UNIT-I. 1- Affirmative or Positive Sentence 2- Negative Sentence

UNIT-I SENTENCESokD; fofhkuu Hkwfedk,W fuhkkrs gsa] tsls- os lkeku; dfkuksa dks vfhko;dr djrs gs] iz u iwnrs gsa] fdlh O;fDr dks dk;z dk vkns k nsrs gsaa rfkk Sudden fellings, tsls happiness, Sorrow, Surprise br;kfn dks O;Dr djrs gsa vr% bl vk/kkj ij okd; pkj izdkj ds gksrs gsa& 1. Assertive sentence¼fof/klwpd okd;½ 2. Interrogative Sentence¼iz uokpd okd;½ 3. Imperative Sentence¼vkns kkred okd;½ 4. Exclamatory Sentence¼foLe;kfncks/kd okd;½ A.Assertive sentence¼fof/klwpd okd;½%& tc ge cksyus ;k fy[kus esa 'kcnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gsa] rc ge fdlh?kvuk(event) ;k rf; (Fact) ds gksus ;k u gksus ds fo"k; esa ladsr djrs gsaa Ex- (a).a ship went to the sea.(positive) (b) A ship did not go to the sea.(negative) (a).rana played well yesterday.(positive) (b) Rana will not play well Yesterday.(Negative) Åij fn;s x;s mnkgj.k ds nks Hkkx gsa a or b a ls Positive?kVuk dk vksj bls Negative?kVuk dk cks/k gksrk gsa vr% ge dg ldrs gs fd Assertive Sentence nks izdkj ds gksrs gsaa 1- Affirmative or Positive Sentence 2- Negative Sentence B.Interrogative Sentence: Interrogative Sentence os gksrs gs ftuds }kjk fdlh okd; esa iz u gksus dk cks/k gksrk gsa Ex- 1-Will you go to Jaipur tomorrow? PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 1- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

2- Where is your brother? 3- Did you old farmer die yesterday? C.Imperative Sentence:- Imperative Sentence ls vkns k(order)] izkfkzuk(request), ;k vkxzg(insistence) izdv gksrk gsa /;ku j[ksa] would,could ls Hkh Imperative Sentence cu tkrs gsa Ex- 1- Would you pass the sugar pot,please? ukasv& ; fi bl okd; ds vur esa iz uokpd fpug vk;k gs] rc Hkh ;g Hkko ds vuqlkj Imperative gh gsa D.Exclamatory Sentence- Exclamatory Sentence ls gn`; ds Hkko] vk p;z] Hk;] nq%[k] fole;] n;k]?k`.kk] d:.kk] g"kz vkfn izdv gksrs gsaa Ex- How hot the day is! 2- What a lazy boy you are! 3- How beautiful is the rain! SIMPLE SENTENCES:- Simple sentence esa dsoy,d Finite Verb gh gksrh gsa ;kn jgs fd Gerund, Present participle rfkk past participle,oa ing form dh fdz;k dh x.kuk verbs ds varxzr ugha vkrh gsa ;gn okd; esa,d 'kcn gs rks og 'kcn fdz;k gh gksxka Verb kcn Latin Hkk"kk ds 'kcn verbur ls cuk gs ftldk vfkz gs eq[; 'kcna Ex- 1- God is great. 2- I am short of money. 3- When are you sending your man to Delhi? COMPLEX SENTENCE:- Complex Sentence og okd; gs ftlesa,d Main Clause rfkk de ls de,d Subordinate Clause gksa Subordinate clauses rhu izdkj dh gksrh gsaa a. Noun Clause PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 2- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

b. Adjective Clause c. Adverb Clause 1-Noun Clause:- Ex- 1- Do you know who wrote Shakuntalam. 2- He said that he would leave Delhi on 16 th March 2007. 2-Adjective Clause:- Ex- 1. The time, Which is lost, is for ever. 2. Those, who gods love, die young. mi;qzdr okd;ksa esa Vs<+s Nis gq, 'kcnksa esa Adjective Clause n kkz;h x;h gsa okd;ksa ds 'ks"k Hkkxksa esa Principle Clause dks iznf kzr djrs gsa ftu ij Adjective Clause vk/kkfjr gsa d. Adverb Clause:- Adverb Clause og clause gs tks okd; esa Adverb ¼fdz;k fo ks"k.k] dk dk;z djrh gs½ Ex- 1. If you work hard, you will pass. OR you will pass if you work hard. mi;zqdr mnkgj.kksa esa Vs<+s Nis gq, 'kcnksa esa Adverb Clause(Adverbial Clause) iznf kzr gsa okd;ksa ds 'ks"k Hkkx principle Clause dks izdv djrs gsa ftu ij Adverb Clause(Adverbial Clause) vk/kkfjr gsa COMPUND SENTENCES:- Compund Sentence og okd; gs ftuesa,d ls vf/kd Independent Clauses gksa vfkkzr~ de ls de nks,sls miokd; gks tks viuk iw.kz Hkko izdv djus ds fy, nwljs miokd; ij fuhkzj u gksaa Ex- 1 Either buy the book or leave the shop. 2 Man proposes but God disposes. PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 3- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

