STUDY AIDS THE CONJUGATION PAGE 3 STUDY AIDS THE CONJUGATION LES CONJUGAISONS Definition : a verb is a word which asserts something, Un verbe est un mot qui affirme quelque chose, an action I run. Je cours. a state She is studying. Elle étudie. a condition He is sick. Il est malade. concerning a person à l égard d une personne a place à l égard d un endroit a thing à l égard d une chose I am beautiful. Je suis belle. / Je suis beau. This town fascinates me. Cette ville me fascine. The car goes fast. Cette voiture va vite.
PAGE 4 STUDY AIDS THE CONJUGATION STUDY AIDS AUXILIARY VERBS LES AUXILIAIRES Definition: An auxiliary verb - also called a helping verb is a word used in conjunction with another verb in the formation of the compound tenses: Un auxiliaire est un verbe employé avec un autre verbe pour former un temps composé. the first words are called auxiliaries the second words are called main verbs. Examples: I have seen it. Je l ai vu. Have is an auxiliary used with the past participle seen to form a compound tense of the main verb see. Have est un auxiliaire employé avec le participe passé seen pour former le temps composé du verbe principal see. I shall be seeing it. Je le verrai. Forme progressive du futur qui se traduit en français par le futur simple. shall be is an auxiliary used with the present participle seeing to form a so-called progessive tense of the verb see.
STUDY AIDS THE CONJUGATION PAGE 5 STUDY AIDS TRANSITIVE and INTRANSITIVE VERBS Definitions: A transitive verb has a direct or indirect object: Un verbe transitif a un objet direct ou indirect. He threw the ball Il a lancé la balle ball = direct object of the transitive verb threw. balle = objet direct du verbe transitif lancer. She threw me the ball me = indirect object ( to me ) Elle m a lancé la balle m = objet indirect ( à moi ) An intransitive verb is a verb which does not have any direct or indirect object. Un verbe intransitif est un verbe qui n a pas d objet direct ou indirect. Examples : She smiled. When she speaks, we listen. Elle a souri. Quand elle parle, nous écoutons.
PAGE 6 STUDY AIDS THE CONJUGATION STUDY AIDS VOICES LES VOIX There are two voices : the active voice and the passive voice. Il y a deux voix: la voix active et la voix passive. Definitions: The active voice indicates that the subject does something, or is something, or is becoming something. La voix active indique l action, l état et le devenir du sujet. Examples: Michelle makes good muffins. Michelle fait de bons muffins. Mrs. Goldman is a surgeon. Madame Goldman est chirurgienne.. The passive voice represents the subject as acted upon. Dans la voix passive, le sujet subit l action. Good muffins were made by Michelle. De bons muffins étaient faits par Michelle. Our house will be painted by two young women. Notre maison sera peinte par deux jeunes femmes.
STUDY AIDS THE CONJUGATION PAGE 7 STUDY AIDS PERSONS LES PERSONNES In any of the modern languages, there are three persons: Dans n importe quelle langue moderne, il y a trois personnes. FIRST SECOND THIRD LA PREMIERE PERSONNE LA DEUXIEME PERSONNE LA TROISIEME PERSONNE Each person may be used in the singular and in the plural. 1. The first person denotes the speakers (s) or the writer (s): La première personne est le locuteur : I saw her. ( first person singular ) Je l ai vue. 2. The second person denotes the person(s) addressed: La deuxième personne est celle à qui on s adresse. You saw her. ( second person singular or plural ) Vous l avez vue. 3. The third person denotes the person(s) or thing(s) spoken or written about. Le troisième personne est la personne ou les choses dont on parle. Jacqueline is cooking. ( third person singular ) Jacqueline fait la cuisine.
PAGE 8 STUDY AIDS THE CONJUGATION FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON Singular I you she, he, it Plural we you they IMPERSONAL VERBS LES VERBES IMPERSONNELS An impersonal verb is a verb which has only ONE person, the third person singular, and ONE personal pronoun, IT. Examples: It rains. It is raining. It will rain. It has rained.
