Notes 2 CLASSICAL LIBERALISM 3 MODERN LIBERALISM

Transcription

1 Notes 2 CLASSICAL LIBERALISM 1. Plato, Republic, 420b-421c passim, trans. D. Lee, Second Edition (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974), pp passim. 2. Aristotle, Politics, Book III, ch. 6, , in Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. R. McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941), p Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C. B. Macpherson (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968), p John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. P. Laslett, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), Second Treatise, sec Ibid., sec Ibid., sec Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (lndiabapolis: Liberty Classics, 1976), p Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society, ed. D. Forbes (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1966), p Henry Sidgwick, The Elements of Politics (London: Macmillan, 1891), p Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, vol. 2, eds R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (Shadeland, Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1979), p Ibid., pp I derive this terminology from Lord Robbins, Theory of Economic Policy in English Classical Political Economy, Second Edition (London: Macmillan, 1978), pp Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia (New York: Ba~ic Books, 1974) and David Gauthier, Morals by Agreement (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). 14. Franz Brentano, The Foundation and Construction of Ethics (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973) Ludwig von Mises, Liberalism (San Franscisco: Cobden Press, 1985), p See John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 'The History of Freedom in Christianity', in Lord Acton, Essays in the History of Liberty, ed. J. R. Fears (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1986). 3 MODERN LIBERALISM 1. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972). 2. Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p John Rawls, 'Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical'. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1985, vol. 14, p A Theory of Justice, p Ibid., p

2 140 Classical Liberalism 8. Ibid., p Ibid., pp to. Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p lowe the criticisms that follow to David Gauthier, 'Justice and Natural Endowment: Toward a Critique of Rawls' Ideological Framework', Social Theory and Practice, vol. 3, 1974, pp John Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), pp A Theory of Justice, p David Gauthier, Morals by Agreement (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp Thomas Nagel, Equality and Partiality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). 19. Ibid., p Ibid., pp Ibid., pp Ibid., pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ronald Dworkin, 'What is Equality?' in two parts: Part 1, Equality of Welfare, Philosophy and Public Affairs (Summer 1981); Part II, Equality of Resources, Philosophy and Public Affairs (Fall 1981); 'Why Liberals Should Believe in Equality', New York Review of Books (3 February 1983), pp. 32-4; 'In Defence of Equality', in Social Philosophy and Policy, vol. I, issue 1 (Autumn 1983), pp R. Dworkin, 'Why Liberals Should Believe in Equality', New York Review of Books, 3 February 1983, pp. 32-4, Ibid., p Ibid., p R. Dworkin, 'Liberalism', in S. Hampshire (ed.), Public and Private Morality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p Kai Nielsen, Equality and Liberty: A Defence of Radical Egalitarianism (Totowa. New Jersey: Rowman and Allanheld Publishers, 1985). 31. Ibid., pp Ibid., pp Ibid., p Ted Honderich, Conservatism (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990). 35. Ibid., pp Ibid., p F. A. Hayek, Individualism and the Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), p Conservatism, p Franz Brentano, The Foundation and Construction of Ethics (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973), p Ibid., p Ibid., p. 333.

