads for housing. In particular the Wind Rating of the mount together with the dish must comply with or exceed that set out in Table 2.2 of AS 4055-2012 for the local Wind Region and site conditions. The Wind Rating of a mount in combination with the dish is specified in the mount manufacturer s installation instructions. As a guide, the Wind Ratings in the corresponding Wind Regions as listed in Table 2 below are considered to be suitable for satellite dish mounting hardware unless the site is on a hill or slope. These Wind Ratings apply to all sites within a Wind Region except where the house or MDU is located on the mid or top third of a hill, ridge or escarpment of average slope greater than 1:20 (3 ). Figure 2 Wind Regions FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 14
Table 2 W1 Mount Selection Wind Rating Chart Where no Wind Rating is shown in Table 2, wind conditions are likely to be extreme, and expert advice should be sought from the local building authority. Higher Wind Ratings are applicable to hill tops and slopes For sites located in the zones marked M, T and O in the diagrams below, it may be necessary to use a higher wind rating. Figure 3 Hill Zones Estimate the height and slope of the hill and the relative position (Hill Zone) of the site to determine the Exposure Classification (T number) using Figure 3 above and Table 3 below. Then use the Hill Index from Table 2 and the Exposure Classification from Table 3 to determine the Rating Increment from Table 4 below. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 15
Add the Rating Increment to the Minimum Wind Rating from Table 2 to find the Wind Rating applicable to the site. Table 3 Exposure Classification Exposure Classification Average Hill Slope Hill Zone M H less than 10m Hill Zone T H between 10 & 30 m H more than 30m Hill Zone O 1:20 to 1:10 T0 T1 T1 T1 T0 1:10 to 1:7.5 T1 T1 T2 T2 T0 1:7.5 to 1:5 T1 T2 T2 T3 T1 1:5 to 1:3 T2 T2 T3 T4 T2 >1:3 T2 T3 T4 T5 T3 Table 4 Rating Increment Rating Increment Exposure Classification Hill Index T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 H1 0 0 +1 +1 +1 +2 H2 0 0 +1 +1 +2 +2 H3 0 0 +1 +1 +2 - H4 0 0 +1 +1 - - H5 0 0 +1 - - - H6 0 0 - - - - H7 0 +1 +1 +1 +2 +3 H8 0 +1 +1 +2 +2 - H9 0 +1 +1 +2 - - H10 0 +1 +1 - - - H11 0 +1 - - - - FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 16
For example, a 4 storey MDU located half-way up a 50 metre hill with a slope of 1:10 in Region B has a minimum Wind Rating of N4 and a Hill Index of H8 (Table 2). It is situated in Zone M according to Figure 3. Its Exposure Classification according to Table 3 is T1 (take the worst case for the slope). By Table 4, the Rating Increment is +1. Therefore the Wind Rating for the site is N4 +1 = N5. Where no Rating Increment is shown in Table 4, wind conditions are likely to be extreme, and expert advice should be sought from the local building authority. Note: *Refer to manufacturer for appropriate mount. Refer to the following Australian Standards and Codes. Wind class and wind speed have been upgraded from the specified region categories listed in the standards. AS/NZS1170.0:2002 Structural design actions Part 0: General Principles AS/NZS1170.1:2002 Structural design actions Part 1: Permanent imposed and other actions AS/NZS1170.2:2011 Structural design actions Part 2: Wind actions AS4055-2012 Wind loads for housing AS4100-1998 Steel structures AS1720.1-2010 Timber Structures Part 1: Design methods AS1684-2010 Residential timber framed construction AS3700-2001 Masonry Structures Note: No allowance has been made in structural design to comply with the provisions of AS/NZS1170.3:2003 Snow and ice actions or AS/NZS1170.3:2007 Earth quake actions Important Note: For installations in the Northern Territory where different regulations apply, refer to the Building Notes on Satellite Dishes: https://nt.gov.au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0015/209040/note-45-minor-roof-attachmentssatellite-dishes.pdf FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 17
2.2.2. Location of Mount For the FOXTEL satellite installation to work correctly there must be a clear Line of Sight to the FOXTEL satellite. Locations with a limited Line of Sight can result in intermittent or complete loss of signal. There should be no obstructions, for example, trees or parts of buildings in the signal path. An inclinometer should be used to survey the signal path to ensure a clear Line of Sight. If there is any uncertainty as to whether the Line of Sight will remain clear in the future (due to vegetation growth), use a different mount location. 2.2.3. Mount and Dish Placement Placement of the mount for the dish on a building is aesthetically important and an essential part of the design for all existing buildings. Figure 4 provides guidance on the preferred mount and dish location where number 1 is the most preferred location (towards back of building) and 4 (front/side of building) is the least preferred option. Figure 4 Preferred Dish Locations FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 18
