HOW TO GET A PH.D.: Methods and Practical Hints I-II II (2010-2011) 2011) Aarne Mämmelä, 15.9.2010 http://www.infotech.oulu.fi/to_phd 19/09/2010 2 II Literature Reviews: Existing Knowledge from Databases Aarne Mämmelä The use of the most important databases is presented, including digital libraries of papers, abstracts databases, and citation indices. The most important digital libraries of books and bookstores will also be introduced. The publishers and publications will be classified. We will show the strength of using bibliographies, references, and citations in literature reviews. It is also important to know thoroughly the history and terminology of the field. The material must be classified and the relationships must be shown. The essential questions are: what is the state of the art and what kind of development or history lead to it? 1
19/09/2010 3 Literature Review Work of a Detective Introduction Taxonomy of publications Example databases Taxonomy of databases Publishers How to find existing knowledge Outlining a literature review Conclusions 19/09/2010 4 Introduction 2
19/09/2010 5 Introduction (1) 19/09/2010 6 Introduction (2) Literature review is a written well-organized summary of the state of the art (= current technology) with a clearly defined scope should be the second chapter in your doctoral thesis with a descriptive title (brief review needed in every original paper in the introduction) a review is written for experts in the field, a tutorial is a review written for students (you are not writing a tutorial for your thesis) a review may include historical notes papers simply collected in your files are not a review! 3
19/09/2010 7 Introduction (3) Motivation for literature searches [Sternberg81], [Michaelson90]: full grasp of subject (large picture) show originality of own work (compare explicitly your work with the earlier work in a literature review) avoid overlapping research list of references for your own paper and thesis ideas for new research Every day more than 1000 papers are published in electrical engineering and electronics (Inspec), thus you must carefully select what you read the amount of papers is doubled every 10-20 years (Inspec) Why History 19/09/2010 8 1. You know when and how things were originally invented. 2. You understand the topic better when you study when it was in its simplest form. 3. You have the big picture. 4. You become more self-confident. 5. You become an expert in the field. 6. You understand the state of the art better. 7. You understand the limitations of present knowledge. 8. You can see the trends in the future. 9. You can select relevant and original problems for your research. 10.History is just fun to read. 4
19/09/2010 9 Taxonomy of Publications Taxonomy of Publications 19/09/2010 10 Books may be edited or authored (the latter usually have a better quality, but encyclopedias are always edited) Quality of books varies very much (prefer good publishers) 5
19/09/2010 11 Newness of Knowledge to obtain the most recent information it is required that you read the most recent journals and conference proceedings (technical reports belong to the grey literature) 19/09/2010 12 Example Original Full Paper or Regular Paper (IEEE Transactions on Information Theory) 6
19/09/2010 13 Example Letter or Correspondence (Electronic Letters) 19/09/2010 14 Example Review Paper (Proceedings of the IEEE) Block diagram: Historical notes: 7
Example tutorial paper (IEEE Communications Magazine) 19/09/2010 15 19/09/2010 16 Example Databases 8
19/09/2010 17 Examples of Databases Example databases for books Google Book Search, books.google.com Amazon, www.amazon.com (registration needed to see the contents of the books) Open Library, www.openlibrary.org Example databases for papers IEEE Xplore, ieeexplore.ieee.org Google Scholar, scholar.google.com Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded), isi01.isiknowledge.com Scopus, www.scopus.com Journal Storage (JSTOR), www.jstor.org 19/09/2010 18 Use of References and Citations 9