Li"Vhdj.k% mnkgj.k ua 1 esa Vs<+s Nis gq, 'kcnksa ls Principle Clause iznf kzr gsa okd; dk 'ks"k Hkkx Hkh principle clause dks iznf kzr djrk gsa mnkgj.k ua 2 esa Vs<+s Nis gq, 'kcnksa esa principle Clause iznf kzr fd;k x;k gsa okd; dk 'ks"k Hkkx Hkh principle clause dks izdv djrk gsa KINDS OF CLAUSES¼miokD;ksa ds izdkj½ (1) Principal Clause¼iz/kku miokd;½ (2) Subordinate Clause¼ vkfjr miokd;½ (3) Co-ordinate Clause¼le Lrjh; miokd;½ A.Principal Clause¼iz/kku miokd;½%& The clause which has the main finite verb of the sentence and independent meaning is called the principal clause of the sentence. ¼iz/kku miokd; og miokd; gksrk gs ftlesa okd; dh eq[; finite verb gksrh gs rfkk viuk Lora= vfkz gksrk gsa B. Subordinate Clause:- The clause which depends upon the principle clause to retain its meaning, is called the subordinate clause of the sentence. ¼vkfJr miokd; og gksrk gs tks vius vfkz dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, principle clause ij vkfjr jgrk gsa½ ex- 1. I Saw a dog which was lying on the road. mdr okd; esa I saw a dog,d principle clause gs rfkk which was lying on the road,d subordinate clause gsa ;gkw ij Which was lying on the road dk I Saw a dog ds fcuk dksbz lkfkzd vfkz ugha fudyrk gsa C. Co-ordinate Clause:- The independent clause of equal rank are called co-ordinate clause.¼leku Lrj ds Lora= miokd;ksa dks lelrjh; miokd; dgrs gsaa bugsa lelrjh; miokd; blfy, dgrs gsa] D;ksafd ;s Co-ordinate conjunction }kjk tqm+rs gsaa Ex- He took my pen and returned it today. mdr okd; esa nksuksa okd; viuk Lora= vfkz izdv djrs gsaa D. Advarb Clause:- Advarb Clause og Clause gs tks okd; esa advarb¼fdz;k&fo ks"k.k dk dk;z djrh gsaa½ PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 4- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

mnkgj.k%& 1- if you work hard,you will pass. OR you will pass if you work hard. 2- Stay where you are. mi;qzdr mnkgj.kksa esa Vs<+sa Nis gq, 'kcnksa ls Adverb Clause(Adverbial Clause)iznf kzr gsa okd;ksa ds 'ks"k Hkkx principle clause dks izdv djrs gsa ftu ij Adverb Clause(Adverbial clause)vk/kkfjr gsa adverb dk Use verb,adjective,adverb,preposition;k Conjunction dks Modify djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsa blfy, bls Modifying word Hkh dgrs gsa(adverb is a word which modifies a verb,adjective,adverb,preposition or Conjunction.) tsls- 1- He reached there easily. (Verb) 2- This flower-vase is very beautiful. (Adjective) 3- He writes quite legiley. (Adverb) 4-The fan is just over my head. (preposition) 5- The doctor came just after the patient was- (Conjunction) - shifted to another Nursing Home. Kinds of adverbs¼fdz;k fo ks"k.k ds Hksn½ Adverb rhu izdkj ds gksrs gsaa 1. Simple Adverbs 2. Relative Adverb 3. Interrogative Adverb A. Simple Adverb:- buesa Time,place,Number, Manner,Degree,Affirmation o Negation ds okd; cuk;s tkrs gsaa tsls (i) Simple Adverb of Time¼tks le; dks O;Dr djs½%& buesa now,before,soon,today.tomorrow,yesterday,daily,late dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa tsls- 1. I shall go there now. 2. We plan to leave soon. 3. Today the sky is overcast. (ii) Simple adverb of place¼tks LFkku dks O;Dr djsa½%&buesa here,there,up,in,out,for,near,awaydk iz;ksx gksrk gsa PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 5- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

1- He should come here. 2- You ought to go there. 3- Sheela came in from the rear gate. (iii)simple Adverbs of Number¼tks la[;k dks O;Dr djs½%& buesa once,sometime,never,often,seldom,twice,always,frequently,first,again dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa 1- I recall having once met Amitabh Bachchan. 2- Sometimes,despite it being cloudy it doesn t rain 3- Never mind what she says, she is pious at heart. (iv)simple adverb of manners¼tks dk;z djus ds rjhds dks O;Dr djs½%& buesa hard.bravely,quickly,clearly,sweetly dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa 1. She sings sweetly. 2. Mohan speaks clearly. 3. he walk quickly. (v)simple adverb of Reasons of cause¼dkj.k crkus okys lk/kkj.k fdz;k fo ks"k.k½%& buesa hencerfkk therefore dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa 1- He was,therefore,unable to continue. 2- Hence,he left the school..(vi) Simple Adverbs of Affirmation¼Lohd`fr ds lk/kkj.k fdz;k fo ks"k.k½%& buesa Lohd`fr ds okd;ksa esa surely, ;k yes dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa 1-Surely,he is going to do my work. 2 Yes,he is going to help the poor woman. (vii)simple adverbs of negation¼vlohd`fr ds lk/kkj.k fdz;k&fo ks"k.k½%& buesa vlohd`fr ds okd;ksa esa no,rfkk not dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa 1- This is not my coat. PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 6- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

