Published by Blackwell Publishing for University of Oxford

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1 VOLUME 44 PART 4 NOVEMBER 2002 Archaeometry Published by Blackwell Publishing for University of Oxford in association with Gesellschaft für Naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie ARCHAEOMETRIE and Society for Archaeological Sciences

2 Thermogravimetric curves of ancient pozzolanic concretes 1 Archaeometry is an international research journal covering the involvement of the physical and biological sciences with archaeology and art history. The topics covered include dating methods, artefact studies, mathematical methods, remote sensing techniques, conservation science and the study of man and his environment. Archaeometry began in 1958 as the Bulletin of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford University, who published it for some 40 years. INFORMATION FOR SUBSCRIBERS: New orders and sample copy requests should be addressed to the Journals Marketing Manager at the publisher s address (or by to jnlsamples@blackwellpublishers.co.uk quoting the name of the journal). Renewals, claims and other correspondence relating to subscriptions should be addressed to Blackwell Publishers Journal, PO Box 805, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1FH, UK (tel: 44(0) , fax: +44(0) or jnlinfo@blackwellpublishers.co.uk Cheques should be made payable to Blackwell Publishers Ltd. in sterling drawn on a UK bank, or in US$ drawn on a US bank. Payment may also be made by American Express, Diners, Mastercard or Visa. Subscription forms are available on the Blackwell website (see below). INTERNET: For information on all Blackwell Publishers books, journals and services, log on to URL: subscription prices are as follows (Canadian customers/residents please add 7% for GST): Europe The Americas Rest of World Institutions 84 US$ Individuals 23 US$ US MAILING: Periodicals postage paid at Rahway, NJ. Postmaster: send address corrections to Archaeometry, c/o Mercury Airfreight International Ltd, 365 Blair Road, Avenel, NJ 07001, USA (US mailing agent). MICROFORM: The journal is available on microfilm (16 mm or 35 mm) or 105 mm microfiche from the Serials Acquisitions Department, Bell & Howell Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA. ADVERTISING: Please contact Pamela Courtney, Albert House, Monnington-on-Wye, Hereford, HR4 7NL, Tel: (01981) , Fax: (01981) or write to the publishers. BACK ISSUES: Single issues from the current and previous two volumes are available from Blackwell Publishers Journals. Back issues Volume 1 40 are available from the Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art, 6 Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3QJ, archaeometry@rlaha.ox.ac.uk. Archaeometry is published four times a year in February, May, August and November by Blackwell Publishers, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK and 350 Main St., Malden, MA 02148, USA. Printed in Europe by the Alden Group, Oxford. ISSN X Also Available Online Full access to the articles in this issue is available online for most subscribers to the print volume, including members of subscribing institutions. For more information visit

3 ARCHAEOMETRY Published by Blackwell Publishers for University of Oxford (Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art, 6 Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3QJ, UK) in association with Gesellschaft für Naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie, ARCHAEOMETRIE and Society for Archaeological Sciences Managing Editors M. S. Tite Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art, 6 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QJ, UK G. A. Wagner Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Postfach , Heidelberg, M. S. Shackley Archaeological XRF Laboratory, Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology University of California, Berkeley CA , USA Advisory Editors M. J. Baxter Nottingham Trent University, Dept. of Maths, Statistics and OR, Clifton Campus, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK J. Burton Lab for Archaeological Chemistry, Dept. of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison WI , USA G. Eggert Staatliche Akademie für Bildende Künste, Am Weissenhof 1, D Stuttgart, R. E. M. Hedges Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art, 6 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QJ, UK R. E. Jones Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK E. Pernicka Lehrstuhl für Archäometallurgie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner-Strasse 5, D Freiberg, Associate Editors I. Bailiff Dept. of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK C. Buck Dept. of Probability and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield, S3 7RH N. Conard Institut für Ur-und Frühgeschichte, Universität Tübingen, Schloss, D Tübingen, J. E. Ericson Dept. of Environmental Analysis, University of California, Irvine, California, CA , USA J. Evans Dept. of Environmental Sciences & Maths, University of East London, Romford Road, London E15 4LZ, UK R. P. Evershed School of Chemistry, Environmental & Analytical Section, University of Bristol, Cantock Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK M. D. Glascock Missouri University Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA J. Habicht-Mauche Department of Anthropology, 403 Social Sciences One, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA B. Herrmann Institut für Historische Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen, Bürgerstrasse 50, D Göttingen, C. M. Jackson Dept. of Archaeology & Prehistory, University of Sheffield, Northgate House, West Street, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK D. Klemm Buzallee 32, D Diessen, A. R. Millard Dept. of Archaeology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK P. Mirti Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Università di Torino, via Giuria 5, I Torino, Italy H. Mommsen Institut für Strahlen-und Kernphysik, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 14 16, D Bonn, B. S. Ottoway Dept. of Archaeology & Prehistory, University of Sheffield, Northgate House, West Street, Sheffield S1 4ET, UK Th. Rehren Institute of Archaeology, University College London, Gordon Square, London WC1H OPY, UK R. H. Tykot Laboratory for Archaeological Science, Dept. of Anthropology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., SOC 107, Tampa, FL , USA M. Weisler Dept. of Anthropology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand I. Whitbread School of Archaeology & Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK Editorial Co-ordinator: J. Simcox Founding Editors: M. J. Aitken and the late E. T. Hall Copyright: 2002 University of Oxford. All rights reserved. With the exception of fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from the copyright holder. Authorization to photocopy items for internal and personal use is granted by the copyright holder for libraries and other users of the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA ( provided the appropriate fee is paid directly to the CCC. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works or for resale. Institutions with a paid subscription to this journal may make photocopies for teaching purposes free of charge provided such copies are not resold.

4 NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS 1. Archaeometry aims to cover the interaction between the sciences and archaeology, conservation and art history. In addition to standard articles presenting the results of innovative and coherent programmes of research involving either the development of new methods or the application of established methods, the journal will also publish longer review articles as well as short notes, including comments on published articles. 2. Submission of manuscripts. All materials for publication should be sent to one of the three Managing Editors: Professor M. S. Tite, Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art, University of Oxford, 6 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QJ, UK Professor G. A. Wagner, Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Postfach , Heidelberg,. Professor M. S. Shackley, Archaeological XRF Laboratory, Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, CA , USA. THREE COPIES OF THE MANUSCRIPT SHOULD BE SUPPLIED. Manuscript should be in English and typed on one side only of paper, double-spaced with wide margins. Notes and footnotes should be avoided. Standard articles should not normally exceed 9,000 words and review articles not more than 12,000 words, inclusive of illustrations and tables which should be evaluated at 600 words per page. Review articles surveying recent developments in a field are normally commissioned but suggestions in the form of a one-page synopsis are welcomed. 3. Symbols and units. The conventions for abbreviations of units and symbols are those recommended by the British Standards Institution (leaflet B.S. 5775). 4. Abstract/keywords. Abstracts should be suitable for separate publication and should not exceed 100 words. Keywords (up to a maximum of 10) should cover, as appropriate, geographical region, period, scientific techniques used, object type, material or species and information sought. 5. References. Use the Harvard (author date) style of referencing, citing in the text author s name, date of publication, and any specific page references, and give the full reference (including full page references of an article) in an alphabetical list of authors at the end of the article. 6. Illustrations, whether photographs or drawings, should be numbered in one series in their order of mention. Captions should be listed on a separate sheet. Only high-quality photocopies of artwork should be submitted initially. Original line drawings and photographs will be required for printing. 7. