MOHDSHAMSULANUARBMOHDSABru

LECTURER ROOM DIRECTOR/MESSAGE BOARD MOHDSHAMSULANUARBMOHDSABru This Report Is Submitted Ln Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Bachelor / Degree of Electronic Engineering (Industrial Electronic) Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka April2007

UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA FAKUL Tl K.EJURUTERAA ELEKTRONlK DAN K.EJURUTERAAN KOMP fer BOR>\."G PE~Gt:SAEIAN STATU LAPOR-'\N PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II Tajuk Projek Sesi Pengajian LECTURER ROOM DLRECTOR I MESSAGE BOARD 2006/2007 Saya MOHO SI-IAMSUL ANUAR B MOHO SABRI mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syaratsyarat kegunaan seperti berikut: I. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan mcmbuat salinan unluk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. ila tandakan (.J ) : D SllLIT* D TERHAD [2J Tll)AK TIRHAO (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah kcselamatan atau kepenlingan Malaysia scperti yang lermaktub di dalam A KT A RAH la RASMI 1972) (Mengandungi maklumatterbad yang Lelah ditentukan oleh organisasilbadan di mana pcnyelidikan dijalankan) Disahkan oleh: (COP Alamat Tetap Jalan Tok Hussein. Kg Temelong,.33~00 Lenggong.. Pera~ Darul Ru:lman MAJSARAH BT ABU Kerua JIJO«ilf! (Ke1 reletomvnikbsi] Fai~ ~ E~il Oan ~e, I(O<Tlpllter (FKEKK). Ulli~l"lll Te,Mal lo4alaysici Mataka (UTeM). 1(.)1'\lt~g Benl.unci 1 }()(), A,e~ Kiron. 7S450 ~a Tarikh 7 May 2007 Tankh. 7 May 2007

Ill DECLARATION "I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own effort except as clearly stated its references" Signature Author Date

iv I dedicate to my father and my mother, family members and last but not least, to all my lecturers and friends

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, praise to the Eternal One, Allah S.W.T. for blessing and guiding me through this entire project and gave me physical and mental strength so that I can complete this project. Special thanks to Mrs. Maisarah bt Abu, who always provide important information and valuable suggestion for this project. Without her encouragement and guidance, this thesis would never materialize. I appreciate for everything that she has done to make this project a success. May Allah bless her life and family forever. I also want to express my heartfelt gratitude and thanks to my beloved parents who are right now in Uzbekistan. They always give me support and motivation to finish this project. Not to forget. to all my friends for always being there whenever r am in trouble and help me in through the darkest day. ln particular to all my housemate. Last but not least, to anyone who contributed their help and time who has directly or indirectly involved m the completion of this project.

VI ABSTRACT The aim for this project is to build a message board using dot matrix display. The message board consists of four major subsections. These sections include a computer program, a communications system, a microcontroller, and the LED display. The computer program takes text entered by the user, converts the text to the proper data format, and loads the message onto the board. The communications system handles data flowing from the computer to the message board. The message board is connected to the computer using RS232 cable. Data coming in from the computer is handled by the microcontroller, which stored the data in memory. The microcontroller is also responsible for reading instructions and messages from memory then displaying the messages according to the instructions. The LED display is operated by a set of constant current display drivers. These display drivers light the LED's based on data received from the microcontroller.

II ABSTRAK Tujuan penghasilan projek ini adalah untuk membina paparan mesej dengan menggunakan paparan dot matrix.paparan mesej ini mengandungi empat bahagian utama. Sahagian tersebut ialah pengaturcaraan computer, sistem hubungan, pengatur mikro dan paparan LED.Aturcara komputer digunakan untuk memasukkan data oleh pengguna kemudian data akan diubah ke dalam format yang sepatutnya Sistem hubungan berfungdi mengendalikan data yang dimasukkan daripada komputer kepada paparan mesej. Paparan mesej ini dihubungkan dengan menggunakan kabel RS232. Data dari komputer akan dikendalikan oleh pengatur mikro yang mana data telah disimpan di dalam memorinya.pengatur mikro ini juga bertanggungjawab untuk membaca arahan dan mesej daripada memori yang kemudiannya akan dipaparkan mengikut arahan tersebut.