STUDY AIDS THE CONJUGATION PAGE 9 MODES or MOOD * 6 LES MODES THERE ARE SIX MODES : Il y a six modes : THREE MODES with TENSES Trois modes avec des temps INDICATIVE: 9 tenses 9 temps CONDITIONAL: 2 tenses 2 temps SUBJUNCTIVE: 2 tenses 2 temps ONE MODE with PERSONS Un mode avec des personnes IMPERATIVE: 2 persons 3 personnes en français TWO MODES with FORMS Deux modes avec des formes verbales PARTICIPLE: 2 forms 2 formes verbales INFINITIVE: 2 forms 2 formes verbales
PAGE 10 STUDY AIDS THE CONJUGATION INDICATIVE 9 tenses Indicatif 9 temps Present Présent Recent Past Compound Past Preterit Passé immédiat Passé composé Imperfect Imparfait Pluperfect Plus-que-parfait Near Future Future Future Perfect Futur proche Futur simple Futur antérieur CONDITIONA L 2 tenses Conditionnel 2 temps Present Past Conditionnel présent Conditionnel passé SUBJUNCTIVE 2 tenses Subjonctif 2 temps Present Past Présent du subjonctif Passé du subjonctif IMPERATIVE persons 2 Impératif 2 personnes 1 st Person Plural 2 nd Person Singular or Plural 1 ière Personne du pluriel 2 ième Personne du singulier ou pluriel PARTICIPLE 2 forms Participe Present Participle Participe présent INFINITIVE 2 forms Infinitif Present Infinitive Infinitif présent Past Participle Participe passé Past Infinitive Infinitif passé
STUDY AIDS TO HAVE AVOIR PAGE 11 STUDY AIDS TO HAVE AVOIR INDICATIVE L INDICATIF PRESENT Present Progressive Emphatic I have I am having I do have j ai you have you are having you do have tu as he, she, it has he, she, it is having he, she, it does have il, elle a IMPERFECT THREE POSSIBLE WAYS TO EXPESS THE IMPERFECT Trois façons d exprimer l imparfait I was having or I used to have or I would often have you were having you used to have you would often have he, she, it was having he, she, it used to have he, she, it would often have j avais j avais souvent, etc. we were having we used to have we would often have etc.
PAGE 12 STUDY AIDS TO HAVE AVOIR NEAR FUTURE Progressive I am going to have I am going to be having, je vais avoir etc we are going to have we are going to be having nous allons avoir etc. FUTURE Progressive I will (shall) have I will (shall) be having j aurai etc FUTURE PERFECT I will (shall) have had j aurai eu etc. IMMEDIATE or RECENT PAST I just had or I have just had je viens d avoir PERFECT TENSE COMPOUND PAST or PAST INDEFINITE PERFECT COMPOUND PAST EMPHATIC PROGRESSIVE I had I have had I did have I have been having j ai eu etc.
STUDY AIDS TO HAVE AVOIR PAGE 13 PLUPERFECT Progressive I had had I had been having j avais eu etc. CONDITIONAL LE CONDITIONNEL PRESENT CONDITIONAL I should/would have j aurais etc. PAST CONDITIONAL ( PERFECT ) I should/would have had j aurais eu etc. SUBJUNCTIVE LE SUBJONCTIF PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE oh, that I (may) have que j aie etc. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE would I could have had que j aie eu. etc/
PAGE 14 STUDY AIDS TO HAVE AVOIR IMPERATIVE L IMPERATIF let us have (1st person plural) ayons have (2nd person singular and plural) aie, ayez PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE having ayant had eu, eue having had ayant eu INFINITIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PAST INFINITIVE to have avoir to have had avoir eu
STUDY AIDS TO BE ETRE PAGE 15 STUDY AIDS TO BE ETRE INDICATIVE PRESENT Present Progressive Emphatic (doesn't apply) I am I am being je suis you are you are being tu es he, she, it is he, she, it is being il est, elle est we are we are being nous sommes etc. IMPERFECT THREE POSSIBLE WAYS TO EXPESS THE IMPERFECT I was being or I used to be or I would often be you were being you used to be you would often be he, she, it was being he, she, it used to be he, she, it would often be j étais, tu étais, il était, elle était j étais souvent, etc. we were being we used to be we would often be nous étions etc. nous étions souvent, etc.