3. Headend 3.1. Headend The headend should be installed in the main hub room to provide for the QPSK to QAM conversion for FOXTEL services, as well as the distribution of Open Broadcast services and any in-house services. Typically the headend can be launched at 44dBmV. (Check manufacturer s specification.) A typical TDT headend installation is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 Typical TDT Headend Installation All systems shall have a minimum of 32 DVB-S2 capable TDT modules to cater for both Optus C1 and D3 satellites.refer to the Channel Plan (Table 12) for output frequencies that must be catered for. TDT and headend equipment shall be installed in a controlled environment room at all headend locations. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 19
3.2. Headend Remote Monitoring A Broadband connection is required in the headend room to cater for remote monitoring and remote access programming of the headend. As a minimum, for each TDT module, the following functions are required to operate via remote access: Satellite input frequency adjustable from 950 2150 MHz in 1 MHz steps QAM carrier mode selector QAM modulations mode QPSK symbol rate adjustable from 2,000 45,000 Ms/s QAM spectrum mode selector Selected input signals for vertical and horizontal polarities Output frequency adjustable from 45 862 MHz Output attenuator, adjustable from 0 10dB in 1 db steps Serial number and firmware version Viterbi decoder information BER (before Reed Solomon) QAM symbol rate and selected input signal ASI output data rate in MS/S Current alarm status Automatic update of the alarm status Module Temperature. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 20
Figure 6 shows a headend configuration with ethernet connection for remote monitoring of the Spaun TDT. Figure 6 Spaun TDT with Etheret Connection FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 21
Figure 7 shows a headend configuration with ethernet connection for remote monitoring of the Astro TDT. 1.2m dish LNBF Quad Spare Spare H V Power Inserter Tray FC 658245 1 V16.4 BC74691 8 Quad QAM BC80510 Ethernet Bus Controller U953 Ethernet Remote Monitoring To MATV Network 32xQAM Carriers Figure 7 Astro TDT with Ethernet Connection FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 22
Figure 8 shows a headend configuration with Ethernet connection for remote monitoring of the TERRA TDT. Figure 8 TERRA TDT with Ethernet Connection In addition, monitoring of the following is recommended: Room temperature Air conditioning settings Security at the headend FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 23
4. Network 4.1. General Network Design Instructions The correct placement and choice of components should be considered to achieve the required system performance for both forward path and return path when used. Ideally a complete survey of the site is required to achieve the optimum result and system performance. If the site is under construction a complete set of plans showing services paths and piping layout should be sourced before an MATV design is carried out. All system designs should be clearly marked showing the product number, location of equipment and system levels. Drawings shall be supplied in either Auto Cad or Visio format. The number of cascade amplifiers after an optical hub or main launch amplifier should not exceed three (3). This includes distribution amplifiers and end of line home line extenders. 4.2. Network Design Topologies There are typically two system design topologies, tree and branch and Star. The Star topology is the preferred method as it limits the number of active devices required in cascade to drive the system. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 24
4.2.1. Star Design Topology A Star Design Topology feeding 768 homes with 4 outlets per home is shown in Figure 9. Note: When this method is used, an approved tap with high port to port isolation must be installed at the home wall box. Use of splitters in the home wall box is not permitted in this instance. Figure 9 Star Design Topology FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 25