111 CONTENTS CHAPTER TOPIC PAGE TITLE PAGE DECLARATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v ABSTRACT vi CONTENTS viii LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xii NOMENCLATURES xiii LIST OF APPENDICES xiv I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview 1.2 Objective 2 1.3 Scopes of works 2 1.4 Problems Statement 3 D UTERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview 4 2.1.1 Message Board 4 2. 1.2 Type of Display 6 2. 1.3 To get the full intensity from the displays 7 2.2 Common configuration 8 2.2.1 RS232 9 2.3 Device Overview 9 2.3.1 ULN2803 9 2.3.2 PIC 18F452 10

I 2.3.2.1 Oscillator Types 11 2.3.3 74HC595 12 2.3.4 Display Devices 14 2.3.4.1 Dot-Matrix Display 15 2.4 Programming workflow 17 2.4. 1 lntroduction to SourceBoost IDE 18 2.4.1.1 SourceBoost IDE interface 18 2.5 Introduction to PROTEUS YSM 6.9 20 2.5.1 PIC parameter settings 20 2.5.2 Simulation 21 2.5.3 PIC Burner 21 2.6 Reading data from the internal Flash memory ofthe PIC I8F452 22 2.6.1 ASCTI table and description 22 2.6.2 Test diagram 22 III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Methodology 24 3.2 Part by part 26 3.2.1 Research 26 3.2.2 Design 27 3.3 PCB Making 28 3.3.1 Printing 28 3.3.2 Pasting 28 3.3.3 Exposing 29 3.3.4 Developing 29 3.3.5 Etching 30 3.3.6 Drilling 31 3.3.7 Testing 31

IV RESULT AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Expected Result 4.2 The Circuit for PlC Microcontroller 4.2.1 Circuit Layout 4.2.2 Component List 4.3 The Circuit for Dot Matrix Display 4.3.1 Circuit operation 4.3.2 Circuit Layout 4.4 The Circuit for Power Supply 4.4 Software Development 4.4.1 Developing the Algorithms 4.4.2 Message Board Programming 4.4.3 Source code for the window 32 33 34 34 35 35 36 37 38 40 42 42 v DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5. 1 Discussion 5.2 Future Recommendation 5.3 Conclusion 45 45 46 REFERENCES 47 APPENDICES 48

' I LIST OFT ABLES NO TITLE PAGE 2.1 Devices features 12 2.2 Truth table 13 2.3 Pin connection of dot matrix display 16 2.4 The table consists of 128 characters 23 4.1 Control Codes For Graphic Effects 43 4.2 Data Codes For The Letter 'A' 44

xii LIST OF FIGURES NO TITLE PAGE 2. 1 The drawings of dot matrix displays 5 2.2 Complete circuit for dot matrix display 6 2.3 The duty cycle of each LED 8 2.4 ULN2803 internal circuit 10 2.5 Schematic diagram and Order Codes 10 2.6 PIC 18F452 pin diagram II 2.7 Pin connection 13 2.8 Logic diagram 14 2.9 inremal circuit diagram 16 2.11 PIC Programmer Circuit 2 1 3.1 Programming Workflow 25 3.2 Research workflow 26 3.3 Design workflow 27 4.1 PIC Microcontroller Circuit 33 4.2 Controller Circuit Layout 34 4.3 Dot-Matrix Display Circuit 35 4.4 Power Supply Circuit 37 4.5 programming flow 39 4.6 The window to type a message 42

xiii LIST OF ABREVIA TIONS CTSC CPU EEPROM Email GSM vo IC LCD PC PIC RAM ROM SMS VLSI Complex [nstruction Set Computer Central Processing Unit Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory Electronic Mail Groupe Special Mobile Input/Output Integrated Circuit Liquid Crystal Display Personal Computer Peripheral Interface Controller Random Access Memory Read-Only Memory Short Message System Very Large Scale Integrate