2- No, I am not interested in this work. 2. Relative Adverbs:- buesa When,where,how,why dh lgk;rk ls okd;ksa dk Relation crk;k tkrk gs 1- I know the place where he wants to go. 2- You want to know When he will come to you. 3- They wish to tell how they will get the work done. 4- They do not know why he was unsuccessful. 3. Introgative Adverb:- budk iz;ksx iz u iwnus ds fy, izkajhk esa fd;k tkrk gsa 1- Why was he late? 2- How did you get through? 3- Where was he going? 4- When will you come again? DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES:- fo'ks"k.kksa dk iz;ksx rhu volfkkvksa esa gksrk gsaa 1- Ram is fat. 2- Mohan is fatter than Ram. 3- Hari is the fattest boy in the family. okd; 1 esa crk;k x;k gs fd jke,d eksvk ym+dk gs] okd; 2 esa eksgu ds eksvsiu dh rqyuk jke ds eksvsiu ls dh xbz gsa okd; 3 esa,d ifjokj ds rhu ym+dksa dh rqyuk djrs gq, crk;k x;k gs fd gjh ifjokj ds vu; ym+dksa vfkkzr~ jke vksj eksgu ls vf/kd eksvk gsa nwljs 'kcnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gs gjh vu; nks ym+dksa ls vf/kd eksvk gsa Kinds of Degrees¼fMfxz;ksa ds Hksn½%& Adjective dh rhu volfkk,w fueufyf[kr gsa%& 1- Positive Degree¼ewykoLFkk ;k lkeku; volfkk½ 2- Comparative Degree¼mPpre volfkk½ 3- Superlative Degree¼mPpre volfkk½ Positive Degree:- Positive Degree dk iz;ksx fdlh O;fDr]oLrq] ;k LFkku ds xq.k rfkk nks"k dks izdv djus ds fy, gksrk gsa PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 7- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

1- Ram is very fat. 2- Mathura is a holly place. Comperative Degree:- Comperative Degree dk iz;ksx nks O;fDr;ksa]oLrqvksa ;k LFkkuksa dh rqyuk djus ds fy;s gksrk gsa 1- Jhansi is hotter than Mathura. 2- The Younger son of the merchant was wiser than his elder brother. Superlative Degree:- fdlh,d gh olrq ;k O;fDr dh rqyuk mldh lelr tkfr ;k oxz ls djrs gqq, mls lokzsifj ekuus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa 1- Reeta is the most beautiful girl in her class. 2- Ram is the best boy in the class. Formation of Comparative and superlative¼mpprj rfkk mppre fmxzfj;ksa ds fo ks"k.k cukuk½ %& Positive Degree ds fo ks"k.kksa ls Comparative Degree rfkk Superlative Degree ds fo ks"k.k cukus ds fu;e fueufyf[kr gsaa Rule 1: Positive Degree ds fo ks"k.kksa esa er c<+kus ls Comparative Degree ds fo ks"k.k cukus ds fu;e fueufyf[kr gsa% Positive Comperative Superlative Sweet Sweeter Sweetest Small Smaller Smallest Tall Taller Tallest Rule 2: Positive Degree ds 'kcnksa ds vur esa e gksrk gs] rc dsoy r ;k st c<+krs gsaa Brave Braver Bravest Fine Finer Finest White Whiter Whitest Large Larger Largest Rule 3: ;fn positive Degree ds 'kcnksa ds var esa y vksj y ls igys O;atu gks rks Comparative d fy, y dh txg ier rfkk Superlative ds fy, y dh txg iest yxk nsrs gsa Happy Happier Happiest PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 8- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

Lucky Luckier Luckiest Merry Merrier Merriest Pretty Prettier Prettiest Rule 4: ;fn Positive Degree ds fo ks"k.k esa dsoy,d gh Syllabus gks vksj mlds vur esa Consonant gks] rfkk ml Consonant ls igys dksbz Loj gks rks Comparative ds fy, er rfkk Superlative ds fy, est c<+kus ls iwoz ml Consonanta dks nks ckj fy[k nsrs gsaa Red Redder Reddest Big Bigger Biggest Hot Hotter Hottest Thin Thinner Thinnest Sad Sadder Saddest Fat Fatter Fattest Rule 5: nks ls vf/kd Syllables¼,d v{kj ;k vusd v{kjksa dk leqnk; tks,d lkfk cksyk tk,½ vfkkzr~ inka k okys fo ks"k.kksa esa Comparative Degree esa fo ks"k.k ls iwoz More rfkk Superlative Degree esa Most yxkdj fo ks"k.k cuk;s tkrs gsa Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful Different More Different Most Different Important More Important Most Important Elegant More elegant Most elegant Rule 6: ftu Adjectives ds Comparative o Superlative fn;s x;s Rules 1-5 esa fdlh ls Hkh ugha cursa os fueufyf[kr gsaa Good Better Best Much More Most Many More Most Old elder eldest ARTICALS USESE OF A, AN, THE :- vxzsath esa a, an rfkk the, Articles dgykrs gsaa bugsa nks Jsf.k;ksa esa fohkkftr fd;k tkrk gsa: (A) Indefinite Articles- A rfkk An (B) Definite Articles-The PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 9- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