4.2.2. Tree and Branch Design Topology A Tree and Branch Design topology feeding 288 homes with 3 outlets per home is shown in Figure 10. Where a tree and branch topology using an approved high port to port isolating tap is used, the installation of splitters with high port to port isolation is permitted in the home wall box. Figure 10 Tree and Branch Design Topology Note: More than 3 outlets per home can be installed with the use of an end of line extender amplifier mounted in the home wall box. 4.3. De-rating Amplifier Output 4.3.1. Second and Third Products The maximum permissible output level for broadband amplifiers distributing more than 12 channels relates to: Composite triple beat (CTB), 60 db CSO according to DIN EN 50083-3, CENELEC channel plan Composite second order (CSO), 60dB SCO according to DIN EN 50083-3 CENELEC channel plan 66 db CTB, 64dB CSO for 36 TV channels and 30 FM channels according to Telecom channel plan 7/8 MHz (up to 450 MHz)2) 4.3.2. Reduction of amplifier output levels If more than two channels are being distributed, the output level has to be reduced according to Table 5. If FM levels are approximately 10dB lower than TV levels they can be disregarded. In case of equivalent levels, they are to be counted as the TV channels. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 26
The level reduction has to be carried out only for the specified third order cross-modulation ratio output levels (60 or 66 db) but not for output levels specifying a second order ratio Table 5 Reduction Levels No of occupied channels Level reduction in db 2 0 3-2 4-3 5-4 6-5 7-5.5 8-6 10-7 12-8 16-9 24-11 36-12.5 48-14 60-15 72-15.5 85-16.5 110-17.5 129-18 4.3.3. Output reduction in cascade amplifiers The output level is to be reduced by 3 db when amplifiers are cascaded and have the same signal-to-noise ratio for each redoubling of the number of amplifiers. 4.4. Cable-based Distribution Systems The following section describes the requirements for cable-based distribution systems, including the cable portion of any hybrid fibre-coax system. 4.4.1. Cable Selection The appropriate cable for the installation environment should be used, for example: Underground installation cable with flooding compound Aerial installation cable with inbuilt messenger Common areas requiring fire retardant cable plenum type cable (fire rated) as required. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 27
4.4.2. Cable Types Smaller systems, typically around 200 homes, may be designed using coaxial cables throughout. Main Trunk Cables Secondary trunk cables Drop Cables 0.05 Hard Line RG11 quad shield with 60-40 braid coverage RG6 quad shield with 60-40 braid coverage Note: Underground cables must incorporate a flooding compound, and in some cases may require an armoured jacket. Where fibre trunk cables are used, the installation of single mode multi core containing six fibres or more is recommended. The use of six or more fibres is recommended to provide spare capacity in the event of damage to a fibre. The redundant fibres also cater for system expansion should the network require upgrading. The number of cascade amplifiers after an optical hub or main launch amplifier should not exceed three (3). This includes distribution amplifiers and end of line home line extenders. 4.4.3. Cable Types (Fibre-based system) Optical Cable Secondary trunk cables Drop Cables Single mode, multi core RG11 quad shield with 60-40 braid coverage RG6 quad shield with 60-40 braid coverage Note: Underground cables must incorporate a flooding compound, and in some cases may require an armoured jacket. 4.4.4. Extending Cable Reach There are two methods of extending the cable network reach, back feed and forward feed. 4.4.4.1. Back feed Back feed (see Figure 11) is used where a run of taps drops the signal below the required input level to drive the amplifier at its optimum performance. The required taps can be by passed and cable extended to the amplifier location. A directional coupler can then be inserted at the output of the amplifier to back feed the required tap locations. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 28
Figure 11 Back Feeding Example 4.4.4.2. Forward Feed Forward feed is achieved by using a directional coupler to feed the signal into two cables and extending the second cable to feed an amplifier or bank of taps further down the line (see Figure 12). Figure 12 Forward Feeding Example 4.4.5. Active Equipment Figure 13 Forward Feeding to an Amplifier Where possible the number of amplifiers or active equipment should be kept to a minimum to reduce running costs and ongoing maintenance costs. FOXTEL recommends using 0.500 trunk cables on a non optical system to reduce the number of amplifiers required throughout the system. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 29
