10/10/17 Everything You Wanted to Know About Color Vision Disclosure In the past my lab has received support from Zeavision and from JIN Optical Professor, Director of Research UMSL College of Optometry Basic anatomy and physiology Cone Photoreceptors Photoreceptors/pigments Ganglion cells Cortex http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part- iii- retinal- circuits/cone- pathways- through- the- retina/ Ganglion Cells Afterimages 1
Visual Cortex X https://image.slidesharecdn.com/04cvisualsignalprocessingcolorvision- 100618001618- phpapp02/95/04c- visual- signal- processing- color- vision- 43-728.jpg?cb=1276820249 Congenital Color Vision Deficits Protan Deutan Tritan Red Geen Blue http://digimuseo.joensuu.fi/index.php?lang=en&menuitem=6§i=27 Acquired Color Vision Deficits Diseases Toxicity Stroke 2
Diseases Diabetes Glaucoma Macular degeneration Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease Other acquired color deficits Medications. Drugs used to treat heart problems, high blood pressure, infections, nervous disorders and psychological problems can affect color vision. Aging. The ability to see colors can gradually lessen with age. Chemical Exposure. Contact with certain chemicals, such as fertilizers and styrene, have been known to cause loss of color vision. https://www.aoa.org/patients- and- public/eye- and- vision- problems/glossary- of- eye- and- vision- conditions/color- deficiency https://www.aoa.org/patients- and- public/eye- and- vision- problems/glossary- of- eye- and- vision- conditions/color- deficiency Stroke Other diseases associated with color deficits Multiple sclerosis Chronic alcoholism Leukemia Sickle cell anemia www.aoa.org/patients- and- public/eye- and- vision- problems/glossary- of- eye- and- vision- conditions/color- deficiency Illuminant is important but often ignored Name and/or Supplier Correlated Color Color- Rendering Index Illumination Description Temperature Tungsten Sources with Filters Macbeth Easel Lamp Macbeth, U.S. c. 5500 (value marked on - c. 100 lux (with 100 W tungsten the filter) lamp and daylight filter Macbeth Daylight - 1850 lux Executive Color test glasses (used House of Vision, U.S. 6800 96 385 with 200 W tungsten source) Xenon Sources 150 W Xenon Arc XBOF Macbeth, U.S. 6580 97-6500 with one filter Fluorescent Sources 440 Luminaire Macbeth, U.S. 6720 91 - (fluorescent) NL 6500 Color Vision Testing History Thread tests Lantern Tests Modern testing Fluorescent Macbeth NL 6500 - F 40 T 12 Macbeth, U.S. 6710 90 - Chroma 75 F 15 T8 C75 General Electric U.S. 7500 94 - Criticolor Fluorescent F 15 T8/CC Verd- A- Ray U.S. 5700 91 - Verilux Daylight F 15 T8 VLX Verilux, U.S. 6200 94 - Procedures for Testing Color Vision: Report of Working Group 41 National Research Council (US) Committee on Vision. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1981. 3
Holmgren Thread Test Farnsworth Lantern https://www.college- optometrists.org/the- college/museum/online- exhibitions/virtual- colour- vision- gallery/colour- blindness-.html Pseudo Isochromatic Plates Ishihara Plates/Demonstration plate Demonstration plate (plate number one, typically the numeral "12"); designed to be visible by all persons, whether normal or color vision deficient. For demonstration purposes only, and usually not considered in making a score for screening purposes. Transformation plates: individuals with color vision defect should see a different figure from individuals with normal color vision. Vanishing plates: only individuals with normal color vision could recognize the figure. Hidden digit plates: only individuals with color vision defect could recognize the figure. Diagnostic plates: intended to determine the type of color vision defect and the severity of it. Hidden Digit and Diagnostic Examples 4
10/10/17 Transformation and Vanishing Plates Hidden Digit Plate http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part- viii- gabac- receptors/color- perception/ HRR Plates Cap arrangement tasks Farnsworth D- 15 testing L Anthony D- 15 desaturated Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue (FM- 100) Farnsworth D- 15 and L Anthony D- 15 tests Scoring http://www.eyecareandcure.com/core/media/media.nl?id=48176&c =723462&h=16b7961112bffc82460e http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part- viii- gabac- receptors/color- perception/ 5
Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue Scoring Nagel Anomaloscope Cone Contrast Testing http://innova.systems/eye- disease- management/rabin- cone- contrast- test- overview/ 6
http://innova.systems/eye- disease- management/rabin- cone- contrast- test- overview/ http://innova.systems/eye- disease- management/rabin- cone- contrast- test- overview/ Special testing Lantern tests Large cap Sloan achromatopsia Pediatric tests http://innova.systems/eye- disease- management/rabin- cone- contrast- test- overview/ Farnsworth Lantern Test Waggoner Color Vision Testing http://colorvisiontesting.com 7
Can Color Vision Deficiencies be Corrected? Use of color in computer graphics Compuer Tricks Spectacles/Contact lenses EnChroma Color Max Iso- Oxy Lenses Contact lenses X- chrome lens Color Universal Design (CUD) Adobe X- Chrome lens http://help.adobe.com/en_us/creativesuite/cs/using/ws3f71da01-0962- 4b2e- B7FD- C956F8659BB3.html EnChroma Lenses http://enchroma.com/technology/ 8
Talking to Patients about Color Vision Prevalence What the world may look like to someone with a color deficiency Situational Education Occupational Everyday life https://alumni.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/image/colorblind.jpg Real world implications Education/Parent Advice Lighting is important. Bright, low, inside or natural light can affect color recognition. The brighter the light the easier it is to recognize color. Assign a classmate to help the child where colored diagrams or pictures are being used Check worksheets for color issues and where possible use patterns or secondary indicators i.e. labels to differentiate, rather than color. Photocopy worksheets into black and white then recheck that the worksheet is still able to perform the task you require. Check computer settings, web pages and computer- based teaching aids with pupils to ensure the child can pick out all of the relevant information Look out for other children teasing color blind children for using incorrect colors In games/pe check the child can see which children are in his team and also that he can see the ball e.g. red and orange balls are difficult to see against grass, particularly in poor light https://lh5.ggpht.com/6t17tyounya1ll8yo4dqdt0mjxach7j_odpw8hvwpvffbxiu0ylo_nik- gnp92aypma=h900 9
Check all early years books for color on color pages e.g. a poem written in red on a blue page will be difficult to read. Red on green will be impossible Teach CVD children the correct colors for everyday items so that they know that, say, strawberries, etc. are red, even though they see them as murky green. CVD children can learn to identify many, but not all, colors they can t perceive by identifying through shade rather than hue Many teaching aids are in primary colors but a color blind child will see red and green as the same color. Board games usually cause problems In science CVD children might not be able to read litmus paper, carry out chemical titrations, identify a material by its color when burnt, understand color diagrams in biology textbooks, etc so in lessons use a buddy system and be mindful of the issues when setting practical tests Graphs and charts use color to illustrate facts. Use secondary indicators such as labeling, patterns and shading rather than, or in addition to, color In art organize a color palette for the student to memorize color placement and focus on mediums other than color e.g. charcoal, textiles, clay Assignments from CVD students may appear boring to read as color will not be used to its full effect to make statements 10