The Book of Changes A Modern Adaptation & Interpretation Paul G. Fendos, Jr. Vernon Series in Philosophy
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Table of Contents Major periods of Chinese history Divisions of the Book of Changes (Yijing 易經 ) Hexagram names List of tables Foreword v vii ix xi xiii 1. Introduction 1 2. Origins of the Book of Changes 5 3. A philosophy of change 21 4. Hexagram line texts 33 5. Application and explanation 169 6. Summary 181 Works cited 185 Notes 189 Index 269
Major periods of Chinese history Xia Dynasty 2100-1600 BCE Shang Dynasty 1576-1045 BCE Zhou Dynasty 1045-256 BCE (Western Zhou 1045-771 BCE) (Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE) (Spring and Autumn Period 771-476 BCE) (Warring States Period 403-221 BCE) Qin Dynasty 221-206 BCE Han Dynasty 206 BCE-220 CE (Western Han 206 BCE-9) (Eastern Han 25-220) Three Kingdoms Period 220-265 Northern & Southern Dynasties 220-589 Sui Dynasty 581-618 Tang Dynasty 618-907 Five Dynasties 907-960 Ten Kingdoms 902-979 Northern & Southern Song Dynasty 960-1279 Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty 1279-1368 Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 Qing (Manchu) Dynasty 1644-1911 Republic of China 1911-present People s Republic of China 1949-present
Divisions of the Book of Changes (Yijing 易經 ) Zhouyi ( 周易 ) Basic Text (Jing 經 ) 64 Hexagrams (Liushisi gua 六十四卦 ) Hexagram Names (Gua ming 卦名 ) Decisions/Judgments/Tuan 彖. (Hexagram Texts Gua ci 卦辭 ) Line Texts (Yao ci 爻辭 ) Ten Wings (Shi yi 十翼 ) Commentaries (Zhuan 傳 ) Commentary on Decisions (Tuan zhuan 彖傳 ), Parts 1 & 2 Commentary on Images (Xiang zhuan 象傳 ), Hexagram Images & Line Images (Da xiang 大象 & Xiao xiang 小象 ) Great Treatise (Da zhuan 大傳 ), Parts 1 & 2 (Also called Commentary to Appended Judgments/Xici zhuan 繫辭傳 ) Commentary on Words of Text (Wenyan zhuan 文言傳 ) Commentary on Trigrams (Shuogua zhuan 說卦傳 ) Commentary on Hexagram Sequence (Xugua zhuan 序卦傳 ) Miscellaneous Commentaries (Notes) on Hexagrams (Zagua zhuan 雜卦傳 )
Hexagram names 1. Expansion 33. Withdrawal 2. Acquiescence 34. Overbearing Power 3. Initial Difficulty 35. Advancing Interests 4. Youthful Ignorance 36. Concealing Oneself 5. Danger 37. Family Order 6. Conflict 38. Estrangement 7. Waging Battle 39. Encountering Obstacles 8. Mutual Trust 40. Relief from Obstacles 9. Limited Sway 41. Cutting Back (Decrease) 10. Correct Conduct 42. Intensifying Effort (Increase) 11. Harmonious Prosperity 43. Resolute Action 12. Stagnation 44. Self Control 13. Community 45. Anxiety 14. Wealth 46. Advancement (Promotion) 15. Humility 47. Affliction 16. Excess 48. The Source (Well) 17. Following the Greater Good 49. Change 18. Honoring Parents 50. Political Power 19. Overseeing 51. Shock 20. Contemplation 52. Restraint 21. Reckoning 53. (Gradual) Exposure 22. Proper Demeanor 54. Binding Relationships 23. Self-Inflicted Harm 55. Abundance 24. Return to Rectitude 56. Wandering 25. The Unexpected (Chance) 57. Compliance 26. Greater Control 58. Expropriation 27. Subsistence 59. Dissolution 28. Over Extension 60. Limitations 29. Dangerous Pitfalls 61. Inner Trust 30. The Passing of Time 62. Lowering Expectations 31. Sway (Influence) 63. Completed Action 32. Social (Moral) Constancy 64. Incompleted Action
List of tables Table 2.1: Examples of early numeric gua 12 Table 2.2: Ancient source materials on divination and Book of Changes 13 Table 2.3: Timeline for development of Book of Changes 17 Table 3.1: Five phases' correlations 30 Table 3.2: Mutually producing order of Pre-Han rulers 31 Table 3.3: Mutually conquering order of Pre-Han rulers 31 Table 3.4: Categories of line text materials 32 Table 5.1: Changing lines and Changing hexagrams 179 Table 6.1: Quality of line text interpretations in this book 183
