The Celluloid Ceiling: Behind-the-Scenes Employment of Women on the Top 0, 50, and 500 Films of 0 by Martha M. Lauzen, Ph.D. Copyright 0 All rights reserved. The Celluloid Ceiling has tracked women s employment on top grossing films for the last 0 years. It is the longest-running and most comprehensive study of women s behind-thescenes employment in film available. This annual study is sponsored by the Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 9, http://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu, lauzen@mail.sdsu.edu In 0, women comprised % of all directors, writers, producers, executive producers, editors, and cinematographers working on the top 50 domestic grossing films. This represents an increase of 1 percentage point from % in 0 and is virtually unchanged from the percentage achieved in 98 (see Figure 1). 50 grossing films (foreign films and reissues omitted). In 0, the study added analyses of females working on the top 0 and 500 films. The results are divided into three major sections. The first section reports the findings for the top 50 films, offering comparisons of percentages from 0 with figures dating from 98. The second section provides the numbers for the top 0 films, comparing this year s figures with those from 80, 90, 0, and 0. The third section includes employment figures for the top 500 films, and offers analyses of important relationships between women directors and those working in other key behind-the-scenes roles, such as writers and editors. Figure 1. Historical Comparison of Percentages of Behind-the-Scenes Women on Top 50 Films 0 0 8 8 Last year, only 1% of films employed or more women in the above roles. In contrast, 0% of films employed or more men. 005 8 Women Men Women accounted for % of directors working on the top 50 films in 0, up percentage points from % in 0 and even with the percentage achieved in 000. 001 98 81 8 For the last 0 years, this study has tracked women s employment on the top 0 50 0 0 Celluloid Ceiling 1
Findings / Top 50 Films This section analyzes the behind-thescenes employment of,0 individuals working on the top 50 domestic grossing films of 0. Women fared best as producers (5%), followed by executive producers (%), editors (%), writers (%), directors (%), and cinematographers (%). In 0, slightly less than one-third or of films employed 0 or 1 woman in the roles considered. 59% of films employed to 5 women, % employed 6 to 9 women, and 1% employed or more women. In contrast, 0% of films employed 0 or 1 man in the roles considered, 8% employed to 5 men, % employed 6 to 9 men, and the remaining majority (0%) employed or more men. A historical comparison of women s employment in the top 50 films in 0 and 98 reveals that the percentages of directors, executive producers, and producers have increased. The percentages of writers and editors have declined, and the percentage of women cinematographers has remained the same (see Figure ). A comparison of women s employment on the top 50 films in 0 and 0 reveals that the percentages of women directors, producers, and executive producers increased, while the percentages of women working as writers, editors, and cinematographers declined. Figure. Historical Comparison of Percentages of Women Employed Behind the Scenes on Top 50 Films by Role Director Exec. 5 9 1 1 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 This represents an increase of percentage points from 0, and is even with the percentage achieved in 000. Eighty eight percent (88%) of the films had no female directors (see Figure ). 0 0 006 000 98 Women comprised % of all directors working on the top 50 films of 0. 0 Celluloid Ceiling
Figure. Percentages of Top 50 Films with No Women in Roles Considered 88% had no women directors 8% had no women writers 5% had no women exec. producers 8% had no women producers 80% had no women editors 96% had no women cinematographers Slightly less than one-third or 0% of films had no or 1 woman in the above roles Women accounted for % of writers working on the top 50 films of 0. This represents a decline of percentage points from 0 and from the figure achieved in 98. Eighty three percent (8%) of the films had no female writers. Women comprised % of all executive producers working on the top 50 films of 0. This represents an increase of percentage points from 0 and an increase of 1 percentage point from 98. Forty five percent (5%) of the films had no female executive producers. Women accounted for 5% of all producers working on the top 50 films of 0. This represents an increase of 1 percentage point from 0 and an increase of 1 percentage point from 98. Twenty eight percent (8%) of the films had no female producers. Women accounted for % of all 50 films of 0. This represents a decline of 1 percentage point from 0 and is even with the percentage achieved in 98. Ninety six percent (96%) of the films had no female cinematographers. Composers, Supervising Sound s, and Sound Designers This section reports employment figures for 5 individuals working as composers, supervising sound editors, and sound designers on the top 50 domestic grossing films of 0. Women comprised % of composers working on the top 50 grossing films of 0. This represents no change from 0 (see Figure ). Ninety eight percent (98%) of films had no female composers in 0. Women accounted for 8% of supervising sound editors working on the top 50 films of 0. This represents no change from 0. Ninety two percent (9%) of films had no female supervising sound editors. Women comprised 5% of sound designers working on the top 50 grossing films of 0. This represents an increase of 1 percentage point from 0. Ninety six percent (96%) of films had no female sound designers. Women comprised % of all editors working on the top 50 films of 0. This represents a decline of 1 percentage point from 0 and a decrease of percentage points from 98. Eighty percent (80%) of the films had no female editors. 0 Celluloid Ceiling
