APA Citation Style January 2010 JIBC Library
Reminders Sources to cite: Information gathered from books, articles, newspapers, websites, films, statistics, e-mails, lectures, radio & TV shows Cite your sources in-text & in your Reference List BOTH places Use quotation marks for direct quotations (except if 40 or more words) Don t use quotation marks for paraphrases
More Reminders Double-space your Reference List Alphabetize your Reference List by authors/editors Last Names (if no author, alphabetize by first Title word other than A, An, The) Use authors initials instead of first names The MAIN OBJECTIVES are to give credit to your sources AND for your reader to be able to find the material you have used
FINAL REMINDER For more detailed information, refer to: Getting Started with APA Style 6 th Edition Handout Also available on the JIBC Library webpage http://www.jibc.ca/library/ Click on How Do I?
IN-TEXT CITATIONS How to credit your sources in the body of your paper
Citing your Sources In-text citations appear within the text of your paper In-text citations may be either direct quotes or paraphrased information Direct quotes use quotation marks and include a page or paragraph number See the following slides for examples
In-text Citation - Direct Quote Watson (2007) explained that it is very important to learn how to cite using the APA style (p. 22). OR According to the librarian, it is very important to learn how to cite using the APA style (Watson, 2007, p. 22).
In-text Citation - Paraphrase According to Appleby and Peach (2006), fruits and vegetables are generally accepted as the healthiest choices for dessert. OR Fruits and vegetables are generally accepted as the healthiest choices for dessert (Appleby & Peach, 2006).
PRINT RESOURCES How to cite print resources in your Reference List
Book 1 or 2 authors Jacobs, E., & Spadaro, N. (2003). Leading groups in corrections: Skills and techniques. Lanham, MD: American Correctional Association. In-text direct quote: (Jacobs & Spadaro, 2003, p. 219) In-text paraphrase: (Jacobs & Spadaro, 2003)
3 5 Authors Whitelaw, B., Parent, R. B., & Griffiths, C. T. (2004). Community-based strategic policing in Canada (2 nd ed.). Toronto, ON: Thomson Nelson. First in-text direct quote: (Whitelaw, Parent, & Griffiths, 2004, p. 110) Subsequent: (Whitelaw et al., 2004, pp. 234-235) First in-text paraphrase: (Whitelaw, Parent, & Griffiths, 2004). Subsequent: (Whitelaw et al., 2004)
6 7 Authors Dipiro, J. T., Talbert, R. L., Yee, G. C., Matzke, G. R., Wells, B. G., & Posey, L. M. (2008). Pharmacotherapy. New York: McGraw Hill Medical. First & subsequent citations: (Dipiro et al., 2008, p.565) First & subsequent citations: (Dipiro et al., 2008) If more than 7 authors, see Print Article example
Other Examples Authored Books Mayer, B. (2000). The dynamics of conflict resolution: A practitioner s guide. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Senge, P., Scharmer, C. O., Jaworski, J., & Flowers, B. S. (2005). Presence: Exploring profound change in people, organizations, and society. New York: Doubleday.
Authored Books continued Fisher, R., Ury, W., & Patton, B. (1991). Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in (2 nd ed.). New York: Penguin. Fisher, R., & Brown, S. (1989). Getting together: Building relationships as we negotiate. New York: Penguin. Ury, W. (1993). Getting past no: Negotiating your way from confrontation to cooperation (Rev. ed.). New York: Bantam.
Edited Book Fridell, L., & Wycoff, M. A. (Eds.). (2004). Community policing: The past, present and future. Washington, DC: Anne E. Casey Foundation and Police Executive Research Forum. In-text direct quote: (Fridell & Wycoff, 2004, p. 33) In-text paraphrase: (Fridell & Wycoff, 2004)
Books - Edited Masie, E. (Ed.). (2005). Learning: Rants, raves, and reflections. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Folger, J. P., & Jones, T. S. (Eds.). (1994). New directions in mediation: Communication research and perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chapter in Edited Book Sutker, S. (2005). Are you a vendor or a partner? In E. Masie (Ed.), Learning: Rants, raves, and reflections (pp. 57-65). San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Donohue, W. A., & Bresnahan, M. I. (1994). In J. P. Folger & T. S. Jones (Eds.), New directions in mediation: Communication research and perspectives (pp. 135-158). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chapter in Edited Book or Anthology Stephens, D. (2004). The challenges to the future of community policing. In L. Fridell and M. A. Wycoff (Eds.), Community policing: The past, present, and future (pp. 193-205). Washington, DC: Anne E. Casey Foundation and Police Executive Research Forum.