Foreword I have known Dr. Paul Fendos over thirty years, dating back to the Spring semester of 1981 when he was a graduate student in East Asian Languages & Literature at the University of Wisconsin Madison and an enrollee in a course I was teaching at that time Chinese Philosophical Texts. He had recently returned from East Asia, having finished a period of study at the Yonsei University Graduate Department of Chinese in the Republic of Korea. Because his main interests lay in the classical period of Chinese literature, specifically philosophical prose, he chose me as his graduate advisor and a long period as my student, colleague, and friend began. From the beginning, it was clear that Paul had a special interest in the Book of Changes. The central philosophical work of the Chinese tradition, I remember well the many discussions we had on it in my office. These discussions laid the foundation for his main area of graduate research, research which culminated in May of 1988 with the completion of his dissertation, Fei Chih s Place in the Development of I-ching Studies, for which he received a Doctorate of Philosophy. It comes as no surprise to me, then, that Paul continued to be engaged in studying the Book of Changes after graduation, or that it led to him writing this new work, The Book of Changes: A Modern Adaptation and Interpretation. The Book of Changes: A Modern Adaptation and Interpretation takes a novel approach to understanding the Book of Changes. Gone is the emphasis on divination and the correlative Yin/Yang system that served as its foundations during the last 2,000 years. In its place are a set of sixty-four newly fashioned patterns of change that are the core of what Paul refers to as a modern Chinese philosophy of change. The book sets out to give an account of what this philosophy of change is in three stages: first by setting forth a clear timeline explaining the origins and early development of the Book of Changes (chapters 2-3); then by fashioning what Paul refers to as metaphorical interpretations of the line texts in the Zhouyi (or Basic Text) portion of the Book of Changes (chapter 4); and finally by showing how the patterns of change embodied in those interpretations might be used in better understanding the dynamics of everyday situations and circumstances and the problems they often engender (chapter 5). The timeline on the origins and early development of the Book of Changes, something I believe will be especially useful and interesting to readers without a basic understanding of the background of the Book of Changes, is unlike
xiv Foreword many such timelines because it takes some clear positions on important issues that might not be attempted by others. A good example of this centers on the question of when hexagrams in the Book of Changes transformed from numeric diagrams to diagrams written using Yin/Yang lines. Extrapolating on archaeological evidence from the Zhou Dynasty, Paul argues that this change occurred sometime during the Eastern Zhou, perhaps as late as the 4 th century BCE a unique if not bold assertion, one which upends a common belief in the more ancient origins of the Yin/Yang and their place in the Book of Changes. However, the metaphorical interpretations of the Zhouyi line texts are the centerpiece of this work and the part that will probably most interest students and scholars of the Book of Changes. Drawing on primary source materials that span the length of Chinese history, along with more recent modernist ideas and theories on the meanings of the line texts, Paul has fashioned engaging and documented explanations of these materials, explanations that are easily adapted to different situations and circumstances four examples of which he provides. During a period when knowledge of China and things Chinese is in increasingly greater demand, it is clear The Book of Changes: A Modern Adaptation and Interpretation is an attempt to instill new life into an ancient Chinese text. I believe Paul has succeeded admirably in doing so, in a book that is both stimulating and enjoyable to read. Tsai-fa Cheng 鄭再發 Emeritus Professor University of Wisconsin Madison
To Cheng Tsai-fa 鄭再發 Special thanks go out to a number of people for their help with this book. For taking the time to read and comment on my manuscript Professor Edward Shaughnessy (University of Chicago), Emeritus Professor Kidder Smith (Bowdoin College), Emeritus Professor Yang Lee (Gyeongsang National University [ROK]/Haskins Laboratories, Yale University), and Dr. Ronald Roberts (retired, University of San Francisco). For facilitating the publication of this book Carolina Sanchez, Argiris Legatos, and Javier Rodriguez, all of Vernon Press. And for their comments and suggestions on preparing my manuscript Dr. Catherine Marie Pulling (Normandale Community College) and Dr. Justin Eric Fendos (Fudan University [PRC]).
