U N I T 1a. Circle the best answer for numbers 1a/1b - 4a/4b. If you don t know, guess. 1a. The Galaxy smartphone is made by (Apple / Samsung / Sony). 1b. It was (the worst / the most popular / the least popular) smartphone in the world in 2012 - two thousand twelve. 1c. 1d. 受動態の分詞構文 2a. Japan was beaten in men s soccer by South Korea in the 2012 (World Cup / Olympics / Asian Cup). 2b. We came in (fourth / fifth / last). 2c. 2d. 3a. The 2012 Olympics were hosted by (China / the UK / Brazil). 3b. They were (exciting / boring / a little disappointing for Japan). 3c. 3d. 4a. Harrods is located in (London / Tokyo / New York). 4b. It is one of the most famous (train stations / department stores / museums) in the world. 4c. 4d. 受動態の分詞構文 / passive voice past participle phrases 299
1b. Read sentences a and b below: a. The iphone is made by Apple. b. It is very popular in Japan. a and b are two statements about the iphone. They can be connected with the conjunction and : c. The iphone is made by Apple and it is very popular in Japan. d. Made by Apple, the iphone is very popular in Japan. Sentences c and d have the same meaning. However, sentence d starts with the past participle verb made. The connection between made and the iphone is very important. What is made by Apple? The iphone. Starting sentences with past participle verbs is different from the typical SV English sentence beginning. Starting with past participle verbs can give variety to the way you write. However, this technique should not be overused. In a normal-sized paragraph, it is recommended that you use it only once. More than once can sound forced and unnatural. In this lesson, we will practice making three types of sentence with such past participle verb beginnings. The first type is two statements connected by and, like in sentence c above. Although and is dropped in d, its meaning remains. 1c. Go back to exercise 1a on the last page. Rewrite sentences 1a and 1b in 1c by combining them with the conjunction and, like in c above. Finally, rewrite 1c in 1d starting with the past participle form of the verb. Don t forget the comma. Do the same for numbers 2c/2d, 3c/3d, and 4c/4d. 300 Lesson
2a. Let s Review: So far, we ve learned that we can start sentences with verbs in their past participle form: Made by Apple, the ipad is very popular. This sentence shows two statements about the ipod which are connected by and : The ipad is made by Apple and it is very popular. Next, let s look at two more ways to connect sentences that start with past participle verb beginnings - using when and because : 受動態の分詞構文 6a. When Mount Everest is seen from a distance, it looks small. 6b. Seen from a distance, Mount Everest looks small. 6b starts from the past participle verb seen. when is dropped, but its meaning remains. S V 7a. Because Ponta was scared by a frog, he jumped on the chair. 7b. Scared by a frog, Ponta jumped on the chair. 7b starts from the past participle verb scared. because is dropped, but its meaning remains. Look at the next page and practice. S V 受動態の分詞構文 / passive voice past participle phrases 301
2b. Look at example 1 below (and picture I on the next page).: 1., Tina couldn't get back to her hotel. ( ) Tina couldn t get back to her hotel. Why? Because she was confused by the map. Thus, we can write; Confused by the map, Tina couldn t get back to her hotel. (Because she was...) We can connect these two sentences with because - Because she was confused by the map, Tina couldn t get back to her hotel. Finish sentences 2-10 below by choosing from the choices on the next page. Start all your sentences with a past participle verb. Also, think about the meaning of each sentence and write and..., When... or Because... in parentheses. Sometimes, either when or because are O.K. 2. _ Niagara Falls is one of the largest waterfalls in the world. ( ) 3. _ the Statue of Liberty is a popular tourist spot. ( ) 4. _ the sound of a train is very nostalgic to some people. ( ) 5. _ the Walkman was popular in the 1980s. ( ) 6. _ Trisha thought about quitting soccer. ( ) 7. _ little Billy started to cry. ( ) 8. _ the Earth looks very peaceful. ( ) 9. _ Dave had to spend the night in jail. ( ) 10. _ Japan is a safe country. ( ) 302 Lesson
It is seen from space. A H 受 動 態 の 分 詞 構 文 It is heard in the distance. B It was invented by Sony. I G It is set on Liberty Island. He was arrested for hitting a cop. She was confused by the map. C J It is compared to America. F She was benched by the coach. It is located in Canada. D E He was scolded by his teacher. 受動態の分詞構文 / passive voice past participle phrases 303
3. As mentioned before, starting sentences with past participle verbs can give variety to your sentence beginnings. Such sentences often come at the beginning of a paragraph. Read the story below: Heard in the distance, the sound of a train is very nostalgic to some people. When I was a child, I remember going to bed at night and hearing a train far away. Somehow, it made me feel very comfortable and safe to be in bed. So when I hear a train in the distance now, it reminds me of my childhood. How about you? What makes you feel nostalgic? As you can see, the first sentence, which starts with a past participle verb, shows the main idea of the paragraph. It tells the reader what the paragraph is about. Now it s your turn. Using one of the sentences which you completed on the last page, write a short paragraph. Start the paragraph with that sentence, then give some details like in the paragraph above. If you want, you can start the paragraph with a completely original sentence, but make sure it has the same structure as the sentences on the last page and make sure that the subjects are the same. In this lesson, you ve learned how to start sentences with a past participle verb. Some are combined by and, some by when and some by because. In all cases, the word being can be put at the beginning: Being made by Apple, the ipad is very popular. Being seen from a distance, Mount Everest seems small. Being scared by a frog, Ponta jumped on a chair. However, being can be (and often is) dropped. 304 Lesson