PAGE 16 STUDY AIDS TO BE ETRE NEAR FUTURE I am going to be je vais être etc. FUTURE I will (shall) be je serai etc. FUTURE PERFECT I will (shall) have been j aurai été etc. IMMEDIATE (or RECENT ) PAST I have just been je viens d être etc. PERFECT PERFECT COMPOUND PAST or PAST INDEFINITE COMPOUND PAST I was I have been j ai été etc. PLUPERFECT I had been j avais été etc.
STUDY AIDS TO BE ETRE PAGE 17 CONDITIONAL PRESENT CONDITIONAL I should/would be je serais etc. PAST CONDITIONAL ( PERFECT ) I should/would have been j aurais été etc. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (if) I be que je sois etc. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE (if) I were que j aie été etc.
PAGE 18 STUDY AIDS TO BE ETRE IMPERATIVE let us be (1 st person plural) soyons be (2 nd person singular and plural) sois, soyez PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE being étant been été having been ayant été INFINITIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PAST INFINITIVE to be être to have been avoir été
STUDY AIDS TO WORK TRAVAILLER PAGE 19 STUDY AIDS TO WORK TRAVAILLER INDICATIVE PRESENT Present Progressive Emphatic I work I am working I do work you work you are working you do work he, she, it works he, she, it is working he, she, it does work je travaille, tu travailles, il, elle travaille we work we are working we do work nous travaillons etc. IMPERFECT THREE POSSIBLE WAYS TO EXPESS THE IMPERFECT I was working or I used to work or I would often work je travaillais etc. je travaillais souvent etc.
PAGE 20 STUDY AIDS TO WORK TRAVAILLER NEAR FUTURE Progressive I am going to work I am going to be working, je vais travailler etc. FUTURE I will (shall) work Progressive I will (shall) be working je travaillerai etc. FUTURE PERFECT I will (shall) have worked j aurai travaillé etc. IMMEDIATE (or RECENT ) PAST I just worked or I have just worked je viens de travailler etc. PERFECT TENSE COMPOUND PAST or PAST INDEFINITE PERFECT COMPOUND PAST EMPHATIC PROGRESSIVE I worked I have worked I did work I have been working j ai travaillé etc. PLUPERFECT Progressive I had worked j avais travaillé etc. I had been working
STUDY AIDS TO WORK TRAVAILLER PAGE 21 CONDITIONAL PRESENT CONDITIONAL I should/would work je travaillerais etc. PAST CONDITIONAL ( PERFECT ) I should/would have worked j aurais travaillé etc. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE oh, that I (may) work que je travaille etc. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE would I could have worked que j aie travaillé etc..
PAGE 22 STUDY AIDS TO WORK TRAVAILLER IMPERATIVE let us work (1st person plural) travaillons work (2nd person singular and plural) travaille, travaillez PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE working worked travaillé travaillant having worked ayant travaillé INFINITIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PAST INFINITIVE to work travailler to have worked avoir travaillé
STUDY AIDS TO GO ALLER PAGE 23 STUDY AIDS TO GO ALLER INDICATIVE PRESENT Present Progressive Emphatic I go I am going I do go you go you are going you do go he, she, it goes he, she, it is going he, she, it does go je vais, tu vas, il va, elle va we go we are going we do go nous allons etc. IMPERFECT THREE POSSIBLE WAYS TO EXPESS THE IMPERFECT I was going or I used to go or I would often go j allais etc. j allais souvent etc.
PAGE 24 STUDY AIDS TO GO ALLER NEAR FUTURE Progressive I am going to go I am going to be going, je vais aller etc. FUTURE Progressive I will (shall) go I will (shall) be going j irai etc. FUTURE PERFECT I will (shall) have gone je serai allé(e) etc. IMMEDIATE (or RECENT ) PAST I just went or I have just gone je viens d aller etc. PERFECT TENSE COMPOUND PAST or PAST INDEFINITE PERFECT COMPOUND PAST EMPHATIC PROGRESSIVE I went I have gone I did go I have been going je suis allé(e) etc.