The hexagrams represent situations, the lines the stages of these situations. Separated into three, then doubled, they suffice to include the many patterns. Extended and expanded on, drawing analogies and increasing, all possible things in the world are encompassed in them. 夫卦者, 事也 爻者, 事之時也 分三而又兩之, 足以包括衆理 引而 伸之, 觸類而長之, 天下之能事畢矣 Cheng Yi s (1033-1107) Commentary on the Changes Hexagram 3, Zhūn, Image commentary to Line 6 易程傳 1.22b, 屯卦上六象
1. Introduction Joseph Needham once referred to Richard Wilhelm s translation 1 of the Book of Changes as a sinological maze. He was, of course, talking about the organizational structure of Wilhelm s translation and how unnecessarily complicated and repetitive he thought it was. 2 But he could just as easily have been talking about the content of the Book of Changes. In any form, but especially in translations meant for the non-specialist Western reader, the Book of Changes is an enigma. Full of cryptic textual material and burdened by a system of correlative associations connecting hexagrams and their constituent trigrams and lines with a variety of natural or social phenomena and imagery, this work is of such complexity and difficulty that many Western readers, unable to really understand it, simply see and use it as a divinatory text. A manual for fortune telling, if you would, something that lies open on the living room floor as interested readers sit and toss coins or count out yarrow stalks 3 in their search for answers to pressing questions. As will be shown, the Book of Changes did indeed originate in ancient China as a divinatory text. And throughout its history, the vast majority of Chinese scholars of this work, recognized and otherwise, espoused its divinatory function. Nevertheless, the Book of Changes today is not seen just as a manual for fortune telling. Its origins can be traced back almost three millennia. For scholars and students of Chinese civilization, therefore, it serves as a window to the past, a repository of culture and customs waiting to be discovered. Generally considered the central classic of Chinese philosophical literature, it also functions as a door to better understanding traditional Chinese philosophy, especially Confucianism and Daoism, the disparate systems of thought which are reflected in the three most prominent traditional Chinese commentaries of this text that have survived to this day. 4 Yet, in spite of its age, the Book of Changes is far from being a mere relic of years gone by, and much more than simply a source on China s past. In fact, to the present-day readers inhabiting our rapidly shrinking world, a world in which interactions with others can increasingly impact if not directly determine the advantages or disadvantages that are to be found in everyday situations or circumstances, the Book of Changes is as useful as if not more useful than it has ever been, especially if one is looking for the kind of knowledge
2 Chapter 1 or wisdom that will contribute to deciding how best to respond to and adapt to change. It is from just such a vantage point that this book looks at the Book of Changes, aiming, along the way, to introduce to the reader a philosophy of change, albeit one that takes a somewhat different approach to understanding and responding to such change than might normally be associated with this ancient work. Much has already been written about the Book of Changes. Countless Chinese commentaries on this work have been authored since it became a focus of the Chinese mind. Like Laozi s (fl. 6 th cent. BCE) Daodejing and the Analects of Confucius (551-479 BCE), it is a text that many Chinese can either quote from or know something about. Scholarly theses aiming to clarify or expound on some aspect of Book of Changes studies, as well as translations or interpretations of the text itself, can also be found in many different