Figure. Recent Historical Representation of Women and Men as Composers 0 0 0 0 01 1 9 9 98 99 98 0 50 0 0 Findings / Top 0 Films Women Men This section considers the behind-thescenes employment of 1,56 individuals working on the top 0 domestic grossing films (foreign films and reissues omitted) of 0. Overall, women accounted for % of all directors, writers, executive producers, producers, editors, and 0 films. This represents an increase of percentage points from % in 0, and is even with the percentage achieved in 0. Women fared best as producers (%), followed by executive producers (%), editors (%), writers (%), directors (8%), and cinematographers (%). Figure 5 provides a historical comparison of the 0 figures with those from 80, 90, 0, and 0. When comparing the most recent figures for 0 with 0, the percentages of women directors, producers, and executive producers have increased, while the percentages of women writers and cinematographers declined. The percentage of women editors remained the same. Figure 5. Historical Comparison of Percentages of Women Employed Behind the Scenes on Top 0 Films by Role* Director Exec. 8 1 0 1 9 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90 80 *Note that relatively minor fluctuations in the numbers affect this sample to a greater extent than the other samples included in this report due to its smaller size. 0 Celluloid Ceiling
Women comprised 8% of directors working on the top 0 films of 0. This represents an increase of percentage points from % in 0. Figure 6. Comparison of Percentages of Women Employed Behind the Scenes in Top 500 Films by Role Women accounted for % of writers working on the top 0 films of 0. This represents a slight decline from % in 0. Director 1 Women comprised % of executive producers working on the top 0 films of 0. This represents an increase of percentage points from 1% in 0. Women accounted for % of producers working on the top 0 films of 0. This represents an increase of 5 percentage points from % in 0. Women comprised % of editors working on the top 0 films of 0. This represents no change from 0. Exec. 1 8 5 6 0 0 0 Women accounted for % of 0 films of 0. This represents a decline of 1 percentage point from % in 0. Findings / Top 500 Films This section analyzes the behind-thescenes employment of,6 individuals working on the top 500 domestic grossing films (foreign films and reissues omitted) of 0. Overall, women accounted for 1% of all directors, writers, executive producers, producers, editors, and 500 films. This represents an increase of percentage points from 0, but 6 0 1 0 0 0 is even with the percentage achieved in 0. By genre, the largest percentage of women, relative to men, worked in documentaries (0%), followed by comedies (%), dramas (%), sci-fi features (0%), animated features (%), horror features (%), and action features (1%). 0 Celluloid Ceiling 5
Women fared best as producers (8%), followed by executive producers (1%), directors (%), editors (%), writers (%), and cinematographers (6%). Women comprised % of directors working on the top 500 films of 0. This represents an increase of percentage points from % in 0, and 6 points from 1% in 0 (see Figure 6). Women accounted for % of writers working on the top 500 films of 0. This represents an increase of percentage points from % in 0, and 1 point from % in 0. Women comprised 1% of executive producers working on the top 500 films of 0. This represents an increase of percentage points from % in 0, but a decline of points from % in 0. Top 500 Films/Comparison of Films with at Least One Female Director vs. Films with Exclusively Male Directors Films with at least one female director employed greater percentages of women working as writers, editors, cinematographers, and composers than films with exclusively male directors (see Figure ). Figure. Comparison of Percentages of Women Working on Films with at Least One Female Director vs. with Exclusively Male Directors 8 68 Women accounted for 8% of producers working on the top 500 films of 0. This represents an increase of percentage points from 5% in 0, and an increase of points from 6% in 0. Women comprised % of editors working on the top 500 films of 0. This represents a decline of percentage points from 0% in 0, and a decline of points from 1% in 0. Composer 1 Exclusively male directors At least one female director Women accounted for 6% of 500 films of 0. This represents a decrease of 1 percentage point from % in 0, and a decline of points from % in 0. 0 50 0 0 Celluloid Ceiling 6
On films with at least one female director, women comprised 68% of writers. On films with exclusively male directors, women accounted for 8% of writers. On films with at least one female director, women comprised % of editors. On films with exclusively male directors, women accounted for % of editors. On films with at least one female director, women comprised % of cinematographers. On films with exclusively male directors, women accounted for % of cinematographers. On films with at least one female director, women comprised 1% of composers. On films with exclusively male directors, women accounted for % of composers. 0 Celluloid Ceiling