The number of cascade amplifiers after an optical hub or main launch amplifier should not exceed three (3). This includes distribution amplifiers and end of line home line extenders. 4.4.6. Location of Active Equipment All active and passive equipment should be placed in serviceable locations such as: Lockable service cupboard Above ground pillar. The use of underground pits is not recommended for housing passive and active devices however they can be used as access hatches to help in the installation of cables between the headend room, service cupboards, and pillars. 4.4.7. Subscription Broadcast Provider Boundary Issues 3. Under no circumstances should another Subscription Broadcasting provider s cable be used, in total or in part. 4. Another carrier s outlet should not be used regardless of whether it is active or inactive. 4.4.8. Design Optimisation Where possible, existing or shared pit and pipe infrastructure should be used to minimise installation costs. 4.4.9. Cable Segregation Refer to AS/ACIF S009:2006 and AS/NZS 3000:2000 for cabling clearances and segregation from other services. Figure 14 Minimum Segregation Distance FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 30
4.4.10. Identification of Cables Service identification labels (Panduit PLDR-1 or equivalent) are required for each lateral and or home run cable to identify a particular subscriber s cable. This label is to show the house or unit number 4.4.11. Earthing of Network All system components must be earthed in compliance with AS/NZS 1367:2007, AS/NZS3000, (earthing conductors), and AS/ACIF S009:2006. Equipotential bonding is used to ensure that no hazardous voltages are present on the outer conductors of a cable or any metallic component within the network. A licensed electrician must carry out connections within the electrical switchboard. Note: A suitably qualified person can carry out the connection for protective earthing external to the switchboard. 4.4.12. Earthing of Fibre Systems Earthing is not required when an ONT is installed within the home to convert Optical signals to coaxial signals, in this instance electrical isolation is achieved via the optical connection. Note: Earthing is required when the coaxial output of the ONT is split to feed 2 or more homes. (refer to section 5.2 for installation of isolators). 4.4.13. Connectors Hard Line Cable shall be fitted with suitable 0.05 connectors. RG11 and RG6 cable shall be fitted with compression connectors. 4.4.13.1.1. Upgrading Satellite single polarity or non IQ ready Systems to TDT Technology All RG11 crimp connectors are to be replaced with RG11 compression connectors when upgrading an existing satellite backbone to TDT technology. Where possible it is recommended that RG6 crimp connectors be replaced with compression connectors to ensure the system performance is not effected by poor return loss or signal ingress. 4.4.13.1.2. Weather Seals Weather seals are recommended on cables installed in outdoor pillars and service cupboards. Sample RG6 and RG11 connectors are shown in Figure 15. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 31
Figure 15 RG6 and RG11 Connectors showing Detachable Weather Seals 4.4.14. Power Block Power blocks may be required throughout some parts of the network to isolate active components so that voltage is not passed into areas where it is not required. 4.4.15. Isolating Line Power Supplies Line power supplies must be isolated from each other using power blocks between the line power supplies. 4.4.16. Optical Transmitter / Receiver An optical transmitter / receiver should be used to distribute signals in the forward and reverse path for long cable runs to achieve extended network reach. (Check manufacturer s specification for input and output levels). 4.4.17. Distribution amplifiers Distribution amplifiers should be used as a launch or secondary amplifier for forward and return path signals. This device can be mains or lined powered. Typical maximum launch level is 44dBmV. (Check manufacturers specification.) FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 32