In-text Chapter in Edited Book In-text direct quote: (Stephens, 2004, p. 200) In-text paraphrase: (Stephens, 2004)
No author Webster s ninth new collegiate dictionary (9 th ed.). (1988). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. In-text direct quote: (Webster s ninth new collegiate dictionary, 1988, p. 24) In-text paraphrase: (Webster s ninth new collegiate dictionary, 1988)
Book No Author Business leadership: A Jossey-Bass reader. (2003). San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.
Journal Article Richardson, D. S. & Hammock, G. S. (2007). Social context of human aggression: Are we paying too much attention to gender? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(4), 417-426. In-text direct quote: (Richardson & Hammock, 2007, p. 419) In-text paraphrase: (Richardson & Hammock, 2007)
Journal Article print version Zittrain, J. (2007). Saving the internet. Harvard Business Review, 85(6), 49-59. In-text direct quote: (Zittrain, 2007, p. 50) In-text paraphrase: (Zittrain, 2007)
Journal Article More than 7 Authors Include first 6 authors, then an ellipses ( ) and the last name in the group. Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., Griffin, W. A. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 843-856.
More than 7 Authors In-Text Citations First & subsequent in-text direct quotes: (Wolchik et al., 2000, p. 845) First & subsequent in-text paraphrase: (Wolchik, et al., 2000)
Newsletter Article no author Treatment for anxiety can promote healing. (2007, June). Mind, Mood & Memory, 3(6) pp. 1, 6. In-text direct quote: ( Treatment for anxiety, 2007, p. 1) In-text paraphrase: ( Treatment for anxiety, 2007) (Reference List alphabetize by first word of title)
Newspaper Article with Author Rolfsen, C. (2007, June 4). High streamflow advisory for Fraser. Vancouver Sun, pp. B1, B4. In-text direct quote: (Rolfsen, 2007, p. B4) In-text paraphrase: (Rolfsen, 2007) Kirkey, S. (2007, June 4). Hostility may be harder on lungs than lighting up. Vancouver Sun, p. A3.
Newspaper Article No Author Chemical spill kills fish. (2009, July 25). Vancouver Province, p. A22. In-text direct quote: ( Chemical spill kills fish, 2009, A22) In-text paraphrase: ( Chemical spill kills fish, 2009) Dailies & Weeklies: include Year, Month Day (e.g. 2008, July 8) note that p. or pp. is used to indicate page number(s) for newspaper articles
Government Document This is an example of a Government Document where the Author & the Publisher are the same Statistics Canada. (2003). Child and spousal support, maintenance enforcement survey statistics (Cat No. 85-228-XIE). Ottawa, ON: Author.
ONLINE RESOURCES in your Reference List How to cite material that you locate on the Internet
Journal Article from Database Many journal articles have a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) which is now used in references Use DOI instead of database name or URL if provided. Include the DOI at the end of a reference as follows: Author, A. (Year). Title of work. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), p. xx. doi: xxxxxxxxxxxx
Journal Article from Database Kerfoot, K. (2007). Staff engagement: It starts with the leader. Nursing Economics, 25(1), 47-48. Retrieved from http://www.nursingeconomics.net/cgibin/webobjects/necjournal.woa (In general, do not include database names, but do add the URL for the journal s publisher. This can be usually be found easily with a quick web search) In-text direct quote: (Kerfoot, 2007, p. 47) In-text paraphrase: (Kerfoot, 2007)
Journal Article from Database Meyer, S. (2007). We need a joined-up system. Adults Learning, 18(7), 26-27. Retrieved from http://www.niace.org.uk/publications/adults-learning In-text direct quote: (Meyer, 2007, p. 27) In-text paraphrase: (Meyer, 2007) Christofides, T. C. (2010). Comments on a method of comparison of randomized response techniques. Journal of Statistical Planning & Inference, 140(10), 574-575. doi: 10.1016/j.jspi.2009.07.018.