1- Use of A and An - Indefinite Articles:- A dk iz;ksx,sls 'kcnksa ds iwoz gksrk gs] ftudk mppkj.k djrs le; izkjehk esa O;atu&/ofu fudyrh gks] pkgs 'kcn dk izfke v{kj Loj gks ;k O;atu a man, a boy, a university, a European a pen, a dog a useful thing a one-eyed man Note- University esa U dk mppkj.k ^;w^ dh rjg gs vksj ;w dh /ofu O;atu tslh gsa blfy, blds igys a yxsxka ;fn U dk mppkj.k ^v^ gks] umbrella(veczsyk)]umpire¼veik;j½ rks an dk iz;ksx gksxka An dk iz;ksx,sls 'kcnksa ds iwoz gksrk gs] ftudk mppkj.k djrs le; izkjehk esa Loj&/ofu fudyrh gks] Hkys gh ml 'kcn dk izfke v{kj Vowel gks ;k Consonant; an apple an hour¼vkoj½ an M.A. an Island¼vkblyS.M½ an egg an heir¼,s;j½ an M.B.B.S. an ox an Umbrella an elephant an honourable¼vkwujsct esu~½ an M.sc. br;kfna Note: Hour esa h silent gsa mlds ckn O vkrk gsa tks Loj dh /ofu nsrk gsa blfy, bl 'kcn ds igys an yxsxka Note: a rfkk an vaxzsth ds one kcn ds detksj :i gsa budk iz;ksx Countable Singular nouns(fxuus ;ksx;,dopu lakkvks) ds igys fd;k tkrk gsa cgqopu lakkvksa rfkk vx.kuh; lakkvksa (Uncountable nouns) ds igys budk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gsa inkfkzokpd,oa Hkkookpd lakk, (Material Nouns and Abstract nouns)vx.kuh; lakkvksa(uncountable nouns) ds varxzr gh vkrk gsa buds igys rc rd A ;k An iz;qdr ugha gksrk gs] tc rd os Countable Nouns ds :I esa iz;qdr ugha gksrsa (1)A ;k An dk iz;ksx vf/kd Li"V :i ls bl le>k tk ldrk gss& izfke ckj iz;qdr gksus okys Singular-Countable Nouns(,d opu fxuus ;ksx; lakkvksa½ ds igys% I have a book. She lives in a hut. He saw an old man. He held an umbrella in his hand. (2),slh,d opu iwjd lakkvksa(noun Complements)ls iwoz tks fdlh is ks ;k O;olk; ls lecfu/kr gksa& She is a nurse. PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 10- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

He is an engineer. Neeraj is a doctor. She is an actress. (4) Adjective+Noun dh flfkfr esa a vfkok an dk iz;ksx Adjective ls iwoz mldh izkjfehkd /ofu ds vuqlkj gksrk gsa izkjfehkd /ofu Loj gksus ij an rfkk O;atu gksus ij a dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa A big elephant. An old woman. An ugly child. A useful book. Exercise: Fill in the blanks with a or an : 1. He was.wise teacher. 2. It was long way to the forest. 3. The meeting was held in.big hall. 4..burnt child dreads the fire. 5. She spent.few months in Mumbai last year. 6. Would you like to take.little more tea? 7. Now Cricket has become.international game. 8. They will be back in week. 9. I will finish this work with in..hour. 10.She is.italian lady. 11...man of regulars habits is sure to succeed in life. 12. Rani hopes to win..lottery. 13. He is so good umpire that every player respects him. 14. We are to play..one-day match next week. 15. Ashoka was very kind king. Use of The - Definite Article:- The dks Definite Article dgk tkrk gs vksj bldk iz;ksx,dopu o cgqopu lakkvksa ds iwoz fueufyf[kr flfkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gsa (1),sls noun ds igys ftldk iwoz esa myys[k fd;k tk pqdk gks& (i) I saw a lion. The lion was sleeping under a tree. ¼igys okd; esa½ esaus,d 'kasj ns[kka ¼nwljs okd; esa ogh 'ksj ism+ ds uhps lks jgk FkkA (ii)we heard a noise. The noise came from a neighbour s house. PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 11- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

viokn%fdlh lecu/kokpd ;k vf/kdkjokpd fo ks"k.k¼possessive Adjective), my,his,her,their,your,our ds ckn Adjective dh Superlative Degree dk iz;ksx gksus ij the dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gsa 1- He is my best friend. 2- Mr. Dixit is our best teacher.,sls Noun ds igys tks viuh leiw.kz tkfr dk cks/k djkrk gsa 1 The dog is a faithful animals.¼;gk lelr dqrrk tkfr ls gsa½ ufn;ksa] lkxjksa] egklkxjksa] [kkfm+;ksa] e:lfkykas] }hi&lewgksa] iozr J`[kaykvksa] ugjksa] taxyksa rfkk ns kksa ds cgqopuh; ukeksa ds lkfk% The Ganga; The Yamuna. THE PREPOSITION:- Grammer dh n`f"v ls vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa prepositions dk cgqr egroiw.kz LFkku gksrk gsa buds fcuk fdlh okd; ds lctsdv }kjk fd;s x;s dk;ksz vfkok lctsdv dh flfkfr dk mlh okd; ds vksctsdv ls lgh lecu/k ugha tqm+ ikrk gsa dhkh&dhkh iziksft ku ugha gksus ls vfkz dk vufkz gks tkrk gsa 1 Mamta is in the kitchen.¼eerk jlksbz?kj esa gsa½ ;fn bl okd; esa ls in gvk fn;k tk;s rks okd; curk gsa Mamta is the kitchen.¼eerk jlksbz?kj gsa½ Åij fn;s x;s mnkgj.k ls Li"V gksrk gsa fd iziksft ku okd;ksa esa egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrs gsa POSITION OF THE PREPOSITION:- 1- lkeku;r;k prepositions dk iz;ksx vdezb verb esa iz;qdr object ls iwoz fd;k tkrk gsa (i) He is working in his office. (ii) She is at the gate. (iii) Sheela was walking on the road. mi;qzdr okd;ksa esa in,at,on prepositions gsa tks bu okd;ksa esa iz;qdr verb ds objects office,gate,road ls igys iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 12- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