4a. A very important thing is to be able to know when to use past participles and when to use present participles (~ing) to start your sentences. Remember that for present participles, the subject is doing the action whereas for past participles, the subject is receiving the action. Look at the examples below: 1. Smiling, the baby grabbed my hand. S Who did the action (smile)? The baby. The subject (the baby) did the action (smile). Thus, the sentence started with the present participle (~ing). 受動態の分詞構文 4b. 2. Delivered quickly, the pizza was hot and delicious. S Who did the action (deliver)? The man. The subject (the pizza) received the action (deliver). Thus, the sentence started with the past participle (~ed). In the next exercise, think about the connection between the verb and the subject. If the subject is doing the action, write the present participle verb at the beginning of each sentence. If the subject is receiving the action, write (Being) + the past participle verb. The subjects have been underlined. (fighting / fought) 1. every day, Manuel and Shelly decided to break up. (taking / taken) 2. at night, this picture shows downtown Los Angeles. (enjoying / enjoyed) 3. by millions of people around the world, Mozart s music will live forever. 受動態の分詞構文 / passive voice past participle phrases 305
(riding / ridden) 4. on horseback, the police patrol the busy streets of London. (making / made) 5. eye contact, Bonnie and Clyde said hello. (boring / bored) 6., Alanis decided to watch some TV. (teaching / taught) 7. by a friendly ALT from Australia, the English class was really fun. (making / made) 8. by a crazy chef, our dinner tasted strange. (having / had) 9. some coffee, the business team waited for their appointment. (forcing / forced) 10. to wear a tuxedo by his parents, little Billy couldn t relax at all. (ignoring / ignored) 11. Completely by her boyfriend, Sally was so bored. (watching / watched) 12. by the big bad wolf, Little Red Riding Hood was in danger. 306 Lesson
5a. Let s review: So far in this lesson, we ve mainly talked about starting sentences with past participle verbs. There are three meanings: 1. two statements connected by and : 1a. The Galaxy smartphone is made by Samsung and it s very popular in America. 1b. Made by Samsung, the Galaxy smartphone is very popular in America. 2. when : 2a. When Mount Everest is seen from a distance, it looks very small. 2b. Seen from a distance, Mount Everest looks very small. 3. because : 3a. Because she was confused by the map, Tina couldn t get back to her hotel. 3b. Confused by the map, Tina couldn t get back to her hotel. And remember that the word being can be put in front of 1b, 2b, and 3b: 1b. Being made by Samsung,... 2b. Being seen from a distance,... 3b. Being confused by the map,... 受動態の分詞構文 The word being implies that both actions are happening or were happening at the same time: Samsung makes the Galaxy smartphone now and the Galaxy smartphone is popular now. Mount Everest is seen now and it looks small now. Tina was confused by the map last week and she couldn t get back to her hotel last week. 受動態の分詞構文 / passive voice past participle phrases 307
But look at the next sentence: 4a. The Great Wall of China was built more than 2000 years ago and it became a popular tourist spot in the 20th century. These two statements didn t happen at the same time. The wall was built more than 2000 years ago. Many years later, it became a popular tourist spot. Therefore, we cannot say, Being built... because being implies that the two actions are happening (or happened) at the same time. When there is a time difference between the two sentences, it s necessary to say, Having been (built)... 4b. (Having been) built more than 2000 years ago, the Great Wall of China became a popular tourist spot in the 20th century. As with being, having been can be dropped from the sentence: 4c. Built more than 2000 years ago, the Great Wall of China became a popular tourist spot in the 20th century. 5b. Thus, it s necessary to guess based on context whether being or having been should be used. Look at the next five sentences and write Being or Having been at the start. Think about whether the two statements are happening at the same time or if there is a time gap between them. 1. founded in 1937, the Toyota Motor Company grew into one of the biggest car companies in the world. 2. reunited in 1990, Germany became the strongest economy in Europe. 3. set in Transylvania, Dracula introduced us to the world of vampires. 4. written by George Lucas, the Star Wars saga told the story of Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader. 5. painted by Leonardo da Vinci, the Mona Lisa became the most famous painting in the world. 308 Lesson