3 Notes Henry Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, Seventh Edition 1907 (London: MacmiJIan, 1963), p Conservatism, p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Terry L. Anderson and Donald R. Deal, Free Market Environmentalism (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), p Conservatism, p Ibid., p J. J. Thomson, 'A Defence of Abortion', Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. I, no. 2, 1971, pp J. S. Mill, 'Utilitarianism', in John Stuart Mill, On Liberty and Other Essays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p See, for example, Benedict Spinoza, A Tlreologico-Political Treatise. 53. Friedrich Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960), p Ibid., p Ibid., p Conservatism, p Ibid., p John Gray, Liberalism (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1986), p For example, Joan Kennedy-Taylor, Reclaiming the Mainstream: Individualist Feminism Rediscovered (New York: Prometheus Books, 1992). 60. Susan Moller Okin, Women in Western Political Thought (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp Ibid., p Caroline New and Miriam David, For the Children's Sake (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985), pp See, for example, Women and Men in Britain 1991 (London: Equal Opportunities Commission, 1991). 64. George Gilder, 'The Myth of the Role Revolution', in N. Davidson (ed.), Gender Sanity: The Case Against Feminism (Lanham: University Press of America, 1989), pp For a review of the evidence, see Anne Moir and David Jessel, Brain Sex (London: Michael Joseph, 1989), especially ch For a good summary of this evidence, see, for example, Ellen Frankel Paul, Equity and Gender: The Comparable Worth Debate (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1989), ch Quoted in Paul, ibid., p COMMUNIT ARIANISM 1. See, for example, John Smith, 'Reclaiming the Ground', R. H. Tawney Memorial Lecture, delivered 20 March The most prominent representatives of this body of critics of liberalism are Alasdair MacIntyre, Michael Sandel, Charles Taylor, Michael Walzer. For a good introductory exposition of their thought, see Stephen Mulhall and

4 142 Classical Liberalism Adam Swift, Liberals and Communitarians (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992) and Sh1omo Avineri and Avner de-shalit (eds), Communitarianism and Individualism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). 3. See Michael J. Sandel, 'Morality and the Liberal Ideal', The New Republic, 7 May 1984, pp , and 'Democrats and Community', The New Republic, 22 February 1988, pp Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study ill Moral Theory, Second Edition (London: Duckworth, 1985). 5. As well as the references given in note 3, see Michael Sandel, Liberalism alld the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). 6. After Virtue, p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Markate Daly (ed.), Commullitarianism: A New Public Ethics (Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1994), p. xv. 12. After Virtue, p Ibid., p Michael Sandel, 'Morality and the Liberal Ideal', The New Republic, 7 May 1984, pp , p Michael, J. Sandel, 'Democrats and Community', The New Republic, 22 February 1988, pp On this, see A. E. Taylor, Aristotle (New York: Dover, 1955), pp Charles Murray,In Pursuit of Happilless alld Good Government (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988). See especially ch Friedrich Hayek, 'Individualism; True and False', in F. Hayek,/lIdividualism and Ecollomic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), p Ibid., pp After Virtue, p Ibid., pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p See ibid., p Ibid., p. 227.

5 Notes Ibid., pp Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Note that I have changed MacIntyre's text here and substituted 'political' for 'parental', since I believe the context of the remark makes clear that this is what he intended to write and that what was printed is a misprint. 44. Ibid., p Ibid., p. ix. 46. Ibid., p. x. 47. Ibid., p This account of Aristotle's conception of the human telos has been heavily influenced by Richard Kraut, Aristotle on the Human Good (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989). 49. After Virtue, p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., pp CONSERVATISM 1. MichaelOakeshott, 'On Being Conservative', in Michael Oakeshott, Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1991), p See Michael Oakeshott, Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1991). 3. See David Willetts, Modem Conservatism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992). 4. See Roger Scruton, 'In Defence of the Nation', in Roger Scruton, The Philosopher on Dover Beach (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990), 'What is Conservatism?', in Conservative Texts, R. Scruton (London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991); and 'Totalitarianism, Civil Society and the Nation', Salisbury Review, March 1992, pp See John Gray, Liberalisms (London: Routledge, 1989); The Moral Foundations of Market Institutions (London: lea Health and Welfare Unit, 1992); Post-Liberalism (London and New York: Routledge, 1993). 6. R. Scruton, 'In Defence of the Nation', p Ibid., p R. Scruton, 'Hegel as a Conservative Thinker', in R. Scruton, The Philosopher on Dover Beach (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990), p G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Right, ed. T. M. Knox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), sec. 258, p R. Scruton, 'Hegel as a Conservative Thinker', pp Charles Taylor, Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p S. Avineri, Hegel's Theory of the Modem State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972). p Ibid. pp F. Hegel, Philosophy of Right, Preface. pp. 6-7.