STUDY AIDS TO GO ALLER PAGE 25 PLUPERFECT Progressive I had gone j étais allé(e) etc. I had been going CONDITIONAL PRESENT CONDITIONAL I should /would go j irais PAST CONDITIONAL ( PERFECT ) I should/would have gone je serais allé(e) etc. SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE oh, that I (may) go que j aille etc.. PAST SUBJUNCTIVE would I could have gone que je sois allé(e) etc.
PAGE 26 STUDY AIDS TO GO ALLER IMPERATIVE let us (let's) go (1st person plural) allons go (2nd person singular and plural) va, allez PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE going allant gone allé(e) having gone étant allé(e) INFINITIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PAST INFINITIVE to go aller to have gone être allé(e)
STUDY AIDS THE PASSIVE VOICE LA VOIX PASSIVE PAGE 27 STUDY AIDS THE PASSIVE VOICE LA VOIX PASSIVE Important : for practical purposes, the passive progressive tenses are limited to the present and past. Important : Au passif, la pratique n emploie que le présent et le passé à la forme progressive. TO ASK DEMANDER INDICATIVE Important : Au contraire de l anglais, le français évite d employer le passif. PRESENT I am asked On me demande Progressive I am being asked IMPERFECT I was asked On me demandait I used to be asked I would often be asked On me demandait On me demandait souvent NEAR FUTURE I am going to be asked On va me demander
PAGE 28 TO ASK FUTURE I will (shall) be asked On me demandera DEMANDER FUTURE PERFECT I will (shall) have been asked On m aura demandé IMMEDIATE (RECENT) PAST I have just been asked On vient de me demander PERFECT ( COMPOUND PAST ) I have been asked On m a demandé PLUPERFECT I had been asked On m avait demandé CONDITIONAL PRESENT CONDITIONAL I should/would be asked On me demanderait PAST CONDITIONAL (PERFECT) I should/would have been asked On m aurait demandé
TO ASK DEMANDER PAGE 29 SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (if) I be asked qu on me demande PAST SUBJUNCTIVE (if) I were being asked qu on m ait demandé IMPERATIVE Be asked Qu il te (vous) soit demandé * Let us be asked Qu il nous soit demandé * * Emploi assez rare. INFINITIVE Present Infinitive to be asked être demandé Past Infinitive to have been asked avoir été demandé
PAGE 30 PRESENT TENSE PRESENT TENSE ACTIVE VOICE TO ASK PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Affirmative Form I ask I am asking I do ask Je demande... etc, Interrogative Form do I ask? am I asking? Est-ce que je demande? etc. Negative Form I do not ask I am not asking Je ne demande pas etc. Negative Interrogative Form do I not ask? am I not asking? Est-ce que je ne demande pas? etc.
PRESENT TENSE PAGE 31 PASSIVE VOICE PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Affirmative Form I am asked On me demande etc. I am being asked Interrogative Form am I asked? Est-ce qu on me demande etc. am I being asked? Negative Form I am not asked On ne me demande pas etc. I am not being asked Negative Interrogative Form am I not asked? Est-ce qu on ne me demande pas etc. am I not being asked?
PAGE 32 PRETERIT AND IMPERFECT TENSES PRETERIT AND IMPERFECT TENSES ACTIVE VOICE SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE Affirmative Form I asked J ai demandé etc. I was asking Je demandais etc. Interrogative Form did I ask? J ai demandé etc.? was I asking? Je demandais? Negative Form I did not ask Je n ai pas demandé I was not asking Je ne demandais pas we, she, it did not ask we, you, they did not ask he, she, it was not asking we, you, they were not asking Negative Interrogative Form did I not ask? Je n ai pas demandé? was I not asking? Je ne demandais pas? did he, she, it not ask? did we, you, they not ask? was he, she, it not asking? were we, you, they not asking? PASSIVE VOICE SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE Affirmative Form I was asked On m a demandé I was being asked On m avait demandé
FUTURE TENSE PAGE 33 Interrogative Form was I asked? was I being asked? Negative Form I was not asked I was not being asked Negative Interrogative Form was I not asked? was I not being asked? FUTURE TENSE ACTIVE VOICE SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE Affirmative Form I will (shall) ask Je demanderai etc. I will (shall) be asking Interrogative Form will (shall) I ask? will (shall) I be asking Negative Form I will (shall) not ask I will (shall) not be asking Negative Interrogative Form will (shall) I not ask? will (shall) I not be asking?