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19/09/2010 41 Taxonomy of Databases 19/09/2010 42 Largest Databases in Engineering Engineering Village (1969-, partially 1899-, not available at the university) most comprehensive databases in engineering, no citations Compendex (9.2 million), Inspec (8.8 million), NTIS (2.3 million) altogether 20.3 million abstracts (much overlap, 2005) Web of Science (1986-) most comprehensive citation search Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded, 17.5 million), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) altogether 21.5 million abstracts (2005) Scopus (1966-, references 1996-) Competitor of Web of Science, largest database available Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, and Engineering; Life and Health Sciences; Social Sciences; Psychology and Economics; Biological, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; General Sciences altogether 28 million abstracts (2006) 21
19/09/2010 43 Taxonomy of Databases (1) 1. Bibliographies best way to find knowledge if available See Science Citation Index, General Search, Document type: Bibliography or Review See Scopus, Document type: Review 2. Electronic libraries (whole papers included as.pdf files) IEEE/IET Electronic Library (IEL) from 1988, partially from 1913 (user interface is IEEE Xplore), 1.3 million publications, 133000 new publications/year ACM Digital Library, portal.acm.org/dl.cfm SPIE Digital Library, spiedl.org Taxonomy of Databases (2) 19/09/2010 44 3. Abstracts databases Inspec from 1969, 8.8 million abstracts, 400000 new abstracts/year Compendex from 1969, 9.1 million abstracts, 600000 new abstracts/year, much overlap with Inspec 4. Citation databases Google Scholar Scopus from 1966, 28 million abstracts Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded) from 1986, 17.5 million abstracts, 1.3 million new abstracts/year, included in ISI Web of Science IEEE Xplore, see AbstractPlus, Citing Documents 22
Taxonomy of Databases (3) 19/09/2010 45 Books Amazon, www.amazon.com Abebooks, www.abebooks.com (Second-hand bookstore.) Google Book Search, books.google.com Open Library, www.openlibrary.org (electronic books starting from Gilgamesh) Papers (see also above) Google Scholar, scholar.google.com (Citations.) Journal Storage (JSTOR), www.jstor.org (Papers from 1665 onwards.) Scientific Literature Digital Library and Search Engine (CiteSeerX), citeseerx.ist.psu.edu Other Acronym Finder, www.acronymfinder.com Answers, www.answers.com (Collection of reliable sources.) Google, www.google.com (Search engine.) Do not in general refer to the Internet in a scientific paper (no referee process, contents may change or disappear)! 19/09/2010 46 Publishers 23
19/09/2010 47 Publishers 1. Non-profit scientific societies publish best journal and conference papers and some good books, examples ACM, APS, IEEE, SPIE 2. Commercial publishers publish good books, examples McGraw-Hill, Prentice- Hall, and John Wiley & Sons 19/09/2010 48 How to Find Existing Knowledge 24
19/09/2010 49 Search according to the publication category (1) bibliographies are very useful for finding landmark references, they are for example in (1) textbooks, (2) review and tutorial papers, (3) anthologies as in some IEEE Press Books (www.ieee.org/portal/pages/pubs/press), (4) the introductions of original journal papers, (5) www pages of some experts in the field, (6) databases, see Document type: Bibliography books can be found from (1) library databases (www.kirjasto.oulu.fi), (2) Internet bookstores (for example www.suomalainen.fi/sk, www.amazon.com or www.abebooks.com), (3) from Internet book services (for example Google Book Search, books.google.com), and (4) book publishers (for example vig.prenhall.org, www.mmhe, www.wiley.org) reviews and tutorials can be found from (1) review journals and special issues, for example in Proceedings of the IEEE (usually the best reviews in electrical engineering) and in IEEE Magazines, (2) doctoral theses, and (3) databases, see Document type: Review 19/09/2010 50 Search according to the publication category (2) original journal and conference papers can be found from databases (1) electronic libraries (society-specific, PDF files available), (2) abstracts databases, for example in Engineering Village (abstracts of most papers), (3) citation indices, for example in Web of Science or Scopus, (4) special Internet services, for example Google Scholar, CrossRef, CiteSeer standards are a good source for state-of-the art system knowledge, but decisions may be somewhat political, sold by standardization organizations, for example IEC, IEEE, ISO, ITU, and ETSI, you must be an active member in standardization groups to have the newest knowledge (usually through the industry) Patents differ from scientific papers in the sense that their aim is to limit the use of the knowledge although they are public and their writing style is often ambiguous; they can be found for example from Free Patents Online, www.freepatentsonline.com 25