6 144 Classical Liberalism 15. Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). 16. J. Gray, Moral Foundations of Market Institutions, p Isaiah Berlin, Vico and Herder (London: Hogarth Press, 1976), pp J. Gray, Post-Liberalism, pp Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp Gray, The Moral Foundations of Market Institutions, p Ibid., pp Gray, Post-Liberalism, p J. Gray, Moral Foundations of Market Institutions, p Ibid., p Ibid., p lowe inspiration for both objections to Gray's arguments against classical liberalism to Chandran Kukathas. See his comments on Gray's argument in J. Gray, Moral Foundations of Market Institutions. 27. J. Gray, Post-Liberalism, p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Gray, Liberalisms, p Nathaniel Branden, 'Alienation', pp in Ayn Rand, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (New York: Signet Books, 1967). 35. Michel Albert, Capitalism Against Capitalism (London: Whurr Publishers, 1993), pp CONCLUSION 1. See Charles Murray, In Pursuit of Happiness and Good Govemment (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), pp See, also, Marvin Olasky, The Tragedy of American Compassion (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1992). 2. For details of the relevant body of research, see Arthur Seldon, Capitalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990), ch See Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Norman Dennis and George Erdos, Families without Fatherhood (London: lea Health and Welfare Unit, 1992); and Norman Dennis, Rising Crime and the Dismembered Family (London: lea Health and Welfare Unit, 1993). See also Charles Murray, The Emerging British Underclass (London: lea Health and Welfare Unit, 1990). 4. See the works of Charles Murray and Norman Dennis mentioned in note 3.

7 Bibliography Albert. M. Capitalism Against Capitalism (London: Whurr Publishers. 1993). Anderson. T. L. and Deal. D. R.. Free Market Environmentalism (Boulder: Westview Press. 1991). Aristotle. 'Politics'. in Basic Works of Aristotle. ed. R. McKeon (New York: Random House. 1941). Avineri. S. and de-shalit. A. (eds). Communitarianism and Individualism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). Berlin, I., Vico and Herder (London: Hogarth Press, 1976). Branden. N. 'Alienation' in Ayn Rand. Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (New York: Signet Books. 1967). Brentano, F. The Foundation and Construction of Ethics (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1973). Dalberg-Acton. 1. E. E.. 'The History of Freedom in Christianity'. in Lord Acton. Essays in the History of Liberty. ed. J. R. Fears (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1986). Daly, M. (ed.), Communitarianism: A New Public Ethics (Belmont. California: Wadsworth. 1994). Dennis, N. and Erdos. G., Families without Fatherhood (London: lea Health and Welfare Unit, 1992). Dennis. N., Rising Crime and the Dismembered Family (London: lea Health and Welfare Unit, 1993). Dworkin. R.. 'Liberalism' in S. Hampshire (ed.), Public and Private Morality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1978). Dworkin, R., 'What is Equality?' in two parts: Part I. Equality of Welfare, Philosophy and Public Affairs (Summer 1981); Part II. Equality of Resources. Philosophy and Public Affairs (Fall 1981). Dworkin. R. 'Why Liberals Should Believe in Equality'. New York Review of Books (3 February 1983), pp Dworkin, R.. 'In Defence of Equality', in Social Philosophy and Policy, vol. 1. no. 1 (Autumn 1983). pp Equal Opportunities Commission. Women and Men in Britain 1991 (London: Equal Opportunities Commission, 1991). Ferguson, A., An Essay on the History of Civil Society, ed. D. Forbes (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1966). Gauthier. D., 'Justice and Natural Endowment: Toward a Critique of Rawls' Ideological Framework', Social Theory and Practice. vol pp Gauthier. D. Morals by Agreement (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1986). Gilder. G. 'The Myth of the Role Revolution' in N. Davidson (ed.), Gender Sanity: The Case Against Feminism (Lanham: University Press of America. 1989). Gray, J., Liberalism (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1986). Gray, J.. Liberalisms (London: Routledge. 1989). Gray, J. The Moral Foundations of Market Institutions (London: lea Health and Welfare Unit. 1992). Gray. J. Post-Liberalism (London and New York: Routledge. 1993). 145

