APA Format IMPORTANT NOTE: The APA Format requires that your entire document--text, note, references--be double spaced. This Library Guide has been produced in single space in order to minimize photocopying expense. Please remember that when you produce your own APA documents, all text and reference must be double spaced. Every scholarly field has its preferred citation format or "style." The APA style, as presented in this handout, is widely accepted in the Social Sciences. The American Psychological Association (APA) citation format requires citation within the text rather than endnotes or footnotes. Citation in the text provides information, usually the name of the author and the date of publication, to lead the reader to the accompanying bibliographical entry. Complete information about each source cited in the text is supplied in a list called "References," which is placed at the end of the research paper. For example: In the text of a research paper, if the author s name is part of the narrative, include only the year of publication in the parentheses. According to Smith (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Smith, 1998). If citing a particular page or chapter of a document, include that information in the parentheses. (Smith, 1998, p. 203) (Smith, 1998, Chapter 3) At the end of the paper, in a section called "References," this entry is included in correct alphabetical order, together with other entries for works cited: Smith, P. (1998). Learning to cite using APA Style. Journal of College Writing, 6, 605-613. If there are multiple authors do the following: Two authors: (Smith & Jones, 1998) Three-five authors: (Smith, Jones, Roberts, & Clarke, 1998) Six or more authors: (Smith et al., 1998) If there is no author, use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) in the citation in the text. If it is the title of an article or chapter use quotation marks; if it is the title of a book use Italics. In the Reference List New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post. p. A12. In the Text: ( New drug, 1993)
Citation of a work discussed in a secondary source. In the Text: Seidenberg and McClelland s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) Creating a Reference List at the End of Your Paper Only a few of the APA citation rules can be demonstrated in the brief space which follows. For more detailed information you need to consult the American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6 th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. (Ref 150.149 Am35b). Copies are also on Reserve at the Circulation Desk. Books In citing BOOKS, normally arrange the information in the following order: (1) author or editor's name; (2) year of publication; (3) title of the book; (4) edition, if applicable, followed by number of volumes, if applicable; (5) place of publication; (6) publisher. By a Single Author Kimmel, M. S. (2007). The gendered society. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. By Two or More Authors DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007). Rumor psychology: Social and organizational approaches. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. By a Corporate (Group) Author American Sociological Association. (1975). Approaches to the study of social structure. New York, NY: Free Press. Edited Book Rhodewalt, F. (Ed.). (2008). Personality and social behavior. New York, NY: Psychology Press. No Author The universal declaration of human rights. (1974). Washington, DC: U.S. Catholic Conference, Division of Latin America. Articles/Chapters in Books Levi-Strauss, C. (1971). Totem and caste. In F. E. Katz (Ed.), Contemporary sociological theory (pp. 82-89). New York, NY: Random House. Article in an Encyclopedia Article with a named author: Shevell, S. K. (2000). Color vision. In A.E. Kasdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol.2, pp.182-186). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Article with no named author: Bay of Pigs invasion. (1994). In S. Auerbach (Ed.), Encyclopedia of multiculturalism (Vol. 2, pp. 249-250). New York, NY: Marshall Cavendish. Dictionary Entry Enigmatic. (2000). In American heritage dictionary of the English language (4 th ed., p. 592). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Latent learning. (2007). In G. R. VandenBos (Ed.), APA dictionary of psychology (p. 524). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2
ERIC Document (Print Copy): Apthorp, H. S. (2000). Dimensions of learning evaluation for Kirkland School District. Aurora, CO: Mid-Continent Research for Education and Learning. (ED449185) Articles in Journals In citing JOURNALS, normally arrange the information in the following order: (1) author(s); (2) Date of publication; (3) Article title; (4) Periodical title with publication information, including volume, number and page numbers. From a Journal, one author, journal paginated by volume Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924. From a Journal two or more authors (up to seven authors), journal paginated by issue: Klimonske, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. Note: If an article has more than seven authors, list the first 7 authors and then after the seventh author s name and initial, use and then the last name and first initials of the last author. Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., Smith, R.Jones, H. From a Magazine Lemonick, M. D. (1997, August 25). Spare the rod? Maybe. Time, 150(8), 65-66. Book Review, published in a journal Wegar, K. (1997). The new pediatrics: A profession in transition. [Review of the book The new pediatrics: A profession in transition]. American Journal of Sociology, 103(2), 489-491. Articles in Newspapers In citing NEWSPAPER ARTICLES, arrange the information in the same way you do JOURNAL ARTICLES (listed above). Newspaper Article Jones, S. (1997, October 19). Hit-and-run suspect commits suicide. New York Times, p. 17. No author New drug appears to sharply cut risk from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12. Newspaper Editorials, & Letters to the Editor Little progress on child abuse [Editorial]. (1997, August 17). New York Times, p. E14. Marchant, A., Arahamson, M. A., & Miller, G. (1997, April 14). Unbinding family ties [Letter to the editor]. Newsweek, p. 22. Test Reviews Test Review (print) Sandoval, J. (2003). [Review of the test Woodcock-Johnson III]. In B. S. Plake, J. C. Impara, & R. A. Spies (Eds.), The fifteenth mental measurements yearbook (pp. 1024-1028). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements Test Review (online) Newmann, D. L., & Rust, J. O. (1989). [Review of the test A.S.S.E.T.S A survey of students educational talents and skills]. In J. C. Conoley & J. J. Kramer (Eds.), The tenth mental measurements yearbook. Retrieved from EBSCO Mental Measurement Yearbook database. *Dates of Mental Measurements Yearbooks: 9th-1985; 10th-1989; 11th-1992; 12th-1995; 13th-1998; 14th- 2001; 15th-2003; 16th-2005; 17th-2007. 3
Charts, Tables and Graphs If you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or table, from some other source, you must provide a special note at the bottom of the item that includes copyright information. If you are submitting your work for publication or if your work is a dissertation or master s thesis you should also submit written permission along with your work. If your work is a paper submitted for course work, permission is not necessary. In either case, begin the citation with Note. Note. From Experiences of peer aggression and parental attachment are correlated in adolescence, by R.M. Earl and N.R. Burns, 2009, Personality and Individual Differences, 47, p. 751. Copyright 2009 by Copyright Holder. Reprinted with permission. If permission is not sought, substitute Permission not sought in place of Reprinted with permission. Video Uniview Worldwide (Producer) & Staveley-Taylor, H. (Director) (2006). Introduction to designing experiments [DVD]. Available from http://cambridge.films.com/ Electronic Resources Electronic Citations in Text: Cite electronic resources in the text as you would other documents (see above). However if citing a particular part of a document which has no page numbers, include the paragraph (para.) or section heading with the number of the paragraph. Use paragraph number or section heading with the number of the paragraph. (Myers, 2000, para. 5) (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para.1) A document on a Web site: Authors and date provided; part of a larger Web site: Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html No Author or date; stand-alone document: GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/ Electronic Books: Book from a website: Sanger, M. (1920). Woman and the new race. Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/1013/. Book from a database: Oster, G. D. (2006). Life as a psychologist: Career choices and insights. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Retrieved from Greenwood Digital Collection database. Article, entry, or chapter from an online reference book: From a database: Fraley, R.C. (2007). Attachment theory. In R.F. Baumeister & K.D. Vohs (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social psychology. Retrieved from Sage e-reference. 4
From a Web site, no date, no author, no editor: Reciprocity (n.d.). In Merriam Webster online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/reciprocity. Article in an Internet-only journal: Campbell, A. (2007). Emotional intelligence, coping and psychological distress: A partial least squares approach to developing a predictive model. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 3 (2), 39-54. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/view/91/117. Electronic copy of a journal article retrieved from a database: Since online materials can potentially change URL's, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available. DOI's are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many-but not all-publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page of the document. If you are unable to identify a DOI use the format shown below*. Article with DOI: Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. doi:10.1037.0021-9010.78.3.443 *Article without DOI: Scroggins, W. A., Thomas, S. L., & Morris, J. A. (2008). Psychological testing in personnel selection, Part II: The refinement of methods and standards in employee selection. Public Personnel Management, 37(2), 185-199. Retrieved from Academic OneFile database. Electronic copy of a thesis or dissertation from a database: Rockey, R. (2008). An observational study of pre-service teachers classroom management strategies. Retrieved from Proquest Dissertations and Theses database. (AAT 3303545) Electronic copy of an abstract obtained from a secondary database: Fournier, M., de Ridder, D., & Bensing, J. (1999). Optimism and adaptation to multiple sclerosis: What does optimism mean? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 303-326. Abstract retrieved from PsycINFO database. Klassen, R. M. (2004). A cross-cultural investigation of the efficacy beliefs of South Asian immigrant and Anglo Canadian nonimmigrant early adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96, 731-742. Abstract retrieved from the ERIC database. (EJ685035). Electronic copy of technical reports obtained through ERIC online Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. Retrieved from the ERIC database. (ED346082) Citing Email Communications: Email communications should be cited as personal communications in the text only (no reference necessary) in the following format: L. A. Chafez (personal communication, March 28, 1999) Many of the citations given in this handout were culled from the American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6 th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. (Ref 150.149 Am35b). If you have trouble finding the right form for your citation, please ask a reference librarian for help. How to Use\APA Format. PW: rev.7/2013 5