PAGE 34 CONDITIONAL TENSE PASSIVE VOICE SIMPLE NO PROGRESSIVE Affirmative Form I will (shall) be asked On me demandera etc. Interrogative Form will (shall) I be asked? Negative Form I will (shall) not be asked Negative Interrogative Form will (shall) I not be asked? CONDITIONAL TENSE ACTIVE VOICE SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE Affirmative Form I should/would ask Je demanderais etc. I should/would be asking Interrogative Form should/would I ask? should/would I be asking?
CONDITIONAL TENSE PAGE 35 Negative Form I should/would not ask I should/would not be asking Negative Interrogative Form should/would I not ask? should/would I not be asking? PASSIVE VOICE SIMPLE NO PROGRESSIVE Affirmative Form I should/would be asked On me demanderait etc. Interrogative Form should/would I be asked? On me demanderait? etc. Negative Form I should/would not be asked On ne me demanderait pas etc. Negative Interrogative Form should/would I not be asked? On ne me demanderait pas? etc.
PAGE 36 STUDY AIDS THE 10 AUXILIARY MODAL VERBS STUDY AIDS THE 10 AUXILIARY MODAL VERBS Definition: Like the three auxiliaries ( to be, to have and to do ) a modal verb is a verb which is placed: between the subject and the main verb. Comme les trois auxiliaires ( être, avoir et faire ), un verbe modal est placé entre le sujet et le verbe principal. There are ten modal verbs also known as auxiliary modal verbs. Il y a dix verbes modaux ou verbes modaux auxiliaires. Examples: We can go to the theater. can = modal verb go = main verb CHARACTERISTICS: A modal verb doesn t change. It is invariable. Un verbe modal est invariable. A modal does bear the mark of negation or interrogation (direct or indirect- to yourself ). Négation et interrogation sont soulignées par not ou?
STUDY AIDS THE 10 AUXILIARY MODAL VERBS PAGE 37 A modal verb does not have an infinitive, a past participle or a future tense. Un verbe modal n a ni infinitif, ni participe passé, ni futur. Examples: You say: to see = infinitive but You cannot say: to can or to should etc. You say: I will see you tomorrow. but You cannot say: I will can to see you You have to say: I will be able to see you The same thing applies to the past participle: Idem pour le participe passé You can say: I have seen the light! but You cannot say: I have ought to see the light!
PAGE 38 STUDY AIDS THE 10 AUXILIARY MODAL VERBS BY ALPHABETICAL ORDER, THE TEN MODAL VERBS ARE: Can I can do it. Je peux le faire. Could I could go with you. Je pourrais y aller avec toi (vous). May It may rain today. Il se peut qu il pleuve aujourd hui. Might I might take a trip. Il se pourrait que je parte en voyage. Must We must be on time. Il faut que nous soyons à l heure. Ought to * You ought to mow the lawn. Tu devrais tondre la pelouse. Will He will not sing. Il refuse de chanter. Would Would you play this piece? Voudriez-vous jouer ce morceau? Shall Shall we dance? Voulez-vous (veux-tu) danser? Should It s late, I should go to bed. Il est tard, je devrais me coucher. * Note the presence of to with this modal verb
STUDY AIDS THE 10 AUXILIARY MODAL VERBS PAGE 39 STUDY AIDS VERBS WITH PARTICLES Definition: A VERB WITH PARTICLE is a verb followed by: a word usually an adverb - or a group of words - an adverb and a preposition. Un verbe à particule est un verbe suivi d un mot, en général un adverbe ou un groupe de mots : un adverbe et une préposition. NATURE OF THE PARTICLE: It can ( may ) be : 1. AN ADVERB (Adverbial particle) I cannot put the cover on, it is too full. Je ne peux pas mettre le couvercle, c est trop plein. 2. A PREPOSITION (Prepositional particle) Leave the book on the table. Laisse le livre sur la table. It is a preposition because it has a complement (the table). 3. AN ADVERB FOLLOWED BY A PREPOSITION She knows who put him up to doing that. Elle sait qui l a incité à faire cela. up = adverb to = preposition