4.4.18. Line extenders Line extenders should be used at the end of line or in homes where the signals drop below the required levels. These devices can be mains or line powered. Typically the maximum launch level should be 44dBmV. (Check manufacturer s specification.) The line extender replaces the splitter within the home wall box. Up to eight outlets can be installed by splitting each output of the line extender amplifier. Figure 16 Line Extender Amplifier split 4 ways to feed eight outlets 4.4.19. Reverse Path FOXTEL uses a ethernet return path so the return path modules do not need to be fitted to active components. This may change due to local system requirements of some systems. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 33
5. Wall Connections 5.1. Network Interface Point, Wall Box or Optical Network Terminal The home tap, splitter or line extender amplifier shall be housed in a plastic wall box on the external wall or in the garage area often called a Network Interface Point (NIP) or Wall Box (WB). The installation of active or passive devices in roof cavities is not recommended for the following reasons: The heat generated in a roof cavity reduces the life of the system components It restricts access to service personnel. All boxes are to be installed in a location accessible to service personnel without the use of a ladder. If a line extender amplifier is required in the home, the wall box should be large enough to cater for the required cable radius. Where ONT s are installed it is recommended that they are installed in a dry accessible location within the garage or service cupboard. 5.1.1. RF Levels at ONT, NIP or Wall Box ONT Recommended launch levels out of the ONT (Optical Network Terminal) based on having the following components connected after the ONT, 4 way tap, 25m cable run and 2 way splitter at the wall plate. Digital Minimum Maximum 64QAM 16 dbmv 24 dbmv 256 QAM 20 dbmv 27 dbmv Analogue 26 dbmv 37 dbmv Satellite 26dBmV 30dBmV Note: When allowing for a 2400Mhz receiver at the ONT for satellite multistacker the Satellite Output Level shall be 26-30dBmV or 86-90dBuV NIP or WB passive Minimum RF levels required at the NIP (Network Interface Point) or WB (Wall Box) tap with up to 40 metre drop cable to the outlet plate Low Level Tap 45 MHz 862 MHz Analogue 12.0 dbmv 18.0 dbmv Digital 2.0 dbmv 8.0 dbmv Calculations are based on the following: FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 34
Analogue 12.0dBmV less Cable loss 40m RG6 @ 45 MHz of 2.0 db less splitter loss of 4dB = 6.0dBmV at the outlet. 18.0 dbmv less Cable loss 40m RG6 @ 862 MHz of 8.0 db less splitter loss of 4dB = 6dBmV at the outlet. Digital 2.0 dbmv less Cable loss 40m RG6 @ 45 MHz of 2.0 db less splitter loss of 4dB = - 4dBmV at the outlet. 8.0 dbmv less Cable loss 40m RG6 @ 862 MHz of 8.0 db less splitter loss of 4dB = - 4dBmV at the outlet. Minimum RF levels required at the NIP or WB tap when RG6 drop cable exceeds 40 metre and is no longer than 70 metres. Medium Level Tap 45 MHz 862 MHz Analogue 15.0 dbmv 24.0 dbmv Digital 5.0 dbmv 14.0 dbmv Satellite 950MHz 16dBmV 2400MHz 26dBmV Calculations are based on the following: Analogue 15.0 dbmv less Cable loss 70m RG6 @ 45 MHz of 3.5 db less splitter loss of 4dB = 7.5dBmV at the outlet. 24.0 dbmv less Cable loss 70m RG6 @ 862 MHz of 14.0 db less splitter loss of 4dB = 6dBmV at the outlet. Digital 5.0 dbmv less Cable loss 70m RG6 @ 45 MHz of 3.5 db less splitter loss of 4dB = - 2.5dBmV at the outlet. 14.0 dbmv less Cable loss 70m RG6 @ 862 MHz of 14.0 db less splitter loss of 4dB = -4dBmV at the outlet. Satellite 26.0 dbmv less Cable loss 70m RG6 @ 2400 MHz of 24.0 db less Diplexer loss of 2dB = 0dBmV at the outlet or 60dBuV (including diplexer). FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 35
5.2. Isolators Isolators electrically separate the customers equipment from the MATV network, protecting the network and technicians working on the network. An isolator must be installed between each home cluster of buildings. An Isolator is not required where the headend, splitters or taps are installed within the one building, however earthing of all components are required (refer to section 4.4.11 Earthing of Network for futher information). Isolators are not required where each home or cluster of buildings are isolated via fibre optic cable / ONT. (refer to section 4.4.12 eathing of fibre systems). The isolator is to be installed in the home wall box or service cupboard and must not be installed in a pillar or in the roof space. An Isolator must be fitted in all homes at the input to the house tap, splitter or amplifier unless an ONT is installed before each home Examples of isolator installations are shown in the following figures. Figure 17 Example of Isolator fitted to isolate each cluster of buildings FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 36