non- Chinese languages. So, whether one looks at a list of the most popular or the most influential works ever written, this classical Chinese text is sure to be somewhere in the mix. One might, of course, quite naturally then ask what another book can add to all that has already been written. The answer is a simple one. China is again on the rise and China and things Chinese have become the object of more and closer examination. Consequently, now seems the best of times to look at the Book of Changes from the different perspective that this book offers. One final matter, this on the use of the word modern in the title of this book. In their early dealings with China, especially during the 19 th century, Western countries generally viewed China and its culture as backwards, if not semi-barbarous or heathen, and in need of major reform (even proselytization). Clearly, this was part of a rationalization to subjugate China and incorporate it into their expanding empires. These countries and the people who represented them brought to China an attitude of arrogance and selfrighteousness, an obstinate smugness perhaps exceeded only by China s overconfidence in its own moral and cultural preeminence. Ultimately, steampowered Western gunships settled the contest, and China was dragged along unwillingly by the West in an attempt to create a country more in the West s own image. During this era of imperialism, the West equated its own culture and much that was associated with it to all that was desirable and good. This struggle for cultural hegemony stopped after the Revolution of 1949 when China closed its doors to the outside world. But it has only really been since 1978 when China began to implement new economic policies and slowly reopened those doors that this condescending attitude of superiority among many Westerners has started to change. In much of the argument surrounding this clash of cultures, the word modern has often been bandied around as if it was one of the defining character-
Introduction 3 istics of Western superiority, its concomitant lack in China being the reason for China s own backwardness. In this book the term modern is used in a much more narrowly defined way, as reflecting a standard of rationality wherein the mysterious (or mystical ) numerological system on which Book of Changes divination is based is not seen as a reliable index or method of forecast for future events, and the Book of Changes itself is seen as something more than that manual of divination mentioned above. Such a standard precludes the possibility of explaining Book of Changes divination yarrow stalk counting or coin tossing even within the context of chance hits and the principle of synchronicity that is sometimes used to explain them, 5 i.e., [as] coincidences of events in space and time [as] something more than mere chance [but states of] peculiar interdependence of objective events among themselves as well as with the subjective (psychic) states of the observer or observers [interpreting them]. 6 Nevertheless, this more reasoned approach does contribute to bringing the Book of Changes back to life as something relevant to our time and day, not as a reliable barometer of future events, but as a guide of sorts, a semi-codified system that helps one understand change in one s life, even if that system is centered around the limited number of models or patterns for such change that will be introduced in this book.