PAGE 40 STUDY AIDS THE 10 AUXILIARY MODAL VERBS FUNCTION OF THE PARTICLE: The various functions will be studied in the Syntax Section. Les diverses fonctions seront présentées en Syntaxe. THE MOST IMPORTANT ADVERBIAL AND PREPOSITIONAL PARTICLES about above across against along apart around at away back before by down for forth from in into like of off on out over past through to under up with within without
STUDY AIDS THE 10 AUXILIARY MODAL VERBS PAGE 41 SAMPLES of VERBS WITH PARTICLES break down bring up call off call up fill in give up keep up look into pay back put off stand up take back take off turn down turn up tomber en panne, s effondrer élever (un enfant), soulever un sujet annuler appeler au téléphone remplir (un formulaire) renoncer maintenir examiner rembourser remettre à plus tard se lever retenir, reprendre décoller, enlever baisser le son, décliner une offre augmenter le son, arriver, se présenter SAMPLES OF VERBS WITH PARTICLES FOLLOWED BY A PREPOSITION look down on miss out on put up with watch out for run out of mépriser rater tolérer guetter manquer de
PAGE 42 PREPOSITIONAL VERBS VERBES PREPOSITIONNELS PREPOSITIONAL VERBS VERBES PREPOSITIONNELS Definition: a prepositional verb is a verb followed by a preposition. Un verbe prépositionnel est un verbe suivi d une préposition. THE PREPOSITION ALWAYS FOLLOWS THE VERB : 4 cases: 1. IN THE INTERROGATION: What are you listening to? 2. IN THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE: I like the Concerto you were listening to. 3. IN THE PASSIVE VOICE: The poor orphans were looked after. 4. IF THE PREPOSITION IS FOLLOWED by ANOTHER VERB, the following construction is required: Verb + preposition + verb ending in ing She succeeded in typing her paper on time.
43 PREPOSITIONAL VERBS VERBES PREPOSITIONNELS PAGE THE MOST IMPORTANT PREPOSITIONAL VERBS About to complain about to worry about After to look after At to aim at to laugh at to look at to smile at For to account for to apologize for to ask for to be responsible for to hope for to look for to search for to stand for to wait for
PAGE 44 PREPOSITIONAL VERBS VERBES PREPOSITIONNELS From to benefit from to escape from to suffer from In to be interested in to consist in ( or of ) to succeed in Into to break into Of to approve of to remind somebody of something to think of On to be keen on to comment on to depend on to live on To to be similar to to be superior or inferior to to belong to
45 PREPOSITIONAL VERBS VERBES PREPOSITIONNELS PAGE to compare to or with to listen to With to agree with to be faced with to cover with to deal with to part with
PAGE 46 STUDY AIDS IMPERSONAL VERBS VERBES IMPERSONNELS STUDY AIDS IMPERSONAL VERBS VERBES IMPERSONNELS Definition: An impersonal verb is a verb which only has ONE person, the third person singular, and ONE personal pronoun, IT. Un verbe impersonnel est un verbe qui ne se conjugue qu à la 3ième personne du singulier et qui emploie le pronom neutre il. Examples: It rains. Il pleut. It snows. It is hailing. Il neige. Il grèle. It occurs to me Il m arrive.. To be clear, one can say that there are TWO TYPES OF IMPERSONAL VERBS: THE IMPERSONAL VERBS REFLECTING AN ACTION OR A STATE OF MIND Les verbes impersonnels liés à une action ou un état d esprit. It rains. It blows hard. It seems. It thunders. It occurs to me.
