REVIEW: SENTENCE ADVERBS Occur at the beginning, middle, end Beginning or end = comma Middle Position After Be verb: I am basically in favor of that. After modals: I have to basically agree with the plan. Before other verbs: I basically agree with the plan.
REVIEW: FOCUS ADVERBS Focus adverbs emphasize or focus on a word or phrase. They go before the word or phrase focused on. Only men help. Men is the focus men (no women) are allowed to help Men only help. Help is the focus men help and that s it, that s all they can do
EXERCISE 3: FOCUS ADVERBS Remember, the adverb goes before the focus. 1.A focus on serve 2.B focus on men 3.A focus on she (Samantha) 4.B focus on favor 5.B focus on don t agree 6.A focus on support
REVIEW: NEGATIVE ADVERBS If the sentence begins with a negative adverb Be verb + subject (inversion) Seldom is he on time. Form of Do + subject + other verb (simple present/past) Rarely do women make a career of the military. Perfect forms: auxiliary + subject + verb Never had I heard such a strange idea.
REVIEW: NEGATIVE ADVERBS Not only AND but also Not only comes first Not only is she beautiful, but she is also very smart. Not only should we allow that, but we should also encourage it. How do you know where to place the but and also? But is a coordinating conjunction so it will come right after the comma of the dependent clause. Also is an adverb so follow the same rules as sentence adverbs
EXERCISE 4: NEGATIVE ADVERBS 2. Rarely do women fight alongside men in the military. 3. In no way is military service useless. 4. Neither will poverty (be completely eliminated) 5. Not only do we need to stop global warming, but we also need to find new energy sources. 6. Never had it occurred to me that SUVs, could harm the environment.
ADVERB CLAUSES Week 12: Monday, May 13, 2013
ANNOUNCEMENTS Homework: Typed review due today Please submit to me via email as soon as possible Unit 15 Packet: Due tomorrow, May 14 Unit 18 Packet: Due Thursday, May 16 Just finish as much as you can Computer lab tomorrow! Final practice session for job charting before test on Thursday May, 16 Career Conference this Wednesday, May 15
AGENDA Unit 19 : Adverb Clauses
WHAT IS A CLAUSE? A clause is a group of words with at least one SUBJECT and one VERB. Groups of words that do not have subjects and verbs are just phrases. Are the following examples clauses or phrases? 1.) In the morning. 2.) The shiny red one. 3.) My birthday is next week. 4.) The line was very long.
A CLOSER LOOK--- There are two types of clauses: INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT. Just like people, INDEPENDENT Clauses can stand on their own, but DEPENDENT Clauses cannot. Example: I went for a walk last night. When I went for a walk last night.
DETERMINE WHETHER EACH OF THE FOLLOWING AN INDEPENDENT OR DEPENDENT CLAUSE. 1.) I cannot wait for Thanksgiving. 2.) When my sister comes over for Thanksgiving. 3.) The NBA strike may not end anytime soon. 4.) Jersey Shore is my sister s favorite show. 5.) Even though I have never seen the show. 6.) Secily is going to Palm Springs for the weekend. 7.) Before Gustavo arrived at work. 8.) Because Michael loves to write.
COMBINING CLAUSES TO MAKE SENTENCES Simple= subject, verb, one idea Compound= two independent clauses Complex= one independent and one dependent
SIMPLE SENTENCES Subject + Verb = independent clause (main clause). He hit the ball to first base. He hit the ball and ran to first base. Subject = who does the action? Contain an independent clause (main clause) only and express a single complete thought. Even though there are two verbs, the sentence expresses one complete thought.
COMPOUND SENTENCES (COORDINATION) He hit the ball to Joey, so it turned into an in-the-park homer. He hit the ball to Joey; it turned into an in-the-park homer. Contain two or more independent clauses combined together with coordinating conjunctions or semicolon. FANBOYS = Coordinating Conjunctions
Although COMPLEX SETENCES he hit the ball to Joey, it turned into an in-the-park homer. The above sentence looks like a run-on because it contains two main clauses, but when we add a subordinating conjunction to this sentence, the first sentence becomes dependent, and now we can combine the clauses together. Contains a dependent clause and an independent clause.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS WOULD MAKE THIS CLAUSE DEPENDENT IF ADDED TO THE BEGINNING? I WENT TO THE SOCCER GAME Since Before Although Until Because However Lastly When Furthermore If After As While Therefore As soon as Finally Yet So Later Afterwards
BACK TO THAT RELATIONSHIP: SENTENCE VARIETY WILL ADD DEPTH AND COMPLEXITY TO YOUR WRITING STYLE, BUT IT WILL ALSO EVOKE SUBTLE CHANGES IN MEANING. HOW DO THESE TWO SENTENCE TYPES DIFFER IN IMPLIED MEANING? compound complex He hit the ball to Joey, so it turned into an in-thepark homer. Although he hit the ball to Joey, it turned into an in-the-park homer.
EITHER CLAUSE CAN COME FIRST I passed the final exam even though I didn t study. Even though I didn t study, I passed the final exam. Laura always gets sunburnt because she never wears sunscreen. Because she never wears sunscreen, Laura always gets sunburnt.
