Edmund Burke. A. MacIntyre E. Burke C. A

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1 Orr Bowers Edmund David Bowers D. Orr A. MacIntyre E. C. A sykuo@sinica.edu.tw 57

2 Brandt, 2000, p. 1 Education in a New Era Brandt,

3 without heart Glatthorn & Jailall, 2000, pp Meier, 2000 individualism Singh, 2004, p. 110 market De Ruyter, 2003; Rosenthal, 1993 Alasdair MacIntyre After Virtue

4 After Virtue Dunne After Virtue Joseph Education Journal of Philosophy of David Orr C. A. Bowers Dunne

5 3 MacIntyre & Dunne, 2002, p. 3 social compartmentalization Ibid., p. 4 After Virtue After Virtue 1984 practice narrative unity of life tradition MacIntyre, 1984, p

6 MacIntyre & Dunne, 2002, p. 13 educated public 17 democracies of advanced modernity Ibid., p. 62

7 Virtue Dunne Dunne After Dunne Dunne Dunne Nel Noddings Noddings, 2003, p. 242 Noddings Carr 2003b 63

8 Noddings cultural knowledge Noddings, 2003, p. 250 Noddings Carr 2003b Carr Dunne Dunne, 2003 Nussbaum, 2002 Carr 2003a, p De Ruyter, 2003 Wilson, 64

9 Bowers C. A. Bowers David Orr Bowers the scientificdemocratic liberalism the neoromantic liberalism Carl Rogers the technobehaviorist liberalism B. F. Skinner the neo-marxist-existentialist liberalism Paulo Freire Bowers, 1987, p Ibid., pp Ibid., p

10 Ibid., p. 92 cultural/bio-conservatism eco-conservatism Bowers, 1996, pp Alan Durning Ibid., p. 114 Wendell Berry Berry, 1986, p , pp Bowers Bowers, Mindful Conservatism 2003 Edmund founder of political conservatism Stanlis, 1964, p. 45 Reflections on the Revolution in France 1790 the modern 66

11 Burk, 1996 Bowers Burk Bowers 3 Raeder, 1997, p. Bowers, 2003, p. 10 F. A. Hayek Raeder, 1997, p. 4 Bowers Bowers 67

12 Bowers, 2003, p. 122 Ibid., pp F. Capra Capra, 2002 Orr 90 David Orr Orr, 1992, p. Oberlin The Nature of Design Orr, 1994, p

13 3 4 Lovelock, Orr Orr, 1994, p. 24 Orr Ibid., pp Orr Orr Shelley Aldo Leopold Orr 69

14 Aldo Leopold Leopold Orr Orr, 2002, chapter11 Bowers Edmund Russell Kirk Ibid., p Ibid., chapter Capra pollution tax Capra, 2002, pp

15 Margonis, 2003; Roberts, Noddings 2 Carr 3 4 Edmund 71

16 Bowers Orr 5 72

17 Berry, W. (1986). The unsettling of America: Culture and agriculture. San Francisco: Sierra Club Book. Bowers, C. A. (1987). Elements of a post-liberal theory of education. New York: Teachers College Press. Bowers, C. A. (1996). Conservatism. In J. J. Chambliss (Ed.), Philosophy of education: An encyclopedia (pp ). New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. Bowers, C. A. (2001). Educating for eco-justice and community. Althens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press. Bowers, C. A. (2003). Mindful conservatism: Rethinking the ideological and educational basis of an ecologically sustainable future. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Brandt, R. S. (Ed.). (2000). Education in a new era. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Capra, F. (2002). The hidden connections: A science for sustainable living. London: Harper Collins Publishers. Carr, D. (2003a). Rival conceptions of practice in education and teaching. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 37(2), Carr, D. (2003b). Making sense of education. London, Routledge Falmer. De Ruyter, D. J. (2003). The importance of ideals in education. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 37(3), Dunne, J. (2003). Arguing for teaching as a practice: A reply to Alasdair MacIntyre. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 37(2), Glatthorn, A. A., & Jailall, J. (2000). Curriculum for the new millennium. In R. S. Brandt (Ed.), Education in a new era (pp ). Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Lovelock, J. (1988). The ages of Gaia. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. MacIntyre A., & Dunne, J. (2002). Alasdair MacIntyre on education: In dialogue with Joseph Dunne. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 3(1),

18 MacIntyre, A. (1984). After virtue: A study in moral theory. (2 nd ed.) University of Notre Dame Press. Margonis, F. (2003). Paulo Freire and post-colonial dilemma. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 22, Meier, D. (2000). Progressive education in the 21st century: A work in progress. In R. S. Brandt (Ed.), Education in a new era (pp ). Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Noddings, N. (2003). Is teaching a practice? Journal of Philosophy of Education, 37(2), Nussbaum, M. (2002). Education for citizenship in an era of global connection. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 21, Orr, D. W. (1992). Ecological literacy. New York: State University of New York Pres. Orr, D. W. (1994). Earth in mind: On education, environment, and the human prospect. Washington, D. C.: Island Press. Orr, D. W. (2002). The nature of design: Ecology, culture, and human intention. New York: Oxford University Press. Raeder, L. C. (1997). The liberalism/conversatism of Edmund and F. A. Hayek: A critical comparisor. HUMANITAS, 10(1). Roberts, P. (2000). Education, literacy and humanization. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey. Rosenthal, S. (1993). Democracy and education: A Deweyan approach. Educational Theory, 43(4), Singh, P. (2004). Globalization and education. Educational Theory, 54(1), Stanlis, P. J. (1964). Edmund in the twentieth century. In P. J. Stanlis (Ed.), The relevance of Edmund (pp ). New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons. Wilson, J. (2003). The concept of education revisited. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 37(1),

19 A Trend on Twenty-First Century Philosophy of Education-Thoughts on Eco-Conservatism Shih-Yu Kuo ABSTRACT In the beginning of twenty-first century, optimistic views for the future filled in academic world. However, when we reflect educational practice, there is tendency to firmly establish educational meaning, purposes and aims. This tendency shows conservative point of view. In this paper, I will argue that this tendency is helpful for advocating sustainable ecological culture in environmental education. MacIntyre reconceptionizes education based on his three concepts on virtue that were maintained in his book-after Virtue. The purpose of education is self-development by keeping our past history and tradition. With our education, we develop our personal identity and establish our code of ethics in this world. He also stresses a liberal curriculum. It is obvious that this conception of education is conservative. C. A. Bowers and D. Orr both hold conservative viewpoints in developing their environmental educational concepts. They also use E. s conservative insight as their forerunner of conservative views that includes our historical responsibility and interconnection among every members of a community. These will provide some meaning for our ecological sustainability. Keywords: conservatism; ecological cultural education; A. MacIntyre; E. ; C. A. Bowers; D. Orr. Received: August 31, 2005, Accepted: February 23, 2006 Shih-Yu Kuo, Institute of European and American Studies, Academic Sinica, Research Fellow sykuo@sinica.edu.tw 75

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