STUDY AIDS IMPERSONAL VERBS VERBES IMPERSONNELS PAGE 47 THE IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS OR VERBAL LOCUTIONS. A verbal locution is a verb which has two parts: the verb to be + an expression followed by that. [ See Syntax on subordinate clauses ] Une expression verbale a deux parties : le verbe être + une expression suivie de la conjonction que. It is advisable It is clear Il est souhaitable que Il est clair que It is essential that It is evident It is important that It is necessary It is possible It is probable that It is true It is worthwhile
PAGE 48 THE IMPERSONAL VERB : TO RAIN PLEUVOIR THE IMPERSONAL VERB : TO RAIN PLEUVOIR INDICATIVE PRESENT Present Progressive Emphatic It rains It is raining It does rain Il pleut Il pleut Il pleut IMPERFECT THREE POSSIBLE WAYS TO EXPRESS THE IMPERFECT It was raining or It used to rain or It would often rain Il pleuvait Il pleuvait Il pleuvait souvent NEAR FUTURE It is going to rain Il va pleuvoir FUTURE It will (shall) rain Il pleuvra
THE IMPERSONAL VERB : TO RAIN PLEUVOIR PAGE 49 FUTURE PERFECT It will have rained Il aura plu It will have been raining IMMEDIATE (or RECENT ) PAST It has just been raining Il vient de pleuvoir PERFECT It rained Il a plu COMPOUND PAST or PAST INDEFINITE It has rained Il a plu PLUPERFECT It had rained Il avait plu CONDITIONAL PRESENT CONDITIONAL It should/would rain Il pleuvrait PAST CONDITIONAL ( PERFECT ) It should/would have rained Il aurait plu
PAGE 50 THE IMPERSONAL VERB : TO RAIN PLEUVOIR SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (if) it rain [ qu ] il pleuve PAST SUBJUNCTIVE (if) it were raining [ qu ] il ait plu IMPERATIVE No imperative Mode with impersonal verbs for there is no third person singular. PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE raining pleuvant rained plu having rained ayant plu INFINITIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PAST INFINITIVE to rain pleuvoir to have rained avoir plu
STUDY AIDS IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH PAGE 51 STUDY AIDS IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH General rule : Most verbs in English are regular verbs that have the following forms: La plupart des verbes en anglais sont des verbes réguliers et ont les formes suivantes. love loves loved loving but fewer than 200 verbs have different forms for the Past and the Past participle. They are known as IRREGULAR VERBS daily life activities: buy, eat, drink, make, run, see, sleep, swim communication: learn, say, sing, speak, teach, tell mais un peu moins de 200 verbes ont des formes particulières au passé et au participe passé.. On les appelle des Verbes irréguliers. Il est facile de les apprendre car la plupart se rapportent : aux acitivités de la vie quotidienne : à la communication :
PAGE 52 STUDY AIDS IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS INFINITIVE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE awake awaked, awoke I have awaked bear bore I have borne beat beat I have beaten or beat become became I have become begin began I have begun bite bit I have bitten blow blew I have blown break broke I have broken bring brought I have brought burst burst I have burst catch caught I have caught choose chose I have chosen cling clung I have clung come came I have come
STUDY AIDS IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH PAGE 53 creep crept I have crept dive dived or dove I have dived do did I have done drag dragged I have dragged draw drew I have drawn drink drank I have drunk drive drove I have driven eat ate I have eaten fall fell I have fallen fight fought I have fought fling flung I have flung fly flew I have flown forget forgot I have forgotten or forgot freeze froze I have frozen get got I have got or gotten give gave I have given go went I have gone grow grew I have grown hang hung I have hung know knew I have known
PAGE 54 STUDY AIDS IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH lay laid I have laid lead led I have led lend lent I have lent lose lost I have lost lie lay I have lain pay paid I have paid prove proved I have proved or proven put put I have put ride rode I have ridden ring rang I have rung rise rose I have risen run ran I have run see saw I have seen seek sought I have sought set set I have set shake shook I have shaken shine shone or shined I have shone or shined shrink shrank or shrunk I have shrunk sing sang or sung I have sung
STUDY AIDS IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH PAGE 55 sink sank or sunk I have sunk sit sat I have sat slay slew I have slain speak spoke I have spoken spin spun I have spun spring sprang or sprung I have sprung steal stole I have stolen sting stung I have stung strive strove I have striven swear swore I have sworn swim swam I have swum swing swung I have swung take took I have taken teach taught I have taught tear tore I have torn throw threw I have thrown wake woke, waked I have woke, I have waked wear wore I have worn weave wove I have woven write wrote I have written
PAGE 56 STUDY AIDS IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH AIDE-MEMOIRE - VERBES, CONJUGAISONS, MODES ET VOIX