XI LIST OF APPENDICES NO TITLE PAGE A. DOT MATRIX DISPLAY OAT ASHEET 48 B. ULN2803 DA TASHEET 52 c 74HC595 DATA SHEET 58 D SOURCE CODE FOR PIC 65 E PICTURES OF PROJECT 74 Universiti Teknlkal Malaysia Melaka

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction of tbe Project This will enable faculty as well as student organizations to communicate messages quickly to others in the department. Important messages regarding class cancellations, exam dates, meeting times. and other pertinent in formation wil l be displayed at this message board. The message board consists of four major subsections. These sections include a computer program, a communications system, a microcontroller. and the LED display. The computer program takes text entered by the user, converts the text to the proper data formal and loads the message onto the board. The communications system handles data flowing from the computer to the message board. The message board is connected to the computer using RS232 cable. Data coming in from the receiver is handled by the microcontroller, which stored the data in memory. The microcontroller is also responsible for reading instructions and messages from memory then displaying the messages according to the instructions. The LED display is operated by a set o f constant current display drivers. These display drivers light the LED's based on data received from the microcontroller.

2 1.2 Objectives i) The objective of this project is to develop a message board to convey information to a large multitude of people such as student who you personally cannot contact. ii) This poses problems in that many of these people are not going to receive the information you are sending them. That is why people use message boards. iii) The lecturer can inform the student any message such as class cancellations using the message board. 1.3 Scopes of Project Search about message board sign using dot matrix display: i) Search the information about the method that will be used in this project such as dot matrix display and the software to control the hardware. ii) Study about PIC programming. 2 Design the circuit diagram. i) Design and simulate circuit using PROTEUS software. ii) Construct and test circuit on the breadboard (hardware). iii) Etching the circuit 3 Write the program using PIC. 4 Test run and troubleshoot i) Insert the PlC into the hardware.

3 1.4 Problem Statement i) To combine three different circuits into one circuit so it can be running without any problem. ii) To develop the circuit layout using this software. iii) To configure the message board.

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 OVERVIEW This chapter is mainly discussing about the brief description of method or device that used to actualise this project. This chapter also will discuss how to actualise this project according to theon:lical. 2.1.1 Message Board The idea is to let a text scroll over the LED dot-matrix displays. A dot-matrix display is a display which contains 5x7 dots (LEDs) in one case, the LEOs are connected like a matrix, there are two types CC and CA, the LEOs are simply put the other way around, here the drawings (inside and front).

5 Figure 2.1: The drawings of dot matrix displays If we put 1.8 Volt for an example at the lines 4 and I 0, the LED will lit, the trick of multiplexing is to scan the columns (5) and set the data on the rows (7) or visa-versa, and the multiplex-frequency must be greater than approximate. 40Hz else you will see the flickering of the LEDs to much. It takes about 5 msec per column, that' s about 25 msec for one frame. The scanning goes as follows, first set the rows data on the 7 rows e.g. l 0 I 0010, then activate (0 or I -> depends on which type CA = common cathode, or CC = common anode) the first column. now these LEDs (dots) will lit wait 5 msec, then switch the column off, now load the next rows data, and set the second column on, wait 5 msecs again, and switch it off again, if this sequence repeat very fast, the data (character data) appear on the display (refresh frequency 40-70Hz). The rows data comes from the EEPROM or flash memory of the PlC, we can also take an external EEPROM/flash IC, PlC 18f452 has 256 bytes EEPROM and 32k flash memory and what to do is put the character data (ASCII) into the flash memory.

6 '------------------- The 74HC595 is an 8-bit shift-register IC, with this IC you can shift 8 bits to the outputs with only 3 wires, that are Data (Ds), and 2 shift inputs (SHcp, STep). connect like the diagram. 2.1.2 Type of Display The trick to scroll a character across the display is to build one character on the di splay by scanning the columns very fast. and let say each 20 times (20 frames) scroll it one position to the left, this will give the effect of a walking text across the dot-matrix display. So first build one frame, repeat this 20 times, and after that, read the data one address later, if we do this 5 times (5 columns) the character scroll from right to left from the display. The refresh goes so fast that brain can't keep up, and what we see is the R scrolling over the display. I will take five 74HC595's shift

