Energija oceanov. Plimovanje Valovanje Pretvarjanje oceanske toplotne energije (Ocean thermal energy conversion OTEC)

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Transcription:

Energijaoceanov Plimovanje Valovanje Pretvarjanjeoceansketoplotne energije(oceanthermal energyconversion OTEC)

Toplotnaenergija Oceaniprekrivajo70% Zemljinegapovršja Večinasvetlobeseabsorbirav zgornjihplasteh Velikatemperaturnarazlika >toplotnistroj

Zajemanjevodena700 1000metrovgloboko Temperaturnarazlikavsaj20 C tropskipredeli Nizkiizkoristki(1 3% Rankinovcikel)

Pretokvode Elektrarnaz1MW, T=20 C,Tv=300K P=( T/Tv)* * *C* T volumskipretok, gostotavode,ctoplotnakapaciteta vode,( T/Tv)izkoristekCarnotovegastroja =P*Tv/( T^2* *C)=650t/h

VrsteOTECelektrarn Zaprtikrog Delovniplinamoniak Ogromnitoplotniizmenjevalci Korozijatoplotnihizmenjevalcev

Odprtikrog Uparjanjetoplemorskevodepriznižanemtlaku potrebnedodatnečrpalke Nipotrebepotoplotnemizmenjevalcuzatoplovodo Nizekpritiskpare(0.02bar) >veliketurbine(1mw~ 12m) Stranskiprodukt razsoljenavoda

Hibridnisistem uparjanjepovršinskevodepriznižanemtlaku (potrebnedodatnečrpalke) uparjanjedelovnegaplinaprekotoplotnega izmenjevalnika(šibkejšakorozija) višjipritiskdelovnegaplina(6 9bar) >manjšeturbine (1MW~1.1m) stranskiproduktrazsoljenavoda

PrednostiinslabostiOTEC neprekinjenoinstabilnodelovanje pridobivanjerazsoljenevode tehničnazahtevnost(toplotniizmenjevalniki korozija, črpanjevodeizglobin,namestitev,prenosenergije) uporabahladnevodezaribogojništvo(bogatashranili), poljedelstvo(hlajenjezemlje,namakanje),klimatizacijo

ObstoječeOTECelektrarne KeaholePoint,Havaji(210kWinvodazamorskekulture) ElektrarnanaotokuNauru(120kW) Večdelujočihpilotnihprojektov ProjektvIndijizmočjo1MW

Energijaplimovanja Francija,12.stoletje plimovanjezapogonmlinov S.Amerika,17.stoletje prvinaseljenci V20.letih20.stoletjazačetkiprojektavFranciji La Rance V30.letih20.stoletjaneuresničeninačrtivZDA

Plimovanje GravitacijskisiliLuneinSonca VplivLunepribližno2xvečjiod Sončevega 12.5urnicikel Spremenljivostamplitude Lokalneresonance

Energijaplimovanja Kinetičnaenergija Potencialnaenergija EnergijavbazenuspovršinoA,višinskorazlikoh Epot=M*g*h/2=A* *g*h^2/2 razpoložljiva energija narašča kot h^2

ElektrarnaLaRance Prva(1966)innajvečjadelujočaplimskaelektrarnana svetu

ElektrarnaLaRance 750mdolgjez Zajezenapovršina22.5 km^2 Povprečnavišinaplime8m 24dvosmernihturbin, skupnamoč240mw, povprečna68mw Cenaelektrikenižjakotiz NE

Pregradneelektrarne Izpustna generiranjeelektrikemedoseko Poplavna delovanjemedplimo(slabšiizkoristek) Dočrpavanje medplimo Dvobazenska večjačasovnaprilagodljivost Izkoristekdo80%

Podvodnevetrnice nizkehitrostitokov 4 5vozlov premer15 20metrov moč~300kw Vnačrtu nasad na Norveškemsskupnomočjo10 MW(l.2008)

Podvodnepregradez mlini Speljanečezožine(vnačrtihdo300m) moč40 100MW

Stingray

Prednostiinslabostiplimskihelektrarn Nizkistroskiobratovanja,visokistroskigradnje Neproizvajaskodljivihproduktov Nizkacenaelektričneenergije Predvidljivostinzanesljivost Gradnjaprizadaneobsežnoobmočje Maloprimernihlokacij Časovnaneusklajenostzviškomporabe

Energijavalovanja Valovepovzročaveter(posrednogrezasončnoenergijo) Ssebojnosijokinetičnoinpotencialnoenergijo(E h^2) Svetovnipotencialzapridobivanjeenergijeizvalov~2 TW >~1/5trenutnesvetovneporabe Najugodnejšipogojinazemljepisnihširinah40 60 (zaradinajmočnejšihvetrov)

Načiniizkoriščanjavalov Zahtevnapretvorba energije nizkehitrosti, velikesile,različnesmeri gibanja V70.letihprof.Salter razvil Salterjevoraco izrednovisokizkoristek (80%),tehničnozahtevna

Nihajočivodnistolpec (oscillatingwatercolumn)

Sistemisplovciinhidravliko

PelamisP 750(moč750kW,izkoristek~15%) Trenutnonajvečjavalovnaelektrarnanasvetuzmočju 2.25MW(Portugalska) NačrtizavečjoelektrarnonaŠkotskem

TAPCHAN Pretvarjanjekinetičneenergijev potencialno Zbiranjevodenadnivojemmorja Vodnaturbina(hidroelektrarna) Enostavenkoncept

Prednostiinslabostivalovnihelektrarn Zasedejomaloprostora Brezplačeninobnovljivvir energije Zaščitaobalnihobmočij prederozijo Nastanekobmočijzmirno vodo(ugodnozaptice) Oceanskookoljeje zahtevnozastroje Velikeobremenitvemed viharji Zapletenisistemi pretvorbeenergije Slaboraziskanistroški vzdrževanjainzamenjave