2- ;fn Preposition dk object that ;k Which gks rks preposition dk LFkku Sentence ds vur esa gksrk gsa (i) This is the pen which she was looking for. (ii) That is the book that you were asking for. (iii) This is the post that I have applied for. ;gkw Sentence(1)esa which for dk object gsa (2) esa that for dk object gsa (3) esa that for dk object gsa blfy, bu rhuksa Sentences esa for vur esa vk;k gsa for which ;k for that fy[kuk xyr gksxka 3- ;fn preposition dk object dksbz Interrogative pronoun gs rks preposition Sentence ds vur esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (i) What are you talking about? (ii) Whom was this letter addressed to? (iv) Which class do you read in? Note- bl okd; dks bl izdkj Hkh fy[k ldrs gsa%in which class do you read? 4- ;fn preposition dk object dksbz fnik gqvk Relative pronoun gs rks preposition Sentence ds vur esa iz;qdr gksrk gsa (i) This is the men I was speaking of. (ii) This is the poet I was referring to. (iii) I don t know the man you were talking with. (iv) It was an inspiring story I was listing to. mi;qzdr pkjksa Sentences esa Relative pronoun fnis gsaa blfy, prepositions Sentences ds vur esa vk;s gsaa 5- verb+prepositiondh flfkfr esa preposition dk verb ds ckn iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (i) The thief brike into the house. (ii) The book you are looking for is not available at this time. (iii) The police were running after the thief. (iv) He was accused of theft. (v) PREPOSITION OF TIME:- (i) At: To indicate a point of time.¼le; fcunq dks bafxr djus gsrq½ PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 13- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

le; fcunq&?km+h dk fuf pr le;] fnuksa ds uke] efguksa ds uke rfkk o"kz vkfn ls le;&fcunq dk rkri;z gsa fdurq at dk iz;ksx 24?k.Vksa dh vof/k esa crk;s x;s le; ls iwoz] mez ftlesa dksbz dk;z gksrk gs rfkk vof/k izdv djus okys R;kSgkjksa ds ukeksa ls iwoz fd;k tkrk gsa fnu] fnukad]eghus ;k o"kz ls iwoz bldk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gsa ex- The sun rose at 6 a.m. (ii) He will come back at sunset. (iii) I Cam repay the amount at any moment. (ii) On: Before days and dates¼fnuksa o fnukad ds iwoz½ ex- Ram will go to Jaipur on Monday. John goes to church on Sundays. (iii) In: Before names of the months,seasons and years¼eghuksa]_rqvksa o o"kksz ls iwoz½ Ex- I was born in 1985. We took exams in March. (iv)before:to indicate earlier than ¼bldk iz;ksx ^ls iwoz ^ ds vfkz esa fdlh le; ;k?kvuk ls iwoz fd;k tkrk gsa ;g after dk foijhrkfkzd gsa½ Ex-Meet me before dinner.¼hkkstu ls iwoz½ Come back before dark.¼v /ksjs ls iwoz½] (v) After:- To indicate following in time or later than.¼^fdlh le; ds ckn^ ;k ^ds i pkr^~ ds vfkz esa fdlh,d le; ;k dk;z ls iwoz bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa½ ex- Meet me after dinner.¼hkkstu ds i'pkr~~½ Don t go out after dark.¼va/ksjk gksus ds i pkr~½ (vi) By:-To indicate the meaning of as soon as or not later than -¼le; ls iwoz ^rd* ds vfkz esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa fn;s x;s le; ls iwoz rd ds vfkz es ;k tsls gh ds vfkz esa bldk iz;ksx gksrk gsa½ ex- I Shall finish my work by Sunday.¼jfookj rd½ (vii) For:- To indicate extent of time. ¼^le; lhek^ bafxr djus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx ^ds fy,^ ds vfkz esa le; ls iwoz fd;k tkrk gsa PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 14- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

ex- I am going abroad for a month.¼,d ekg ds fy,½ (vii) Since:- To indicate a point of time in perfect o perfect Continuous Tense.(perfect o perfect Continuous Tenses esa ^le;&fcunq^ ls iwoz ^ls^ ds vfkz esa bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa ex- I have been learning driving since july.¼tqykbz ls½ They have been working hard since Sunday.¼jfookj ls½ (viii) From:- To indicate the starting of a period of time. From dk iz;ksx le;&vof/k ds izkjfehkd fcanq ls iwoz ^ls^ ds vfkz esa Non-perfect tenses esa fd;k tkrk gsa /;ku jf[k, perfect tenses esa point of time ls iwoz since dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa Ex- Our school will start from 1 st of july. Our exams will start from Saturday. ¼,d tqykbz ls½ ¼ kfuokj ls½ Unit II TENSE- Tense verb dk og :I gs tks verb }kjk O;Dr dk;z vfkok volfkk ds le; dk cks/k djkrk gsa Time,d lkozhkksfed,oa lkozdkfyd 'kcn gsa ;g gekjs thou dk vfhkuu vax gsa tks lsds.m]feuv]?k.vk] fnu]lirkg] eghuk] o"kz] vkfn :iksa esa tkuk tkrk gsa ;g fdurq fu;eksa esa cw/krk ugha gsa vuur dky ls,d&,d iy fujurj Hkkxrs jgus okyk le; vxe; vksj vxkspj gsa 1- The prime minister visited our city last week. (past tense,past time) 2- The prime minister visits our city tomorrow. Or The prime Minister is visting our city tomorrow. (present tense,future time) Abishek will have finished his work by evening.(future tense,future time) vr%;g vko ;d gs fd fo kfkhz present tense,oa present time,past tense,oa past time rfkk Future tense o future time dks Hkyh Hkk fr le> ysaa blls mugsa vaxzsth ds okd;ksa dks lgh <+x ls vfhko;dr djus esa cgqr enn feysxha Tense dks rhu Hkkxksa esa fohkkftr fd;k x;k gsa (1) Present Tense (2) Past Tense PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 15- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

