UNIT 4 TYPES OF CATALOGUE

Transcription

1 UNIT 4 TYPES OF CATALOGUE Structure 4.0 Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Inner forms of a Library Catalogue 4.3 Alphabetical Catalogues Author Catalogue Name Catalogue Title Catalogue Subject Catalogue Dictionary Catalogue 4.4 Classified Catalogue Classified Part Alphabetical Index 4.5 Dictionary Catalogue vs. Classified Catalogue 4.6 Alphabetico-Classed Catalogue 4.7 Choice of an Inner Form for a Library Catalogue 4.8 Summary 4.9 Answers to Self Check Exercises 4.10 Key Words 4.11 References and Further Reading 4.0 OBJECTIVES You have learnt about the physical forms of a library catalogue, their features, advantages, disadvantages, etc. in the earlier Unit. In this Unit, you are introduced to the inner forms of a library catalogue that relate to the arrangement of entries prepared for documents and the resultant types of files. After reading this Unit, you will be able to: list the different types of inner forms of a library catalogue; describe their distinctive features; explain their merits and demerits; distinguish the relative advantages and limitations of dictionary and classified catalogues; and suggest an appropriate inner form of catalogue for your library. 4.1 INTRODUCTION In Units 1 and 2, you have learnt the definition, objectives and functions of a library catalogue and the physical forms in which it exists, with their distinguished features. In this Unit, we will introduce you to the inner forms of a library catalogue, which have a direct relationship with its physical forms. Inner forms of a library catalogue deal with the organisation and arrangement of bibliographic data in a catalogue entry. and the systematic arrangement of the resultant entries for storage and retrieval. In this Unit, we are concerned only with the arrangement of catalogue entries in a helpful sequence and their relative advantages and limitations. Types of Catalogues 45

2 History, Purpose and Types of Library Catalogues There are a number of ways of arranging catalogue entries to fall into a helpful sequence. most popular of them, adopted in libraries, are to arrange the entries in an alphabetical c or to arrange them in a classified order on the basis of a classification scheme chosen for library for classifying its documents. The alphabetical catalogue can be separated for mitt titles, names (works of or on authors), subjects or arranged in one alphabetical sequence authors, titles, subjects etc., which is referred to as a dictionary catalogue. The classified catalogue is a subject catalogue, displaying entries by the class number of documents, which gives the structural order of the classification scheme used by the library. It is usually in two parts, the first being the classified part, i.e., in the order of the class numbers of documents and the second one is an alphabetical part or index, pointing to the classified part. The alphabetico-classed catalogue is a variety which combines the principles of alphabetical arrangement and the classified structure. The choice of a particular inner form of a catalogue for a specific library depends on the type and quality of users, the document stock built up for the library, open or closed access, library services offered, etc. 4.2 INNER FORMS OF A LIBRARY CATALOGUE In Unit 2, we have given you an overview of the physical forms of a library catalogue w their features, merits and demerits. Closely related to the physical forms is the inner foul' a library catalogue, which determines the qualitative functions of the catalogue. The inner for of a library catalogue refers to the arrangement of catalogue entries in a logical and systematic order to fall into a helpful sequence for storage and retrieval. The cataloguing process comprises two operations. The first is the creation of varieties entries for documents acquired by a library. The second is the organisation of these entries a logical and helpful order for storage and retrieval, as given below: In this Unit, we are concerned only with the file organisation of catalogue entries. While there are many ways of arranging these entries in a helpful order, the three currently existing systems are: Alphabetical files Classified files Alphabetico-classed files Alphabetical catalogue can be separately designed and constructed for authors, titles, names recording works on and by authors, subjects or all entries of authors, titles, subjects, etc. in one single alphabetical file, known as the dictionary catalogue. In classified files, the main entries are arranged according to the class number of the classification scheme chosen for the shelf organisation of documents in a library. This file is supported by an alphabetical index. The following chart illustrates the different inner forms of a library catalogue: 46

3 We shall study these in some detail in the following sections of this Unit. Types of Catalogues Self Check Exercises 1) Define the inner forms of a library catalogue. 2) Enumerate different categories of inner forms of a library catalogue. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ii) Check your answer with the answers given at the end of this Unit ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUES Readers are more at home with a catalogue arranged alphabetically, as such catalogues are arranged as in a dictionary. Alphabetical catalogues can be arranged in several ways, some of which are by authors, by name of persons, by title or by specific subject. These are discussed in the following subsections Author Catalogue In an author catalogue, the entries of documents are under authors' name and are arranged alphabetically. In other words, the leading section of an author catalogue would be the name of an author. An author is generally a person or a corporate body who is responsible for the thought contents of the document brought out under the name. Listing of personal names of authors varies greatly because of the cultural traditions in the naming of persons in different regions of the world. For example, names of persons in western countries, Indic names, Muslim names, Chinese and Japanese names have their own traditions, which part of the names should be taken as the lead in a catalogue has been set by cataloguing codes and there are established practices. There are also a variety of corporate bodies under whose names documents are published. Although we are not concerned very much with rendering of names in catalogue entries here, it is important to note that their filing position is determined by these names. Inaccuracies in the rendering of names would seriously affect the alphabetical arrangement of entries in the catalogue. Libraries may have author catalogues arranged in three different ways. a) There may be an exclusive author catalogue without mixing it with any other entries such as titles, subjects, series, etc. b) Author entries may form part and parcel of a dictionary catalogue. c) Author entries may form part of the alphabetical index of a classified catalogue. Irrespective of the form in which an author catalogue exists, it provides an important approach to a library catalogue, as it fulfills an essential function of a catalogue. If the user approaches the catalogue with the correct name of an author, the catalogue immediately gives the person all the documents by the author. To help a user, the other variants of a name of an author are usually provided as cross-reference in a catalogue. The advantages of an author catalogue is that it brings together the titles of books of the same author at one place in the catalogue. This helps a user to obtain at a glance what books are available in the library by a given author. This function, can, however be fulfilled by author entries in other inner forms of a library catalogue. In a classified catalogue this function is performed by the alphabetical index or dictionary part. 47

4 History, Purpose and Types of Library Catalogues 48 The catalogues of the British Museum Library (now the British Library), the Library of Congress, the National Library of India are some of the fine examples of author catalogues Name Catalogue A name catalogue is a variation and extension of an author catalogue. It contains entries for works of an author and also for books written on him. All entries are arranged alphabetically by the name of the author. In other words, a name catalogue is a mixed type of catalogue which combines the author and subject entries (the subject entries representing the author as a subject) into one alphabetical sequence. In this type of catalogue, biographies and other critical studies of an author, are arranged along with his original works. The author entries include: corporate authors, both as an author as well as a subject name series place name forming part of an author heading The following examples, exemplify these points: Person as an author Nehru, Jawaharlal: Discovery of India Nehru, Jawaharlal: Glimpses of World History Nehru, Jawaharlal: Towards Freedom: Autobiography of Jawaharlal Nehru. Persons as subject Jawaharlal Nehru, a Political Biography by F. Moraces Jawaharlal Nehru: a Biography by S. Gopal Nehru: the Making of a Nation by M.J.Akbar Name series Oxford historical series Madras University Sir C.P. Ramaswami Ayer Endowment Lecture Series Place name Bombay University Calcutta University Name catalogue serves as an author catalogue and also as a subject catalogue as far as the author as a subject is concerned. Any reader interested on the works by or on an author may find this type of catalogue very useful to find specific material of his interest. In this type of catalogue, one can find the works of Rabindranath Tagore as well as works on him arranged in a single alphabetical order under Tagore. Name catalogue seems to be almost confined to Great Britain. Such a catalogue, outside Great Britain appears to be rare. The Catalogue of the British Museum Library (now the British Library) is near name catalogue which includes references from all names that occur in titles. Self Check Exercise 3) State the essential difference between an author catalogue and a name catalogue in two lines. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ii) Check your answer with the answers given at the end of this Unit Title Catalogue In a title catalogue, the titles of documents occupy at the leading section of entries, which are arranged in an alphabetical order. Queries of readers who remember only the exact title of the book can be answered with the help of a title catalogue. However, it is noticed that many of the readers do not spell out a title exactly the way it appears on the title page, particularly non-fiction titles.

5 To fulfil title approach of readers, entries can he selectively provided in catalogues of public libraries for fiction and for those that are well-known by their titles Subject Catalogue In an alphabetical subject catalogue, entries are made under the name of the specific subjects of documents. Irrespective of their affiliations, specific subject entries are strictly arranged in an alphabetical order. The fundamental rule of entry in an alphabetical specific subject catalogue is to enter a work under its specific subject. For example, a book on `Roses' will be entered under `Roses' and not under `flowers' or `Botany', which are broader than `Roses'. Ranganathan defines a specific subject of a document as that division of knowledge whose intension and extension are equal to its thought contents. According to him, the specific subject of `Teaching chemistry in secondary schools in Delhi' would be `DELHI, CHEMISTRY, TEACHING 'TECHNIQUE, SECONDARY SCHOOLS, EDUCATION' and not the way it is given in the heading. In almost every type of library, the predominate requests for documents are by their subjects. Hence extensive provision must be made to give adequate representation to subjects of documents, with a considerable number of cross-references, directing the user to the various aspects of a subject. While the alphabetical specific subject catalogue provides comparatively easy approach to the catalogue by arranging subjects in alphabetical order, it scatters related subjects. Depending on the incidence of the letter of the alphabet, it disperses entries pertaining to related subjects throughout the catalogue. In fact, one has to refer to a number of subject headings to get a full view of the ramifications of a subject. The following headings, serve as a example: Aeronautics Arts Aesthetics Asparagus Agriculture Astronomy Aircraft Athletics Anthropology Atoms Apples Aves (Birds) Arithmetics Aviation Arsenic Awards In these headings, their alphabetical arrangement scatters the related ones. Agriculture, Apples, Asparagus is subjects group; Aeronautics, Aircraft, Aviation, another group;.aesthetics and Arts, is still another group; Arithmetics and Astronomy, Arsenic and Atoms, etc., form still other groups. Thus, subject affiliations are totally absent in this type of catalogue. Of course, this difficulty can be overcome by appropriate references. Self Check Exercise 4) With ten examples of subject headings, illustrate how an alphabetical subject catalogue scatters related subjects. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below, ii) Check your answer with the model answers given at the end of this Unit Types of Catalogues 49

6 History, Purpose and Types of Library Catalogues Dictionary Catalogue The general meaning of the word `dictionary' is that it is a reference book, giving information on particular subjects or on a particular class of words, names, or facts, usually arranged alphabetically, for example: a biographical dictionary. The dictionary catalogue derives its name from this general meaning of the word `dictionary'. A dictionary catalogue gives information about documents available in a library with reference to their authors, titles, subjects, etc. All the entries getting arranged in a single alphabetical order. It resembles arrangement of entries as in a natural language dictionary in which all words, irrespective of their origin, parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.), usage, etc. are arranged in one single alphabetical order. A more formal definition of a dictionary catalogue is that it is `a catalogue usually on cards, in which all entries - author, title, subjects, series, etc.,- and their relatives are arranged together in one general alphabet" (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules II) As mentioned above, a dictionary catalogue consists of four different groups of entries, each containing different types of bibliographical elements. The first group comprises authors and collaborators (editors, translators, commentators, etc.); the second group is composed of title entries. The third group is made up of subject entries. The fourth group consists of crossreferences of different kinds. But all these groups fall in one single alphabetical order. All these entries are called word entries. Some libraries prefer to display the dictionary catalogue in two separate parts: the first part containing author and title entries with cross references, if any, and the second part is reserved exclusively for subject entries with cross references. This is called `divided catalogue'. This type of separation poses some problems for users, as they have to refer to both these parts located at different places, to find out the information for a document of their interest. Although the dictionary catalogue is quite popular and widely used in libraries, it has its merits and demerits. Let us discuss these. Merits a) Its alphabetical arrangement is easy and simple to use. Anyone knowing the letters of an alphabet and being able to refer a dictionary can find his/her references without any difficulty. b) The works of the same author, different editions of the same title, translations of a work in different languages, all such related entries can be brought together in a dictionary catalogue. This indeed is a great facility for users. c) Subjects that are related but get distributed in a classified catalogue are brought, together in a dictionary catalogue. For 'example, documents on `roses' with reference to cultivation, decoration, extraction of rose essence for making perfumes and scents, rose garden, rose competition, artificial roses, etc. get distributed in a classified catalogue as they are classified under different classes. But in a dictionary catalogue all these distributed relatives are brought together, making it possible for users to get all the information on roses in one search. These are, in fact, classified pockets in a dictionary catalogue. d) In a dictionary catalogue, subjects are entered under their specific names as such there is no need for a user to know facet relations of subject to use the catalogue. A straight search under a specific heading of a subject would fetch a reader the necessary information. e) New subject headings e.g., artificial intelligence can be inserted in a dictionary catalogue without waiting for any authority list or standard subject headings to incorporate into it. f) All types of relationships between subjects such as hierarchical (broad and narrow terms) associative (related terms), synonyms and homonyms, etc., can be shown in a dictionary catalogue by appropriate cross references. Demerits The alphabetical arrangement of entries in one sequence is at once the strength and weakness of a dictionary catalogue. The subject entries get scattered in it, making it difficult for a user to get a full view of the ramifications (divisions and subdivisions) of a subject. Further, sometime a user moves from pillar to post in search of his entries. In order to get over this problem, a number of cross-references are provided which makes the catalogue bulky. But with all these limitations, many libraries use the dictionary catalogue all over the world.

7 Self Check Exercise 5) With six examples of your own, illustrate how the distributed relatives get collected in one place in a dictionary catalogue. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ii) Check your answer with the answers given at the end of this Unit CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE A classified catalogue is a form of subject catalogue, in which the entries are arranged by the class number which representing the subject of document, according to the classification scheme chosen for a library. Let us examine a few formal definitions of a classified catalogue. a) A catalogue in which some entries are number entries and some are word entries (Ranganathan). b) A classified catalogue is a subject catalogue in which the entries are arranged by some recognized system of classification; the notation or classification symbol furnishes the method of arrangements (Margaret Mann). c) A classified catalogue arranges its entries in a systematic order of subjects, the order usually being that of the classification scheme used for the arrangement of books on the shelves (Henry Sharp). These definitions unambiguously indicate that a classified catalogue arranges its entries by the class number of documents. The class numbers are obtained by the application of classification system of a library. Ranganathan undoubtedly implied the class number of a document when he says that some entries are numbers entries. He was also clear that the classified part to be supported by an alphabetical index which comprises word added entries (except cross reference entry). The other two definitions do not refer to the bipartite nature of the classified catalogue. But without an alphabetical index or part, the classified catalogue is not able to fulfil the functions of a library catalogue effectively. The classified catalogue, has therefore two parts. The classified part and the alphabetical part. The alphabetical part serves as an index and comprises of author, title, if necessary, subject, collaborators, series, and different types of cross-reference index entries Classified Part It is the arrangement of entries of documents by class number that gives the systematic and structured display of subjects in a classified catalogue. It maps out the subordinate and coordinate subject divisions and puts them in a logical sequence. This systematic arrangement to a certain degree reflects the logical thinking of specialists in different subjects and gets their appreciation. While displaying the entries in a classified catalogue, merely giving the class numbers would not be very helpful to users of the catalogue. The class numbers are not intelligible Types of Catalogues 51

8 History, Purpose and Types of Library Catalogues to persons who have no knowledge of the classification scheme chosen for the library. Therefore, while displaying the class numbers in guide cards, for entries under them, it is absolutely necessary to give their verbal equivalents of the divisions of class numbers. These verbal equivalents -provided for class numbers in a classified catalogue are known as `Feature Headings'. These headings are the translation of the class numbers of documents into their verbal equivalents, representing the different hierarchical levels of the subject. A very good example of the use of feature headings is the British National Bibliography. They are also useful as an obvious source for deriving subject index for the alphabetical part of the classified catalogue. It is useful and relevant here to quote the comments of Foskett on Feature Headings: "Feature headings are verbal extensions, as well as being the major source of indexing terms, will indicate the terms which should be used for guiding, both in the catalogue and on the shelves. In general, libraries provide quite inadequate guides to their systematic arrangement, assuming that readers can find their way through the catalogue with a minimum of help. It may be thought extreme to make a guide for every feature heading, but this is what is done by BNB, and there is no doubt that it makes the systematic arrangement a great deal easier to use. Students should compare the careful guiding of BNB with say, American Book Publishing Record, in which the guiding is minimal, the superiority shows up very clearly in the cumulations. (A.C. Foskett: Subject Approach to Information, page 286). We give below an extract of a page-from BNB and a page from American Book Publishing Record to illustrate the points mentioned above. 52

9 Types of Catalogues Providing feature headings is theoretically sound and extremely useful and it is done quite well in a printed catalogue or bibliography like BNB. But in a card catalogue, the breakdown of the class numbers into their hierarchical divisions would need too many cards for each entry. It sometimes diminishes its practical utility. Therefore, it has to be done with considerable imagination and caution. Feature headings should not be allowed to defeat their very purpose Alphabetical Index The alphabetical index to a classified catalogue; consisting of author, title (wherever necessary), subject entries and other entries for collaborators, series, editors of series, and a host of cross references, is meant to support the classified part of the catalogue. It can fulfil all the functions of a dictionary catalogue i.e., collect the works of an author together, bring all the different editions of a title, cross references for subjects, etc. With the classified part bringing all the related subjects together, and the alphabetical order bringing together all the distributed relatives, the classified catalogue can fulfil all the functions of a library catalogue. Despite all these features of a classified catalogue, it has its own merits and limitations. Both these aspects are discussed below: 53

10 History, Purpose and Types of Library Catalogues Merits a) The greatest merit of a classified catalogue is that it provides a logical subject-wise guide to the materials available in a library. In other words, it brings together in one place all the entries relevant to a particular subject with all its related subjects. b) The arrangement of entries in the catalogue reflects the arrangements of documents on the shelves of the library. c) The reader is not shunted from one end of the catalogue to the other for finding the materials of his interest from the catalogues. d) Subjects without inconvenience can bring our the printed versions of the catalogue in parts. e) At one glance, it reveals the strength and weakness of different subjects represented by the library collection. It facilitates compilation of reading lists and subjects bibliographies for special purposes. Changes in the terminology of the subjects do not affect the arrangement of entries in the classified part of the catalogue. Limitations Readers must have some knowledge of the classification scheme used for the arrangement of entries before the person is able to consult the catalogue. While this is strength for logical grouping of subjects, it is at once a handicap for readers without any idea of the classification scheme of the library. Alphabetical index has, therefore, to be provided to help a reader in the task of referring to the subject part of the catalogue as well as findings out materials of his interest from the library. a) The absolute dependence of the classification scheme for the arrangement of the subject part of the catalogue restrains the autonomy of the cataloguer. b) While new subjects can be introduced at the appropriate place in the classified part of the catalogue, it also poses difficulties for the users, if libraries place new subjects in two or more different places, as the classification scheme usually takes time to update and keep it current. Yet with all these deficiencies, the classified catalogue has found favour with many libraries, especially academic, research and special libraries, because most of the deficiencies may be overcome by a good alphabetical index and use of a good classification scheme. Given below are samples of main entry for a classified catalogue and for a dictionary catalogue. 54 In case of classified catalogue the arrangement of entries in the classified part of the catalogue is by call numbers.

11 Types of Catalogues Arrangement of entries in the dictionary catalogue will be according to the alphabetical order of the surname of the authors. Self Check Exercise 6) Bring out the differences between a dictionary catalogue and a classified catalogue with reference to their structure and provision for adding new subjects. Give your answer in a tabular statement. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ii) Check your answer with the answers given at the end of this Unit. 4.5 DICTIONARY CATALOGUE VS. CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE Of the many inner forms of a library catalogue, the most popular ones are the dictionary and classified catalogues. The former has superseded all other forms of alphabetical catalogues like author, title, subject and name catalogues. With elaborate cross references, it has increased its usefulness and capability to meet all the requirements of a library catalogue. On the other hand, the classified catalogue displaying its entries with a panoramic view of the subjects, incorporates many of the features of a dictionary catalogue in its alphabetical index. Therefore, these two forms of catalogues have been adopted by most libraries. In this section, we give you a comparative view of their strength and limitations with reference to the features and aspects of a library catalogue. 55

12 History, Purpose and Types of Library Catalogues 56

13 Both these types of library catalogues should work reasonably well and within limits if worked and operated well. There is no absolute yardstick to measure their merits or demerits. 4.6 ALPHAETICO - CLASSED CATALOGUE The alphabetico-classed catalogue may be considered as a combination or mixture of the best points associated with dictionary and classified catalogue. In other words, it represents an attempt to combine some of the advantages of a classified catalogue with the directness and ease of consultation of the -alphabetical catalogue. An alphabetico-classed catalogue provides alphabetically arranged broad subject headings with alphabetically ar r anged sub-divisions". (Hunter and Bakewell). "A catalogue of this kind consists of an alphabetical sequence of mutually exclusive broad subject headings, under each of which appears of further alphabetical sequence of sub-headings. The process of alphabetical divisions can be carried down to the degree of minuteness required by the material being catalogue". (E. J. Coates). The rearrangement of Dewey Decimal Classification division of 600 Technology in an alphabetical order would yield the following. Agriculture and related technologies (630) Building (690) Chemical and related technologies (660) Engineering and allied operations (620) Home Economics and family living (640) Management and auxiliary services (650) Manufactures (670) Manufacture of product for specific uses (680) Medicine (610) Diseases (616) of blood - forming, lymphatic, glandular system (614.4) cardiovascular system (616.1) digestive system (616.3) of hillary tract (616.36) of mouth and throat (616.31) This type of catalogue must have an alphabetical index of specific subject for its successful operation. As will be seen from the above examples, the alphabetico-classed catalogue gets related subjects together in a way, but their alphabetical arrangement takes away the filiation of subjects. There are few examples of such catalogues today, because compromises are never entirely successful. Parts of the original Museum subject index use the alphabetico-classed principle. 4.7 CHOICE OF AN INNER FORM FOR A LIBRARY CATALOGUE As can be seen from the foregoing discussions of the inner forms of a library catalogue, no particular inner form would effectively and equally satisfy all the requirements of library catalogue. Therefore, choice or the selection of an inner form for a library, depends both on the technical soundness of an inner form of a library catalogue as well as some important Management factors. Some of these management factors are: Types and kinds of users, and their document and information needs. Types of Catalogues 57