8 146 Classical Liberalism Hayek, F., The Constitution of Liberty (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960). Hayek, F., Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948). Hegel, G. W. F., Philosophy of Right, ed. T. M. Knox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967). Hobbes, T., Leviathan, ed. C. B. Macpherson (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968). Honderich, T., Conservatism (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990). Kennedy-Taylor, J., Reclaiming the Mainstream: Individualist Feminism Reconsidered (New York: Prometheus Books, 1992). Kraut, R., Aristotle on the Human Good (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989). Locke, J., Two Treatises of Government, ed. P. Laslett (Cambridge University Press, 1960). MacIntyre, A., After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, Second Edition (London: Duckworth, 1985). Moir, A. and Jessel, D., Brain Sex (London: Michael Joseph, 1989). Mill, J. S., 'Utilitarianism', in On Liberty and Other Essays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991). von Mises, L., Liberalism (San Francisco: Cobden Press, 1985). Mulhall, S. and Swift, A., Liberals and Communitarians (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992). Murray, C., The Emerging British Underclass (London: IEA Health and Welfare Unit, 1990). Murray, C., III Pursuit of Happiness and Good Government (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988). Murray, C., Losing Ground: American Social Policy (New York: Basic Books, 1984). Nagel, T., Equality and Partiality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). New, C. and David, M., For the Children's Sake (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985). Nielsen, K., Equality and Liberty: A Defence of Radical Egalitarianism (Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Allanheld Publishers, 1985). Nozick, R., Anarchy, State and Utopia (New York: Basic Books, 1974). Oakeshott, M., 'On Being Conservative', in Michael Oakeshott, Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1991). Olasky, M., The Tragedy of American Compassion (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1992). Okin, S. M., Women in Western Political Thought (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1979). Paul, E. F., Equity and Gender: The Comparable Worth Debate (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1989). Plato, Republic, trans. D. Lee, Second Edition (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1974). Rawls, J., A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972). Rawls, J., 'Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical', Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1985, vol. 14, pp Rawls, J., Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993). Raz, J., The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). Lord Robbins, Theory of Economic Policy in English Classical Political Economy, Second Edition (London: Macmillan, 1978). Sandel, M. J., 'Democrats and Community', The New Republic, 22 February 1988.

9 Bibliography 147 Sandel, M. J., Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982). Sandel, M. J., 'Morality and the Liberal Ideal', The New Republic, 7 May 1984, pp Scruton, R., 'Hegel as a Conservative Thinker', in Roger Scruton, The Philosopher 011 Dover Beach (New York: st. Martin's Press, 1990). Scruton, R., 'In Defence of the Nation', in Roger Scruton, The Philosopher on Dover Beach (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990). Scruton, R., 'Totalitarianism, Civil Society and the Nation', Salisbury Review, March 1992, pp Scruton, R., 'What is Conservatism? in (ed.) R. Scruton, Conservative Texts (London: Macmillan; St. Martin's Press, 1991). Seldon, A., Capitalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990). Sidgwick, H., The Elements of Politics (London: Macmillan, 1891). Sidgwick, H., The Methods of Ethics, Seventh Edition 1907 (London: Macmillan, 1963). Smith, A., The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1976). Smith, A., The Wealth of Nations, vol. 2., eds R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner (Shadeland, Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1979). Smith, J., 'Reclaiming the Ground', R. H. Tawney Lecture, delivered 20 March Spinoza, Benedict, 'A Theologico-Political Treatise' in The Chief Works of Benedict Spinoza, trans. R. H. M. Elwes (New York: Dover, 1951). Taylor, A. E., Aristotle (New York: Dover, 1955). Taylor, C., Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). Thomson, J. J., 'A Defence of Abortion', Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol. I, no. 2, 1971, pp Willets, D., Modern Conservatism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992).

10 Name Index Albert, M., 144, 145 Anderson, T. L., 141, 145 Aristotle, 6-7, 76, 139, 145 Avineri, S., 109, 142, 143, 145 Berlin, I., 110, , 117, 144, 145 Branden, N., 131, 144, 145 Brentano, F., 13, 47-8, 139, 140, 145 Dalberg-Acton, J. E. C., 139, 145 Daly, M., 69, 142, 145 David, M., 141, 146 Deal, D. R., 141, 145 Dennis, N., 144, 145 Dworkin, R., 39-41, 140, 145 Erdos, G., 144, 145 Ferguson, A., 7, 139, 145 Fries, J., 109 Gauthier, D., 12, 31-2, 34-5, 139, 140, 145 Gilder, G., 141, 145 Gray, J., 55, 103, , 141, 143, 144, 145 Hayek, F. A., 46, 54, 78, 140, 142, 145, 146 Hegel, G. W. F., , 143, 146 Herder, J. G., Higgs, R., 63 Honderich, T., 43-56, 140, 146 Jessel, D., 141, 146 Kennedy-Taylor, J., 141, 146 Kraut, R., 143, 146 Kukathas, C., 127-8, 144 Locke, J., 7, 139, 146 MacIntyre, A., , 142, 143, 146 Mill, J. S., 52, 56, 141, 146 Mises, L. von, 16-17, 139, 146 Moir, A., 141, 146 Mulhall, S., 141, 146 Murray, C., 77, 142, 144, 146 Nagel, T., 35-9, 140, 146 New, C., 141, 146 Nielsen, K., 42-3, 140, 146 Nozick, R., 12, 139, 146 Oakeshott, M., 101, 102, 143, 146 Okin, S. M., 141, 146 Olasky, M., 144, 146 Paul, E. F., 141, 146 Plato, 6, 139, 146 Rawls, J., 27-35, 139, 140, 146 Raz, J., 111, 120-1, 144, 146 Robbins, Lord, 139, 146 Sandel, M., 65, 66, 70, 72, 142, 146 Scruton, R., 102, , 143, 147 Shalit, A. de, 142, 145 Sidgwick, H., 7-8, 48, 141, 147 Smith, A., 7, 9, 139, 147 Smith, J., 141, 147 Spinoza, B., 141, 147 Swift, A., 142, 146 Taylor, A. E., 142, 147 Taylor, C., 108, 143, 147 Thomson, J. J., 52, 141, 147 Willets, D., 143,

11 Subject Index Autonomy, 112, Capital, 16, 38 Capitalism, 17, 83-5 Civil society, 14 Civilisation, 54 Community, defined, 67-9 Democracy, 15, 74-6 Desert, 28-30, 32-3 Division of labour, 15-16, Environment, 50-1, 72 Family definition, 14 erosion of, 89, 137 parental responsibility, 21-3 value of, 53-4, 78 Feminism, 57-9 Freedom: see Liberty Happiness, 89-91, Immigration, 104-5, Incentives, 45-8 Individualism, 10, 69, 83, 95 Japan, Justice formal principle of, 42 Legitimacy, 36 Liberal polity, 9 Liberalism difference between classical and modern, 3, 8, 26 Liberty, 9, 54-6 see also Autonomy Nationality, Patriarchy, 58 Patriotism, 84, 103 Polity: see State Property right to private property, 10-13, 44, 51-2 Religion, Rights, 51-2 Sex discrimination, 62-3 Social market, 126 State, System of natural liberty, 9, 29, 34 Virtues, Welfare state, 112, 127,