(3) Future Tense izr;sd Tense dks Hkh pkj&pkj Hkkxksa esa fohkkftr fd;k x;k gsa (1) Simple ;k Indefinite (2) Continuous;k progressive;k Imperfecdt (3) Perfect (4) Perfect Continuous bl izdkj dqy feykdj 12 Tense gksrs gsa Present Indefinite Tense:- bl tense ds fgunh okd;ksa ds vur esa ^rk gs] rh gs] rs gs] vkrs gsa bl tense dk iz;ksx orzeku le; esa gksus okys dk;z ;k vknr ds fy, gksrk gsa bu okd;ksa esa gs] gw ] gsa dh vaxzsth is,are,am ugha vkrh] D;ksafd ;s eq[; fdz;k ds va k gsa] LorU= ;k fhkuu fdz;k, ugha gsaa tsls: He plays, They play,i play. Affirmative okd;ksa esa Third person ds Singular Subject ds lkfk verb ds first Form esa s ;k es yxkrs gsa vksj Plural Subject ds lkfk verb dks dsoy First form iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa Pattern- Subject+verb dh I st form(s/es)+object Ex- She play. (2) They write. (3) Boys play. Negative okd;ksa esa Third person,singular subject dh flfkfr esa does not+verb dh I st form rfkk Third person,plural Subject ds lkfk do not+v 1 dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa blh izdkji/we/you/they ds lkfk Hkh do not+v 1 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (1) Sarita does not Sing. (2) Boys do not play. Interrogative okd; cukrs le; okd; ds izkajhk esa do/does dk iz;ksx djrs gsa Singular subject ds lkfk does rfkk plural subject ds lkfk do dk iz;ksx djrs gsa Does Sonal do not sing? Boys do not play? PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 16- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

Present Continuous(Progressive Tense)- fgunh esa bl Tense ds okd;ksa esa ^jgk gww^] ^jgh gw^w]^jgs gs^] ^gqvk g^s] ^gq, gs] ^gqvk gww vkfn vkrs gsa ;g Tense is,am,are+ing form of the verb ls curk gsa (1) I am playing. (2) You are playing. (3) He is playing. Affirmative Sentences esa Singular Subject ds lkfk isrfkk plural subject ds lkfk are,dk iz;ksx gksrk gs] ysfdu We/You ds lkfk are rfkk I ds lkfk am dk iz;ksx gksrk gsa (1) She is watching Tv. (2) Renu is sitting on the stool. (3) We are playing. Negative okd;ksa esa not dks is, are, am rfkk eq[; fdz;k ds ing :I ds chp esa j[krs gsaa (1) He is not reading a book. (2) They are not going to market. iz'uokpd okd;ksa esa is/are/am dks drkz Subject ls igys j[krs gsa (1) Am I writing a letter? (2) Is the child weeping? Present perfect tense:- bl VsUl esa okd; ds var esa pqdk gs] pqdh gs] pqds gs vkfn 'kcn vkrs gsa ;fn drkz,d opu gks rks has rfkk drkz cgqopu gks rks have dk iz;ksx djrs gsa rfkk verb dh III rd form dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (1) I have done the work. (2) He has learnt his lesson. Negative okd; cukrs le; has not, have not dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa ;fn drrkz,d opu gs rks has not dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gs ;fn drrkz cgqopu gks rks have not dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (1) He has not taken food. (2) I have not learnt the poem. PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 17- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

Interrogative okd; cukrs le; okd; ds izkajhk esa has o have dk iz;ksx djrs gsa ;fn drrkz,dopu gs rks okd; ds izkajhk esa has rfkk drrkz cgqopu gs rks okd; ds izkajhk esa have dk iz;ksx djrs gsa (1) Have you learnt lesson? (2) Has sita Sung a song? The present perfect continuous Tense:- bl VsUl esa okd; ds vur esa pqdk gs] pqdh gs] pqds gs vkrk gs rfkk lkfk esa le; Hkh fn;k jgrk gsa fuf pr le; ds fy, Since rfkk vfuf pr le; ds fy, for dk use fd;k tkrk gsa blesa drrkz,d opu ds lkfk lgk;d fdz;k has been rfkk drrkz cgqopu ds lkfk lgk;d fdz;k have been dk iz;ksx djrs gsa rfkk verb dh I st form ds lkfk ing dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa Pattern:- Subject+has been/have been+ verb dh I st form+ing+object+for/since+time. Ex- I have been reading for two hour. He has working since 3 o clock. I have boon playing since noon. Negative okd; cukrs le; drrkz,dopu ds lkfk has not been rfkk drrkz cgqopu ds lkfk have not been dk iz;ksx djrs gsa Ex- (1) He has not been living in this house for four years. (2) They have not been playing since morning. Interrogative okd; cukrs le; okd; ds izkajhk esa Has drrkz,dopu ds lkfk rfkk HavedRRkkZ cgqopu ds lkfk yxkrs gsa (1) Have you been learning your lesson for two hours? (2) Has she been teaching in this school for twelve years? PAST TENSE:- bl VsUl dk iz;ksx Hkwrdkyhu dk;ksz]?kvukvksa] lkeku; fu;fer :I ls ;k izk;%gksus okys dk;ksz rfkk vknrksa dks O;Dr djus esa fd;k tkrk gsa (1) He broke his leg in an accident. (2) She wrote letters to her mother. PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 18- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

