CHAPTER I- CHAPTER I WELCOME TO ECE 23: Introduction to Computer Engineering* Richard M. Dansereau rdanse@pobox.com Copyright by R.M. Dansereau, 2-2 * ELEMENTS OF NOTES AFTER W. KINSNER, UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA
CHAPTER I-2 PRELIMINARIES GOAL WELCOME LEARN BASICS BEHIND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Hardware architecture and organization Digital logic design Switching and logic gate design Computer architecture building blocks Adders/subtractors/counters Shift/rotate registers Multiplexers/demultiplexers and encoders/decoders Controllers and sequencers Software mapping to hardware Instruction types and assembly languages OS issues, branching, jumping, interrupts, subroutines
CHAPTER I-3 PRELIMINARIES OBJECTIVES WELCOME PRELIMINARIES -GOAL APPRECIATION OF: Computer system architectures and organization KNOWLEDGE OF: Taxonomy of computing structures Switching and Boolean algebra Combinational logic and sequential logic Building blocks to computer architectures State machines, finite states machines Instruction types and addressing modes Single and multi-cycle data path units, microcode Software execution in hardware for higher level operating systems
CHAPTER I-4 SYSTEM TYPICAL DESKTOP SYSTEM WELCOME PRELIMINARIES -GOAL -OBJECTIVES TYPICAL OUTPUTS MONITOR MAIN COMPUTER TYPICAL I/O HARD DRIVE PRINTER TAPE MODEM MOUSE TYPICAL INPUTS KEYBOARD
CHAPTER I-5 SYSTEM GENERIC SYSTEM PRELIMINARIES -GOAL -OBJECTIVES -TYPICAL DESKTOP SYST. PROCESSING UNITS Ram/ROM Memory Peripherals I/O Devices Subsystems
CHAPTER I-6 SYSTEM HIERARCHY IN A SYSTEM PRELIMINARIES -TYPICAL DESKTOP SYST. -GENERIC SYSTEM SYSTEM MODULES GATES AND FLIP-FLOPS TRANSISTORS V DD C A B
CHAPTER I-7 SYSTEM NAND GATE EXAMPLE -TYPICAL DESKTOP SYST. -GENERIC SYSTEM -HIERARCHY IN A SYSTEM TRUTH TABLE LOGIC GATE TRANSISTOR (SWITCH) REPRESENTATION IMPLEMENTATION A B C V DD A B C A C B
CHAPTER I-8 SYSTEM SYSTEM DESCRIPTION -GENERIC SYSTEM -HIERARCHY IN A SYSTEM -NAND GATE EXAMPLE SYSTEM LEVEL: -Processors, memories, peripherals -Words, files, records, programs -HDL, natural language REGISTER-TRANSFER LEVEL: -Registers, ALUS, buses, CCUS -Bytes, words, double words -Block diagrams, state diagrams LOGIC LEVEL: CIRCUIT LEVEL: -Gates, flip-flops -,, X (unknown); Strong, weak, Z -Logic diagrams, boolean equations -R, C, L, Diodes, Transistors -Voltage, current, temperature -Schematic diagrams, circuit equations SILICON LEVEL: Elements: Values: Description: -npn & PNP transistors, CMOS -Voltage, current, temp., fields -Device models, interconnects
CHAPTER I-9 SYSTEM LEVELS OF INTEGRATION -HIERARCHY IN A SYSTEM -NAND GATE EXAMPLE -SYSTEM DESCRIPTION Small scale integration (SSI) ~ transistors Individual gates, flip-flops Medium scale integration (MSI) - transistors Adders, encoders/decodors, multiplexers, shift registers, counters Large scale integration (LSI) -, transistors small memories, ROMs, PLAs, small memories Very-large scale integration (VLSI) >, transistors microprocessors, DSP chips, large memories
CHAPTER I- ANALOG VS. DIGITAL A-TO-D CONVERSION -NAND GATE EXAMPLE -SYSTEM DESCRIPTION -LEVELS OF INTEGRATION Signal Value 3 Analog signal 2 Digital signal Time
CHAPTER I- ANALOG VS. DIGITAL BINARY SIGNAL ANALOG VS. DIGITAL -A-TO-D CONVERSION Signal Value Binary signal 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 22 24 26 Time
CHAPTER I-2 BINARY BINARY LOGIC LEVELS ANALOG VS. DIGITAL -A-TO-D CONVERSION -BINARY SIGNAL TYPICAL VALUES V Hmax V Hmin V Lmax V Lmin HIGH () FORBIDDEN ZONE LOW () 3.3 V 2. V.8 V. V 5.5 V 4. V. V -.5 V noise margin noise margin
CHAPTER I-3 BINARY BINARY NUMBERS ANALOG VS. DIGITAL BINARY -BINARY LOGIC LEVELS Binary numbers are base 2 as opposed to base typically used. Instead of decimal places such as s, s, s, s, etc., binary uses powers of two to have s, 2s, 4s, 8s, 6s, 32s, 64s, etc. places. Examples: 2 = ( 2 2 ) + ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) = 4 + = 5 2 = ( 2 4 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 2 2 ) + ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) = 23 2 = ( 2 5 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 2 2 ) + ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) = 47 We will discuss binary numbers and binary arithmetic in a little more depth later.