Figure 18 Isolator installed before a Home Tap Figure 19 Isolator installed before a Home Splitter Figure 20 Isolator installed before a Home Line Extender Amplifier 5.3. Wallplate Wallplates shall incorporate an approved type female F type RF barrel connector which allows connection to RF network via the rear F connector and can connect to the STU via the front F connector. 5.3.1. Ethernet connection The installation of two Cat6 cables should be incorporated into or adjacent to the RF wallplate to cater for ethernet connection to the Foxtel STB. The other cable can be used for other I.P services. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 37
5.4. System and Wallplate Specifications for Installations FOXTEL requires all system and wallplate performance testing to be carried out with a meter listed in the Installer Product List and that readings within a system comply with those in Table 6, Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9. If any wallplate performance is found to be substandard during a customer installation, troubleshooting will be required to identify the source of the fault. Network faults or internal cabling faults are to be reported to FOXTEL for escalation to either the Network Owner or Customer. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 38
Standard Broadcast type Table 6 Wallplate Digital Performance Modulation Type Pre-Viterbi Bit Error Rate Pre RS or Post-Viterbi DVB-S2 (PER) Modulation Error Ratio (In band noise ratio) Minimum (db) DVB-C 64 QAM <2E-7 30 * DVB-C 256 QAM >25dB* <2E-7 36 * DVB-S /S2 QPSK <2E-4 (DVB-S) <2E-7 (PER <1X10-7) DVB-T COFDM 64 QAM <2E-4 <2E-7 24 12.5 + Analogue RF Integrated Channels Terrestrial OB SNR >43 db Notes: * Allows for an external two-way splitter at the wallplate + Clear sky weather conditions level. Standard Broadcast Type Modulation type Table 7 Wallplate Signal Level Commercial Single Dwelling Residence (SDR) ONLY Wallplate Level (dbµv) Multi-Dwelling Unit, Multi-Residential Estate and Large Commercial Systems >20 RF Channels Min Max Min Max Analogue FM radio 45 80 54 71 Analogue RF Integrated Channels Terrestrial OB 60 86 60 77 DVB-C 64 QAM N/A N/A * 56 (-4dBmV) 70 (10dBmV) DVB-C 256 QAM N/A N/A * 60 (0dBmV) 74 (14dBmV) DVB-S / S2 QPSK 58 79 58 76 DVB-T COFDM 64 40 75 54 77 QAM T-DAB COFDM QPSK 50 80 45 67 * Allows for an external two-way splitter at the wallplate Notes: All digital levels are RMS voltage or Digital Channel Power. Digital Channel Power measured values may be +/- 2 db from the levels listed due to accuracy of meters. FM radio services shall be kept at least 10 db down to other analogue carriers throughout the network. Digital channels shall be kept 10dB down to other analogue carriers throughout the network. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 39
5.4.1. Echo Level at Wallplate The minimum echo level measurement either side of the centre carrier shall be >25dB at the wallplate. Table 8 Wallplate Digital Slope / Tilt Performance Broadcast Type Wallplate Level Slope Tilt (db) Standard Analogue Modulation Type Maximum level difference at single wallplate Maximum level difference ALL wallplates in system RF Integrated Channels 6 12 Terrestrial OB DVB-C 64 QAM 6 12 DVB-C 256 QAM 6 12 DVB-S QPSK 12 18 DVB-T COFDM 64 QAM 6 12 Note: Measured values may be +/- 2dB from the levels listed owing to accuracy of meters. Table 9 Post Installation Certification Test Locations Broadcast Type Test Locations Standard Modulation type Amplifiers Analogue RF Integrated Channels Terrestrial OB All channels DVB-C 256 QAM All carriers All carriers House Tap and wallplates Low and High channels (all RF integrated Channels) DVB-S QPSK All Transponders All transponders DVB-T COFDM 64 QAM All channels Highest and lowest channels FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 40
6. Commissioning 6.1. Installation Certification Testing 6.1.1. LNB Tests All ports from the LNB must be tested by the installation company for Digital Channel Power, Modulation Error Ratio and Bit Error Rate for all Transponders. All test details must be documented on the As Built SOW. 6.1.2. Amplifier Tests All amplifiers must be tested by the installation company for Digital Channel Power, Modulation Error Ratio and Bit Error Rate for all Transponders This will ensure all satellite transponders are being received as per specification. All test details must be documented on the As Built SOW. 6.1.3. TDT Headend Tests All inputs to the TDT Headend from the LNB must be tested by the installation company for Digital Channel Power, Modulation Error Ratio and Bit Error Rate for all Transponders. All test details must be documented on the As Built SOW. The output of the TDT Headend must be tested by the installation company for Digital Channel Power, Modulation Error Ratio and Bit Error Rate for all QAM carriers. 