14 History, Purpose and Types of Library Catalogues 58 Library collection, both with reference to range of subjects and their scope and size of the collection. Open or closed access. Staff Service Finance Technical soundness of particular inner form. Other environment factors. With regard to the technical soundness of a catalogue, with reference to it's inner as outer form, no system is perfect to meet all the requirements equally well under all circum The decision, therefore, to design, develop and operate a library catalogue, has to be useroriented. This is indeed the primary criterion! In general, the general prescription is that a public library would do well with a dictionary catalogue, but a university, research or a special library would choose a classified catalogue to meet effectively the subject approach of specialists. Self Check Exercise 7) List the eight criteria for choosing an inner form of a library catalogue for a library. Note: i) Write your answer in the space given below. ii) Check your answer with the answers given at the end of this unit SUMMARY In this Unit, we have discussed the various inner forms of a library catalogue. These fort broadly grouped into alphabetical and classified forms. The alphabetical catalogue includes five kinds viz., author; name, title, subject and dictionary. The characteristic features o1 of these catalogues are described with their merits and limitations. As against alphabetical catalogues, a classified catalogue presents the entries on the basis of class numbers, representing the subject contents of documents, according to a particular scheme of classification. I generally two parts: the classified part and the alphabetical part. These are described in detail. As the dictionary and classified catalogues are ones that are in operation presently in library today, their characteristic features and aspects are compared in a tubular statement. The alphabetico-classed catalogue that is a sort of hybrid variety of the dictionary and class catalogue is also described. The choice of the selection of particular inner form of a library catalogue has to' management decision, keeping in view, the technical soundness of a particular inner for well as factors, such as users and their needs, library stock, open and closed access, ser finance, etc.

15 4.9 ANSWERS TO SELF CHECK EXERCISES 1) The inner form of a library catalogue deals with the arrangement of entries, that represent the descriptive elements of documents and their subjects contents, the entries getting arranged in a logical and systematic order to fall into helpful sequence for storage and retrieval. 2) Inner form Alphabetical Classified Alphabetico-classed Author Subject part Subject part Name Title Subject Dictionary 3) Author catalogue lists only the names of authors, whereas a name catalogue lists works of and on authors, name-series, and place names occurring in names. 4) Agriculture Atomic weight Infrared Flood victims Rice Chlorine Light Relief camps Wheat Phosphorous These subjects groups get scattered when they are alphabetically arranged. Agriculture Light Atomic Weight Phosphorous Chlorine Relief camps Flood victims Rice Infrared rays Wheat 5) Different aspects of gold get scattered in a classified catalogue, as they go under their appropriate subject groups. However, they can be together in a dictionary catalogue if all aspects of gold are required as given below: Gold Chemistry extraction jewelry in medicine mines ornaments reserve 6) Aspects Dictionary Classified Catalogue Structure One alphabetical In two parts, the first sequence combining Classified part and the author, title subjects second Alphabetical entries. Part. New Subject Can be inserted at the Hospitality to new classes appropriate place of the classification schemes without waiting for provides this facility: But any authority. should be done consistently by all libraries, the absence of which would lead to difficulties to users. Ease of use Alphabetical Two step search is arrangement makes it necessary. easy and simple to use. 7) The criteria for choosing an inner form of library catalogue are: Types and kinds of users and their needs Subject range and size of the collections Open or closed access Types of Catalogues 59

16 History, Purpose and Types of Library Catalogues Staff Service Finance Technical soundness of inner forms Other environmental factors 4.10 KEY WORDS Associative Relation A type of relationship between ideas, the first suggesting the other and vice versa: e.g., Road traffic and accidents. Coordinate Relation Extension Hierarchical Relation Intention Leading Section Ramification Subordinate Headings of equal ranking: e.g., Rice, Wheat, Pulses under Crop in Agriculture. Relation between different aspects of a subject, e.g., Substances, Properties, Reaction, etc, in the subject Chemistry. Higher and lower level relationship between ideas. e.g., Zoology - Birds - Crow, Medicine - Respiratory organs - Lungs. Depth of coverage of subject. That part, of a catalogue entry that forms the first part which determines its filling position in the catalogue. Divisions and sub-divisions of a subject Narrower divisions of subject 4.11 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING Coates, E.J. (1988). Subject Catalogues: Headings and Structure. London: Library Association. Foskett, A. C. (1982). Subject Approach to Information. 4 th ed. London: Clive Bingley. Hunter, E. J. and K.C.B. Bakewell (1983) Cataloguing. 2 nd ed. London: Clive Bingley. Sen Gupta, B. (1974). Cataloguing: Its Theory and Practice. 3 rd ed. Calcutta: World Press. Viswanathan, C.G. (1983). Cataloguing Theory and Practice. 5 th ed: Lucknow: Print House. 60