19/09/2010 51 Outlining a Literature Review 19/09/2010 52 Outlining a Literature Review 26
19/09/2010 53 Example: General MIMO/OFDM Receiver (1) MIMO, multiple input multiple output OFDM, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing UWB, ultra wideband Time and Frequency Offset Synchronization Narrowband or UWB Channel Beamforming OFDM Demodulator Space Time Coding (inner code) Channel Coding (outer code) Estimation of Antenna Array Coefficients Channel Estimation Source: Markku Kiviranta, VTT 19/09/2010 54 Example: General MIMO/OFDM receiver (2) Selection diversity Beverage et al., 1931 OFDM Doelz et al., 1957 RAKE Price and Green, 1958 MIMO diversity Mellen et al., 1955 Beamforming Applebaum, 1966 BLAST Foschini et al. 1996 Turbo codes Berrou, 1993 Delay diversity Wittneben, 1991 Space-time codes Tarok et al., 1998 MIMO/OFDM Raleigh and Cioffi, 1998 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 MIMO, multiple input multiple output OFDM, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing BLAST, Bell Labs space time architecture MIMO techniques Space time coding Spatial multiplexing Beamforming Source: Markku Kiviranta, VTT 27
19/09/2010 55 Conclusions Conclusions 19/09/2010 56 Proceed from general information (encyclopedias, textbooks, reviews) to more specific, learn the terminology first It is best to concentrate on landmark (or seminal) books and papers, which you often see in the lists of references and in bibliographies (when you have experience, you may more freely select what you read to improve creativity) The most efficient way to find existing knowledge is to use bibliografies (see also reviews in the original papers) Relevant questions are: what is the state of the art and what development (historical evolution) lead to it? Write your review by using a hierarchical classification (taxonomy) and the top down (deductive) approach, take care of the scope 28
19/09/2010 57 Examples of Good Review Papers S. U. H. Qureshi, Adaptive equalization, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 73, pp. 1349-1387, September 1985. E. Biglieri, J. Proakis, and S. Shamai, Fading channels: information-theoretic and communications aspects, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 44, pp. 2619 2692, Oct. 1998. S. Haykin, Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 23, pp. 201 220, February 2005. 19/09/2010 58 Abbreviations ACM, Association for Computing Machinery APS American Physical Society Compendex, Computerized Engineering Index EI, Engineering Index ETSI, European Telecommunication Standards Institute IEC, International Electrotechnical Commission IEE, Institution of Electrical Engineers IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEL, IEEE/IET Electronic Library IET, Institution of Engineering and Technology IIE, Institution of Incorporated Engineers, now known as IET Inspec, Information Services in Physics, Electrotechnology, Computers and Control ISI, Institute for Scientific Information ISO, International Standards Organization ITU, International Telecommunication Union NTIS, National Technical Information Service PDF, portable document format SCI, Science Citation Index SFS, Finnish Standards Association SPIE, International Society for Optical Engineering 29
19/09/2010 59 References R. A. Day, How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, 5th ed. Oryx Press, 1998. D. Kronick, A history of scientific and technical periodicals: the origins and development of the scientific and technical press 1665 1790, 2nd ed. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1976. H. B. Michaelson, How to Write and Publish Engineering Papers and Reports. 3rd ed. Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ, 1990. Science Abstracts 100 years 1898-1998, www2.theiet.org/publish/inspec/100years/100years.pdf F. R. Shapiro, Origins of bibliometrics, citation indexing, and citation analysis: the neglected legal literature, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, vol. 43, no. 5, 1992, pp. 337-339. L. B. Sollaci and M. G. Pereira, The introduction, methods, results, and discussion (IMRAD) structure: a fifty-year survey, J Med Libr Assoc., vol. 92, pp. 364 371, July 2004. D. Sternberg, How to Complete and Survive a Doctoral Thesis. St. Martin s Press, 1981. 19/09/2010 60 VTT creates business from technology 30