6.1.4. NTD Tests All sites must have signals tested at the Network Termination Device (NTD). This can be either a Gig Passive Optical Network (GPON), Passive Optical Network (PON), or passive Tap. All test details must be documented on the As Built SOW. Digital Channel Power, Modulation Error Ratio and Bit Error Rate Signal measurements are required for all QAM carriers. On completion of the installation design, the installation company must ensure that all NTD performances meet FOXTEL specifications. 6.2. Quality Control FOXTEL s quality expectations and processes focus on ensuring that the design and field installation process is positive and beneficial to everyone involved in the FOXTEL process and that they will happily recommend the FOXTEL process to others. FOXTEL, or one of our National Service Providers, reserve the right to actively inspect the work performed by Third Parties to ensure that their work meets the required standards. If FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 41
subsequently the work is found to be of an inferior standard then the Third Party installer will be required to make the necessary reparations. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 42
7. Technical Reference Information 7.1. Aligning a Satellite Dish The Scope of Work will be used to select the appropriate mount and dish and the selection will be confirmed as appropriate for the installation location by a FOXTEL Industry Designer. The preferred method for alignment is to use a Multi-Dwelling Unit meter or dish-pointing meter (see Installer Product List). When using these meters there are four steps to aligning a dish: 1. Ascertain the city azimuth elevation using Table 10. 2. Use a compass for the azimuth setting and an inclinometer for the correct elevation for the location (ensure the mount is vertically plumb). 3. Adjust the dish precisely by panning horizontally (azimuth) and vertically (elevation) to receive maximum signal strength. 4. Align the LNB to obtain maximum cross-polarisation adjustment (maximum Modulation Error Ratio level). Table 10 Azimuth, Elevation and Skew Information City Location Azimuth Magnetic North (degrees) Elevation of Satellite (degrees) Skew (degrees) Adelaide 21.54 45.39 22 Brisbane -4.74 57.81 39 Canberra -0.10 48.41 35 Melbourne 6.74 44.65 31 Perth 60.83 33.17-1 Sydney -3.63 50.26 38 FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 43
Table 11 Azimuth, Elevation and Skew Information cont; Regional Areas Location Azimuth Magnetic North (degrees) Elevation of Satellite (degrees) Skew (degrees) Albany 53.82 32.81 3.62 Albury 15.23 47.06 32.74 Alice Springs 40.55 52.78 4.34 Broome 65.27 46.25-14.78 Bundaberg -1.78 60.65 37.21 Cairns 24.77 66.91 14.71 Carnarvon 66.47 34.98-10.45 Ceduna 32.59 45.49 13.81 Coffs Harbour -6.22 54.54 40.08 Coober Pedy 33.35 48.9 11.82 Darwin 61.91 57.43-17.56 Dubbo 2.82 51.63 33.46 Geraldton 63.62 33.9-5.3 Gosford -4 50.8 38 Griffith 6.95 48.76 30.75 Hobart -0.99 39.75 35.76 Horsham 13.05 44.99 27.25 Kalgoorlie 53.23 38.25 1.35 Launceston 0.26 41.27 35.09 Moree 1.78 54.99 34.23 Mount Isa 34.28 59.45 7.77 Newcastle -4.7 51.4 38 Port Augusta 24.8 47.37 18.79 Port Pirie 23.76 46.8 19.71 Rockhampton 4.14 61.95 32.49 Roxby Downs 28.04 48.73 15.98 Tamworth -1.61 53.37 36.64 Townsville 26.16 65.09 20.4 Whyalla 31.55 46.72 18.97 For Azimuth, Elevation and Skew details for locations other than those shown in Error! Reference source not found., contact your satellite dish supplier or manufacturer http://www.jonsa.com.au/angles2/index.php FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 44
7.2. Satellite Transponder Listings Table 12 shows the C1 and D3 transponder listings. Table 12 C1 and D3 Transponder Allocations Satellite Transponder Symbol Rate FEC Downlink Centre Frequencies Polarity 10.7 L.O TDT QAM Frequencies 03 C1 T17 27800 3/4 12558.0 H 1858.0 250 1 Used C1 T12 27800 3/4 12358.0 H 1658.0 258 2 Used C1 T15 27800 3/4 12478.0 H 1778.0 266 3 Used C1 T13 27800 3/4 12398.0 H 1698.0 274 4 Used C1 T18 27800 3/4 12598.0 H 1898.0 282 5 Used C1 T16 27800 3/4 12518.0 H 1818.0 290 6 Used C1 T20 27800 3/4 12689.0 H 1989.0 298 7 Used D3 T22 29455 3/5 12094.0 H 1394.0 306 8 Used D3 T23 27800 3/4 12135.5 H 1435.5 314 9 Used D3 T24 27800 3/4 12177.0 H 1477.0 322 10 Used D3 T14 27800 3/4 11762.0 H 1062.0 330 11 Used C1 T19 27800 3/4 12638.0 H 1938.0 338 12 Used C1 T14 27800 3/4 