Affirmative Sentence cukus ds fy, lhkh Subjects ds lkfk verb ds II nd form dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (1) She wept. (2) They went home. vkfna Negative okd; cukrs le; Subject ds ckn did not+ verb dh I st form dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (1) She did not weep. (2) They did not go. Interrogative okd; cukrs le; Did dk iz;ksx okd; ds izkajhk esa djrs gsa rfkk ckn esa iz uokpd fpug yxk;k tkrk gsa (1) Did you go there? (2) Did she write any letter? Past Continuous:- fgunh esa bl Tense ds okd;ksa esa ^jgk Fkk^] ^jgh Fkh^^jgs Fks^] vkfn 'kcn vkrs gsa ;g Tense was/were+ing +I st form of the verb ls curk gsa Affirmative Sentences esa Singular Subject ds lkfk wasrfkk plural subject ds lkfk weredk iz;ksx gksrk gs] (4) She was watching Tv. (5) Renu was sitting on the stool. (6) We were playing. Negative okd; cukrs le; drrkz,dopu ds lkfk was not rfkk drrkz cgqopu ds lkfk were not dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (3) He was not reading a book. (4) They were not going to market. iz'uokpd okd;ksa esa was/were dks drkz Subject ls igys j[krs gsa (3) Were i writing a letter? (4) Was the child weeping? Past perfect tense:- PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 19- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

bl VsUl esa okd; ds var esa pqdk Fkk] pqdh Fkh] pqds Fks vkfn 'kcn vkrs gsa drkz,d opu rfkk cgqopu ds lkfk had dk iz;ksx djrs gsa rfkk verb dh III rd form dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (3) I had done the work. (4) He had learnt his lesson. Negative okd; cukrs le; had not dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (3) He had not taken food. (4) I had not learnt the poem. Interrogative okd; cukrs le; okd; ds izkajhk esa had dk iz;ksx djrs gsa (3) Had you learnt lesson? (4) Had sita Sung a song? The past perfect continuous Tense:- bl VsUl esa okd; ds vur esa pqdk Fkk] pqdh Fkh] pqds vkrk gs rfkk lkfk esa le; Hkh fn;k jgrk gsa fuf pr le; ds fy, Since rfkk vfuf pr le; ds fy, for dk use fd;k tkrk gsa blesa drrkz,d opu rfkk drrkz cgqopu ds lkfk lgk;d fdz;k had been dk iz;ksx djrs gsa rfkk verb dh I st form ds lkfk ing dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa Pattern:- Subject+had been+ verb dh I st form+ing+object+for/since+time. Ex- I had been reading for two hour. He had working since 3 o clock. Negative okd; cukrs le; drrkz,dopu rfkk drrkz cgqopu ds lkfk had not been dk iz;ksx djrs gsa Ex- (3) He hadnot been living in this house for four years. (4) They had not been playing since morning. Interrogative okd; cukrs le; okd; ds izkajhk esa Had dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (3) Had you been learning your lesson for two hours? (4) Had she been teaching in this school for twelve years? PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 20- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

FETURE TENSE:- bl VsUl ds okd; ls Kkr gksrk gs fd dke Hkfo"; esa gksxka blesa izr;sd okd; ds vur esa xk xh xs vkfn 'kcn vkrs gsa i/we ds lkfk Shall rfkk ckdh lhkh drrkz ds lkfk Will dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gs rfkk ooz dh Ist form dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (1) I shall go to Mumbai with you tomorrow. (2) You will go to market (3) He Will do it. Negative okd; cukrs le; Subject ds ckn willnot\shall not+ verb dh I st form dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (3) She will not weep. (4) I shall not go. Interrogative okd; cukrs le; Will/Shalldk iz;ksx okd; ds izkajhk esa djrs gsa rfkk ckn esa iz uokpd fpug yxk;k tkrk gsa (3) Will you go there? (4) Shall I write any letter? Fucture Continuous:-bl dky ds okd;ksa ls Kkr gksrk gs fd Hkfo"; esa dksbz dk;z tkjh jgsxka bl dky ds okd;ksa ds vur esa jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gksxs vkfn 'kcn vkrs gsaa bu okd;ksa esa dk;z ds yxkrkj tkjh jgus dk le; ugha fn;k gksrk gsa blesa lgk;d fdz;k will be rfkk shall be + ing dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa Pattern- Subject( I/We)+Shall be+ verb dh Ist form+ing+object vksj ckdh lhkh lctsdv ds lkfk Will be fdz;k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (1) He will be reading his book at night. (2) I shall going to Delhi. Negative okd; cukrs le; Willnotdk iz;ksx lhkh drkz ds lkfk rfkk shall not dk iz;ksx i/we drkz ds lkfk yxkrs gsa (5) He willnot reading a book. PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 21- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

(6) I shallnot going to market. iz'uokpd okd;ksa esa will/shall dks drkz Subject ls igys j[krs gsa (5) Shall i writing a letter? (6) Will the child weeping? Future perfect tense:- bl VsUl ds okd;ksa ls Li"V gksrk gs fd dk;z Hkfo"; esa lekir gks pqdsxka vr% bu okd;ksa ds vur esa pqdsxk] pqdsxh] pqdksxs vkfn 'kcn vkrs gsa blesa lgk;d fdz;k will have rfkk shall have dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa rfkk verb ds III nd form dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (3) She will have wept. (4) They will have went home. vkfna Negative okd; cukrs le; will havenot\shall have not dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (5) He will havenot taken food. (6) I shall havenot learnt the poem. Interrogative okd; cukrs le; okd; ds izkajhk esa Will have\ Shall have dk iz;ksx djrs gsa (1) Will you have learnt lesson? (3) Shall I have Sung a song? The Future perfect continuous Tense:- bl VsUl esa okd; ds vur esa jgsaxs] jgsaxh] jgwwxk] jgksxh] jgsaxh] ;k jgk gksxk]jgh gksxh] jgsa gksaxs] jgk gwwxk vkfn 'kcn vkrs gsa vksj lkfk esa le; Hkh fn;k jgrk gsa fuf pr le; ds fy, Since rfkk vfuf pr le; ds fy, for dk use fd;k tkrk gsa blesa drrkz i\we ds lkfk shall have been rfkk lhkh drrkz ds lkfk lgk;d fdz;kwill have been dk iz;ksx djrs gsa rfkk verb dh I st form ds lkfk ing dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa Pattern:- Subject+will have been\shall have been+ verb dh I st form+ing+object+for/since+time. Ex- I shall have been reading for two hour. He will have been working since 3 o clock. Negative okd; cukrs le; will not have been/shall have not been dk iz;ksx djrs gsa Ex- (5) I shall not have been living in this house for four years. PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 22- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