ADVERB CLAUSES Adverb clauses are dependent clauses They indicate how, when, where, why, or under what conditions things happen. They can also introduce a contrast. Adverb clauses begin with a subordinating conjunction (adverb) which can be a single word or phrase. Single: although, while, when, etc. Phrase: as soon as, by the time, now that, etc.
ADVERB CLAUSE STRUCTURE Adverb clauses can come before, after, or inside an independent clause. Adverb clause: when she go to high school Independent clause : her ability was remarkable. Let s combine them the three different ways When she got to high school, her ability was remarkable. Her ability was remarkable when she got to high school. Her ability when she got to high school was remarkable.
ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME = WHEN She ll earn a good salary once she starts working every day. Once means starting from the moment something happens When will she start earning a good salary? I ll wait here until/till they arrive. Same meaning but till is informal and used more in conversation. Don t use will and be going to in the dependent clause to show future time. We ll leave when they will get here.
ADVERB CLAUSES OF PLACE = WHERE Indicate where something happens Anywhere, everywhere, where, wherever, etc. Professional sports are played where there are big stadiums. Where are professional sports played? Major athletes are popular wherever they go. Where are major athletes popular?
ADVERB CLAUSES OF REASON = WHY She won the medal because she had practiced tirelessly. Why did she win the medal? Since = reason and time Since Anna doesn t like sports, she refused to go to the game. Why did Anna reuse to go to the game? Barry has played sports since he entered high school. When did Barry start playing sports?
ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION = UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS SOMETHING HAPPENS Even if = no matter what; the result will be the same Even if he practices constantly, he won t make the team. Unless = something will happen or be true if another thing does not happen or isn t true. Unless you train a great deal, you won t be a champion. In case = to be prepared for a possible future happening We d better take along some extra money in case we run into difficulties.
ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONDITION = UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS SOMETHING HAPPENS Only if = only one condition will produce the result Bi-Yun will make the team only if another athlete drops. If a sentence begins with only if, the subject and verb of the main clause are inverted (verb + subject) and no comma. Only if another athlete drops out will Bi- Yun make the team.
ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONTRAST Makes a contrast with idea in main clause Although, even though, though = unexpected result. Even though she is tall, she doesn t score much. What was unexpected? Why? I didn t study for the quiz, although I passed. What was unexpected? Why? Use commas in first or second position. Though he is quite young, he was selected for the team. He was selected for the team, though he is quite young.
ADVERB CLAUSES OF CONTRAST While or where as = make a direct contrast Whereas downhill skiing is very expensive, cross-country skiing is cheap. What are they contrasting? Whereas = formal She plays soccer for a living, while he plays basketball for a living. What are they contrasting? While indicates contrast and time Contrast: While they lost the game, they played their best. Time: We ate while we were watching the game.
EXERCISE 1: DISCOVER THE GRAMMAR PG. 329 Underline the dependent clause once and write the type of clause it is. In my answers, I m only going to show you the dependent clause and identify the type. 2. While sports may look good on the surface = Contrast 3. Because he penalized a player in the 2008 European Championships = reason 4. When the Olympic games started 2,700 years ago in Greece = time 5. If an enemy was chasing you = condition
EXERCISE 1 6. Although athletes still try to achieve their personal best = contrast 7. Until I remembered the key factor: players salaries = time 8. Though it s not really a bargain at an average ticket cost of $27 = contrast 9. Wherever we look = place 10. Once we assume violence is inevitable = time
EXERCISE 3: COMBINING SENTENCES Combine each pair of sentences into one sentence containing an adverb clause and a main clause. Keep the clauses in the same order. Add necessary punctuation. More than one adverb may be possible, but you only need to select one. Identify the type of adverb you need first and then you can determine which one(s) to use 2. Contrast Although (though, even though, while) Greek city states were often at war with one another, Olympic contestants stopped fighting during the games.
EXERCISE 3 3. Time - The ancient Olympic games were outlawed by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I after they had been held for over 1,000 years. 4. Reason He outlawed them in 393 because (or since) the Romans thought the Greeks wore too few clothes. 5. Reason French educator Pierre de Coubertin revived the Olympics since (or because) he thought they would promote international peace.
EXERCISE 3 6. Time/Reason Tug-of-war dropped from the Olympics in 1920 after (because, since) American and British athletes disagreed about how it should be played. 7. Time - New Olympic sports often first appear as demonstrations events before they are adopted as medal sport. 8. Condition Any sport can potentially become a medal event if (provided that) it can be scored and fulfills certain criteria.
EXERCISE 4: WRITING ADVERB CLAUSES Look at the pictures. Complete the sentence describing each picture with an adverb clause. Use a different subordinating (adverb) conjunction in each clause. 1. The sharks will win the game if the player makes the basket. 2. The other team can t win unless the payer misses the basket. 3. Although the blues are losing, their fans still love them.
EXERCISE 4 4. The players are doing their best even though very few people are watching. 5. Because the slope was icy, the competition was postponed. 6. The competition won t be held until the conditions improve.