12438.0 H 1738.0 346 13 Used D3 T10 27800 3/4 12094.0 V 1394.0 354 14 Used D3 T11 27800 3/4 12135.5 V 1435.5 362 15 Used D3 T12 27800 3/4 12177.0 V 1477.0 370 16 Used D3 T13 29455 3/5 11720.5 H 1020.5 378 17 Used D3 T21 29455 3/5 12052.5 H 1352.5 386 18 Used D3 T20 29455 3/5 12011.0 H 1311.0 394 19 Used D3 T17 27800 3/4 11886.5 H 1186.5 402 20 Used D3 T19 27800 3/4 11969.5 H 1269.5 410 21 Used D3 T18 27800 3/4 11928.0 H 1228.0 418 22 Used D3 T16 29455 3/5 11845.0 H 1145.0 426 23 Used D3 T8 27800 3/4 12011.0 V 1311.0 434 24 Used C1 T11 27800 3/4 12278.0 H 1578.0 442 25 Used D3 T4 27800 3/4 11845.0 V 1145.0 450 26 Used D3 T15 29455 3/5 11803.5 H 1103.5 458 27 Used 466 28 Future 474 29 Future 482 30 Future 490 31 Future 498 32 Future Channel Number Status FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 45
7.3. Test Equipment Test equipment to be used on FOXTEL installations have been categorised into the following work requirement types a. Dish pointing for Single Dwelling Residence installs b. Installation, service calls troubleshooting and commissioning work for Small MDUs, MDUs, MREs and commercial (satellite only) c. Quality Audit Inspections (QAI), installation, service calls troubleshooting and commissioning work for integrated RF or OB and satellite MDUs, MREs and commercial work d. QAM Analyser for audit inspections (QAI), installation, service calls, trouble shooting and commissioning work. Table 13 shows the equipment for each work type. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 46
Test Equipment Use Description Table 13 Work Specific Test Equipment Work Type Dish Alignment DCP MER pre V BER Pre RS Data logging Rover TAB 7 EVO A B C Rover Master STC A B C Rover TAB 7 A B C JDSU DSAM 2000 2300 3300 Sunrise AT2500RQ Field Analyser Sunrise CM300E C C C Rohde & Schwartz Lab Analyser D Note: A = Satellite MDU Installation / Service Call Out / Troubleshooting meter B = Satellite MDU / MRE / Commercial meter C = QAM Field Analyser D = QAM Field Analyser FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 47
Appendix A. Glossary AC Term / Acronym Active Components Alternating current Table 14 Glossary Meaning Equipment used in SMATV systems, which require power to operate. Adjacent TV Channels Any two channels with video carriers separated by a statutory guard band. Amplifier Amplifier Antenna (Mast Head) An active device used to boost RF signal levels. (Antenna amplifier) An amplifier directly associated with an antenna should be low noise to improve system signal to noise ratio. Amplifier Cascaded (Cascaded amplifier) Amplifier Distribution (Distribution amplifier) Amplifier Repeater (Repeater amplifier) Amplifier Single Channel (Single channel amplifier) Amplifier Wide (Wide band amplifier) Attenuator Automatic Gain Control Amplifier Backbone Cabling Bandwidth Bit Error Rate (BER) post Viterbi Bit Error Rate (BER) pre Viterbi) Block Converter Braid By-pass Mode An amplifier, which amplifies a signal already, amplified by another amplifier, must be de-rated by 3dB for each doubling of the cascade An amplifier, located at the head-end of the system, designed to compensate for the system losses and to provide the necessary levels at the system outlets. An amplifier designed to compensate for the system losses and to provide the necessary levels at the system outlets. Note: must be derated by 3dB for each doubling of the cascade A distribution amplifier designed to amplify a single channel only and to provide rejection of other channels. A distribution amplifier or a repeater amplifier designed to amplify a multiplicity of channels (for example, VHF-UHF and SAT). Limited bandwidth Amplifiers are intended to amplify no more than 10TV channels. A passive device used to reduce the level of a RF signal. An amplifier designed to compensate for fluctuations of the input signal and to provide a constant output signal. All cable plant from the headend to any subdistribution node points. Typically the backbone cable is RG11Q in large systems. A specific range of frequencies. Used in digital transmission system to indicate the quality of the transmission (defined by number of error bits/total bits after Viterbi error correction) Used in digital transmission system to indicate the quality of the transmission (defined by number of error bits/total bits before Viterbi error correction) A device uniformly changing frequencies of all signals in a particular block of channels. Strands of wire woven together to form an electrical shield. When activated on a VCR the input channels are shunted straight to its output. FOXTEL Management Pty Ltd 2017 48