Online Article from Journal Website This refers to articles that are located on their own websites, NOT in the Article Indexes & Databases In-text, see Print Examples
Online Article from Journal Website If downloading & citing PDF copy: Teichman, P.G. (2007). Helping your patients avoid counterfeit medicines. Family Practice Management, 14(3), 33-35. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/fpm/20070300/33 help.pdf
Online Article from Journal Website If citing HTML full-text: Teichman, P.G. (2007). Helping your patients avoid counterfeit medicines. Family Practice Management, 14(3), (n.p.). Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/fpm/20070300/33 help.html (note: no pages included on HTML document)
Online Article No Pagination Koenigsberg, M. R., Bartlett, D., & Cramer, J. S. (2004). Facilitating treatment adherence with lifestyle changes in diabetes. American Family Physician, 69(2), (n.p.). Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040115/309. html
Online Article No Pagination continued In-text direct quote: (Fredrickson, 2000, 5) OR (Fredrickson, 2000, Conclusion section, para 1) In-text paraphrase: (Fredrickson, 2000) OR (Fredrickson, 2000, Conclusion section) (note: you may use page number, paragraph number, or heading title depending on the format of the document e.g. HTML or PDF)
Online Government Document Canada. Citizen and Immigration Canada. (2007, March 31). Visiting Canada. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/visit/ index.asp (note: if the Agency is well-known, it is not necessary to add Canada before the Agency name)
Online Gov t Document cont d In-text direct quote: (Canada. Citizen and Immigration Canada, 2007, para. 2) In-text paraphrase: (Canada. Citizen and Immigration Canada, 2007)
Document retrieved from website United Nations Development Program. (2002). Human development report. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2002/ en/ In-text direct quote: (UNDP, 2002, p. 54) In-text paraphrase: (UNDP, 2002)
Document Retrieved from Website United Nations Development Program. (2007). Annual report. Retrieved from http://www.undp.org/publications/ annualreport2007/
Entire Website If you refer to an entire website, you only need to give the URL directly in the text of your document You do NOT need to include it in your Reference List For example, visit the JIBC website (http://www.jibc.ca/) for Program and Course information However, if you are referring to specific documents or sections on a website follow procedures as listed in previous examples
NOT PRINT? NOT ONLINE? Here is how to cite those other sources in your Reference List
Videos or DVDs Gandy, D. (Producer). (2003). Cardiac emergencies [Videotape]. Carrollton, TX: FETN. In-text direct quote: (Gandy, 2003) In-text paraphrase: (Gandy, 2003)
Radio Broadcast Murrow, E. R. (1940, September 13). [Radio broadcast]. New York: WCBS. In-text direct quote: Murrow (1940) OR (Murrow, 1940) In-text paraphrase: Murrow (1940) OR.. (Murrow, 1940)
Video Weblog post For example, Youtube videos Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vja 83KLQXZs In-text direct or paraphrase (Norton, 2006)
Podcast For example, radio programs from a file on their website McDonald, B. (2009, October 3). There s no pain in team [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/ In-text direct or paraphrase (McDonald, 2009)
Listservs Refer to as electronic mailing lists Booker, M. E. (2007, May 7). Re: APA Citation [Electronic mailing list message] Retrieved from http://lists.ala.org/wws/info/ili-l If you don t know where the list is archived, leave blank In-text, direct or paraphrase: (Booker, 2007) or Booker (2007).
Blog Posting Gaiman, N. (2009, December 4). In which I text posterous [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2009/12/ in-which-i-test-posterous.html In-text, direct or paraphrase: (Gaiman, 2009)
Personal Communications E-mail, Interviews, Lectures Only include as an in-text citation Will not appear in your Reference List Direct quote:.. (G. Whyte, personal communication, November 30, 2009 ) Paraphrase: G. Whyte (communication, November 30, 2009 ) noted that.