7 registers IC's, that are 5 x 8 bit= 40 bits I 5 columns = 8 dot-matrix displays. making it a nice tiny message sign. This is simple stroller formula: adrs = counter + pointer [I] 'adrs' is the register which will read the address to fetch data from, 'counter' is a bit-counter which counts up from 0 to 4 (5 columns), and 'pointer' is the register which increases every so many frames. The program starts from zero, so 'counter' and 'pointer' are both zero in the first round, so the first Rows data for the 1st column will be fetched from the 1st address (0). When small routine increase with one after 'counter' resets to zero, at that moment one frames is build (1 image= 1 character) and count that. The next round 'counter' will go to I, and so 'adrs' will be also I because 'pointer' only increases each lets say 25 times (25 frames), so after 25 times 'pointer' increases with one, and then the flfst round will be: adrs = 0 + 1 = I, the second round that will be 2, so you see the reading from the address is shifted one position to the left, because you INC. You can also scroll backwards, simply DEC the routine where 'pointer' is counted each 25 frames. Make the whole sequence run at a speed of about 25 msec that will make the display refresh at 40Hz. 2.1.3 The full intensity of the displays The scanning of the LEOs (dots) of the dot-matrix display takes 25 msec (40Hz refresh), so each LED is On for 5 msec (or Off when the data is '0'), because each column is On for 5 msec. One dot needs I 0 rna of constant current, but when it goes on and off with a high speed, the intensity will decrease, so it need to put more current through the LEOs to have the same effect (same at OHz) increasing the current can be done with transistors or a driver lc (like ULN2803, etc.) The dots have a duty-cycle of 20%, each LED is on for 20% of the total refresh time (Tref = 25 msec), so 5 msec On and 20 msec Off.

8 T- 5 mse~ C1 n. C2 Il C::1 f1_ CL_f1_ cs n ~n :.Yf scanning columns Figure 2.3 : The duty cycle of each LED But the On I Off time of each dot is 5 msec -> On for 5 msec, so thafs only 511000th of a second. Here is the formula to know how much current is needed to have the same light-intensity: l-ied = T -tot I On-time * Normal Current [2] Where T-tot =the time from one rising edge to another. On-time = the time that the LED is actually on. Normal Current= the current the LED can handle at DC 2.2 Common configuration 1. Stand alone keypad solution 11. On-to-one Serial Short Distance RS232 solution iii. One-to-many serial RS422 solution iv. LAN/Ethemet solution v. Wireless - LAN solution vt. Wireless Wide - Area - network solution

9 2.2.1 RS232 Communication between the software and the message board will be done via the RS232 serial port on the computer. The RS232 port has 9 pins. Three pins are used for communicating with the PC, one for receiving, transmitting, and ground. The remaining six pins are address pins for addressing more than one receiver, which will be flxed in our case since there is only one receiver. The computer program will send the data serially to the transmit pin, and will monitor the receive pin for a conformation message. Messages being received will be preceded with a specified preamble of 8 bits to ensure that noise is not interpreted as a message. 2.3 Device Overview There are many types of devices and components can be use for constructing this message board system. In this system, the main devices and components is consists of display device and main controller. 2.3.1 ULN2803 The ULN2803 each contains eight Darlington transistors with common emitters and integral suppression diodes for inductive loads. Each Darlington features a peak load current rating of 600mA (500mA continuous) and can withstand at least 50V in the off state. Outputs maybe paralleled for higher current capability.

10 I N, IN 2. z IN 3 ~ IN 4 4 IN 5 5 I N 6 IN, IN ONO Figure 2.4 : ULN2803 internal circuit ~ 0Cot4 i -7kr. IN O t lj ' rc I~... 7.21afi C_l -,--oour L t4 -- ---1- J~ - I'W4 LtoCti OOIVER Figure 2_5 : Schematic diagram and Order Codes 2.3.2 PIC18F452 These devices come in 28-pin and 40/44-pin packages_ The 28-pin devices do not have a Parallel Slave Port (PSP) implemented and the number of Analog-to Digital (AID) converter input channels is reduced to 5.