(6) They will not have been playing since morning. Interrogative okd; cukrs le; okd; ds izkajhk esa will\shall dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa (5) Shall I have been learning your lesson for two hours? (6) Will she have been teaching in this wszxschool for twelve years? Reported speech:- (Direct and Indirect Narration) lk/kkj.kr% ge fdlh ds }kjk dgh xbz ckr dks nks izdkj ls O;Dr dj ldrs gsa& ¼1½ odrk ds }kjk dgs x;s 'kcnksa dks T;ksa dk R;ksa fy[kdj ;k ckstdja ¼2½ odrk }kjk dgh xbz ckr dks viuh Hkk"kk esa fy[kdj ;k cksydja mi;zqdr izfke izdkj ls dh xbz vfhko;fdr dks izr;{k dfku ;k Mk;jsDV Lihp dgrs gsa rfkk nwljs izdkj ls O;Dr fd;s tkus okys dfku dks vizr;{k dfku ;k bumk;jsdv Lihp dgrs gsaa He said,"i can go there." (Direct speech) He said that he could there. (In direct speech) Narration dk egro%& Narration dk Kku vr;ur vko';d gsa ckrphr esa rks Direct Narration dk O;ogkj ge djrs gh ughaa ge ckrphr esa dhkh ugha dgrs fd Ram said,"my father is going to Delhi tomorrow." ge ges'kk dgrs gsafd Ram said that his father was going to Delhi the next day. Note- Indirect speech dks Indirect Narration vfkok Reported speech Hkh dgrs gsa Direct speech ds nks Hkkx gksrs gsaa (1) Reporting part- ;g Hkkx inverted commas("...") ds ckgj gksrk gsa bldh eq[; fdz;k Reporting verb dgykrh gsa (2) Reported Part(speech)- ;g og dfku gksrk gsa tks odrk O;Dr djrk gsa bls inverted commas("...") ds vanj j[krs gsaa ex- 1.Maya said,"radha is my friend." 2. Anoop said to me,"sit down there." mi;zqdr nksuksa Sentences esa "Said" Reporting verb gs vksj "Radha is my friend" rfkk "Sit down there" nksuksa gh tks inverted commas ds vanj gsa]reported speechs gsaa PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 23- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

Direct ls indirect esa cnyus ds lkeku; fu;e%& 1- Indirect speech esa Inverted commas("...") dks gvk nsrs gsaa 2- Reporting verb ds ckn Comma(,) dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gsa 3- Reporting verb dk tense dhkh ugha cnyrka ;fn Reporting verb ds i'pkr~ dksbz object(dez) vk;k gks rks said to dks told esa cny nsrs gsaa ijurq ;fn said ds ckn dksbz object u gks rks said dk said gh jgrk gsaa 4- Reporting verb ds i'pkr~ vko';drk ds vuqlkj mfpr Conjunction that,if ;k whether yxkrs gsa dhkh&dhkh Conjunction yxkus dh vko';drk ugha im+rha 5-dky(tenses), lozuke(pronouns) rfkk le; vfkok flfkfr dh fudvrk(nearness of time of position) lwpd 'kcnksa esa ifjorzu djrs gsaa bu ifjorzuksa ds fy, fu;eksa dh folr`r O;k[;k bl izdkj gsa& 1- Tense esa ifjorzu lecu/kh fu;e(rules for the Change of Tense) ;fn Reporting verb, Present¼orZeku½ vfkok Future¼Hkfo";½ Tense esa gks rks Reported speech ds Verb ds Tense esa fdlh izdkj dk ifjorzu ugha djrs gsaa Direct- Raman says,"hari is not well". Indirect- Raman Says that Hari is not well. Direct- Indirect- He will say,"asha is very intelligent". He will says that Asha is very intelligent. ;fn Reporting verb, Past tense esa gks rks Reported speech ds Tense esa ifjorzu fueu izdkj fd;k tkrk gsa (1) Simple present tense dks cnydj Simple past tense fd;k tkrk gsa Direct - Arun said," Rakesh tells a lie." Indirect - Arun Said that Rakesh told a lie. (2) Present Continuous Tense dks Past continuous Tense esa cny nsrs gsa Direct- John Said to me,"peter is writing a book." Indirect - John Said to me that peter was writing a book. (3) Present perfect tense dks Past perfect tense esa cny nsrs gsa PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 24- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

Direct - Anchal said,"sandhya has completed her work." Indirect - Anchal said that sandhya had completed her work. (4) Present perfect Continous tense dks Past perfect Continuous tense esa cny nsrs gsa Direct - He said,"it has been raining Since morning". Indirect- He said that it had been raining since morning. (5) Simple past tense dks past perfect Tense esa cny nsrs gsa Direct- He said," The horse died in the night." Indirect- He said that the horse died in the night. (6) Past Continonus Tense dks Past perfect Continuous Tense esa cny nsrs gsa Direct - He said," The students were learning their lessons." Indirect- He said that the students had been learning their lessons. (7) past perfect tense rfkk past perfect Continuous Tense esa dksbz ifjorzu ugha gksrk gsa. PC PACKAGE (WIN,WORD,EXCEL.POWER POINT) - 25- COPYRIGHT CORNELL INFORMATICS PVT LTD

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