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188 Works cited Smith, Richard J. The I Ching: A Biography. Lives of Great Religious Books. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2012. Tianxingguan Divination Bamboo Strips (Tianxingguan bushi zhujian zhong suo jian Yi gua 天星觀卜筮竹簡中所見易卦 ). See Pu Maozuo, Vol. 2, 507-510. Waley, Arthur. The Book of Changes. Bulletin of the Museum of the Far Eastern Antiquities 5 (1933): 121-142. Wangjiatai Qin Bamboo Strip Guicang (Wangjiatai Qin jian Guicang 王家臺秦簡歸藏 ). Pu Maozuo, Vol. 2, 773-778. Wang Xianqian 王先謙. Xunzi jijieh 荀子集解. Wang Xianqian jijieh 集解, Yang Jing 楊倞 zhu 注. From Vol. 1 of Zengbu Zhongguo sixiang mingzhu 增補中國思想名著. In Zengding Zhongguo xueshu mingzhu diyi ji 增訂中國學述名著第一輯. Yang Jialuo, ed. Taibei: World Books, 1987. Wen Yiduo 文一多. Wen Yiduo quanji 文一多全集. Vol. 2.? : San Lian Books, 1982. Wilhelm, Richard. The I Ching or Book of Changes. Translated from German into English by Cary F. Baynes. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1981. Xincai Geling Chu Bamboo Strips (Xincai Geling Chu mu zhujian zhong suo jian Yi gua 新蔡葛陵楚墓竹簡中所見易卦 ). See Pu Maozuo, Vol. 2, 501-507. Yu pian 玉篇 (Daguang yihui 大廣益會 ). Sibu congkan jingbu 四部叢刊經部, Vols. 1-3. Zhang Liwen 張立文. Zhouyi sixiang yanjiu 周易思想研究. Hubei: Hubei People s Publishing 1980. Zhang Zhenglang 張政烺. Shi Zhou chu qingtongqi mingwen zhong de Yi gua 試釋周初青銅器銘文中的易卦. Kaogu xuebao 考古學報 4 (1980): 404-415. Zhouli zhushu 周禮注疏. Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 zhu 注 and Jia Gongyan 賈公彥 shu 疏 (Ruan Yuan ed.). From the Zhouli zhushu ji buzheng 周禮注疏及補正, Vol. 5 of the Shisanjing zhushu buzheng 十三經注疏補正. In Zhongguo xueshu mingzhu diliu ji 中國學述名著第六輯. Yang Jialuo, ed. Taibei: World Books, 1980. Zhouyi zhengyi 周易正義. Wang Bi 王弼 and Han Kangbo 韓康伯 zhu 注 and Kong Yingda 孔穎達 shu 疏 (Ruan Yuan ed.). From the Zhouyi zhushu ji buzheng 周易注疏及補正, Vol. 1 of Shisanjing zhushu buzheng 十三經注疏補正. In Zhongguo xueshu mingzhu diliu ji 中國學述名著第六輯. Yang Jialuo, ed. Taibei: World Books, 1987. Zhu Xi 朱熹. Yi benyi 易本義. From Vol. 2 of Zhuzi Xiaoxue ji Sishu Wujing duben 諸子小學及四書五經讀本. In Zengding Zhongguo xueshu mingzhu diyi ji 增訂中國學述名著第一輯. Yang Jialuo, ed. Taibei: World Books, 1987.
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Index 1 100 Schools of Philosophy, 21 A Annotations on the Zhouyi background information on, 16 B Baoshan Chu Bamboo Strips summary of materials in, 13 Book of Changes archaeological evidence on origins of, 10 as a door to the past, 1 as a guide, 3 as an enigma, 1 background of period when compiled, 9 collection of patterns that explains real life situations and offers prescriptions for action in dealing with them, 29 compilation of, summarized, 11 divisions of, vii jump from Zhouyi to, 9 more than a relic of the past, 1 oldest received version of, 11 origins of, 6 relevance of today, 3 symbolic representation of the world, 23 time line for development of, 17 traditional theories on development of, 5 underlying value system, situational, dealing with benefit/advantage and harm/loss, 29 C canonical classic oldest reference to Book of Changes as in Han shu, 11 change author's philosophy of, and practical application, 169 author's philosophy of, basic guidelines, 169 changing hexagram in author's philosophy of change, 169 Cheng Yi and the yi li school, 24 author of Yi Cheng zhuan, 16 Confucianism and Book of Changes commentaries, 1 Confucius reputed author of commentaries with moralizing interpretations, 10 reputed author of Ten Wings, 5 Cui (Hexagram #45) application in author's system of change, 171 cyclical universe, 21 D Daodejing reference to Yin/Yang in, 21 Daoism and Book of Changes commentaries, 1 divination early forms of, 5 types of used with Book of Changes, 3 yarrow stalk, comparison with author's philosophy of change, 178 Dong ZhongShu
270 Index and correlative world view, 23 F Fu Xi reputed author of eight trigrams, 5 Fuyang Han Bamboo Strip Zhouyi, 9 summary of materials in, 15 G Gao Heng leader of Skeptics of Antiquity, 5 Gu Jiegang leader of Skeptics of Antiquity, 5 gui or oracle bone divination, 5 Guodian Chu Bamboo Strips, 10 and the Yin/Yang, 22 summary of Book of Changes materials in, 14 H Han Xiping Stone Classic Yijing, 11 background information on, 16 Hanshu earliest reference to Book of Changes in, 16 hexagram and line texts constituent materials of, 7 show organizational design or structure, 26 hexagrams author's names for, ix theories on creation of, 5 Jinshu summary of Book of Changes related texts mentioned in, 14 J K King Xiang of Wei and the Zhouyi), 8 Kong Yingda zhengyi commentary to Book of Changes, 16 Kunst, Richard advocate of Modernist school, 5 L Legge, James influence of Modernists on, 5 Li (Hexagram #10) as Correct Conduct, 52 Li Jingchi leader of Skeptics of Antiquity, 5 line texts categories of materials in, 25 containing a system of patterns of change, 27 imagery of can be read metaphorically, 28 patterns of change and their application by author, 169 primacy of, 25 theories on creation of, 5 M Mawangdui Silk Manuscript and the Zhouyi, 9 date of, 11 earliest version of Book of Changes clearly associated with Yin/Yang lines, 9 early example of a complete Book of Changes, 10 summary of Book of Changes materials in, 15 mei bu numerical manipulation of sticks, 5 modern meaning as used by author, 2 Modernist scholars, 5
Index 271 Modernists contrasted with Traditionalists, 5 main goal of, 27 N Needham, Joseph on Wilhelm, 1 number mysticism, 23 numeric gua and attached divinatory statements, 7 and oracle bones, 7 as forerunners of hexagrams and trigrams, 6 early examples of, 6, 13 numbers associated with, 7 opposite numbers and similarities to Yin/Yang lines, 7 O omens decline of significance of meaning in Zhouyi text materials, 26 in line texts, 25 oracle bone divination, 5 oracle bones three parts of inscriptions in, 6 organismic world view of Eastern Zhou, 21 original hexagram in author's philosophy of change, 169 P proto-zhouyi text was there a, 9 Qu Wanli Q on relationships between oracle bones and hexagrams, 7 R received version of Book of Changes, formation of, 24 Rutt, Richard advocate of Modernist school, 5 on line text materials, 25 S Shang Dynasty wellspring of early divination, 21 Shanghai Museum Chu Bamboo Strip Zhouyi, 10 summary of Zhouyi materials in, 13 Shaughnessy, Edward advocate of Modernist school, 5 on line text materials, 25 shi milfoil (yarrow stalk) divination, 5 Shisanjing zhushu, 16 Song (Hexagram #6) Eastern and Western attitudes on disputes, 44 synchronicity, 3 T Tianxingguan Divination Bamboo Strips summary of materials in, 13 Traditionalists contrasted with Modernists, 5 focus of, 27 W Waley, Arthur influence of Modernists on, 5
272 Index Wang Bi and the received version of the Book of Changes, 11 author of first real yi li commentary, 24 Wangjiatai Qin Bamboo Strip Guicang, 9 summary of Zhouyi materials in, 14 Western Zhou human centered semi-feudal political order, 21 Wilhelm, Richard influence of Modernists on, 5 translation of Book of Changes, 1 X xiang shu image and number school, 24 scholars, early examples of, 24 Xincai Geling Chu Bamboo Strips summary of materials in, 13 Y yarrow stalk divination, 169 yi li ethics and reason/meaning pattern school, 24 scholars, early examples of, 24 Yin/Yang correlative system, 22 lines and how they developed from numeric gua, 22 lines in the Zuo Commentary, 8 origins of terms, 21 Qian and Kun, 38 Z Zhang Zhenglang on significance of numeric gua, 6 Zhong fu (Hexagram #61) application in author's system of change, 173 Zhouyi and Jungian archetypes, 27 content and date of, 8, 9 example of intractable nature of line text material in, 54 hexagram and line text materials, 25 textual evidence in the archaeological record, 9 Zhu Xi author of Yi benyi, 16 central role in establishing standard process for divination, 169 li and synthesis of xiang shu and yi li schools, 24 Zou Yan and Essential Natures of the Five Emperors, 22 Naturalist philosopher, 22 Zuo Commentary examples and dates of Book of Changes divination in, 8 moralizing nature of Book of Changes materials in, 8, 10 summary of Book of Changes materials in, 14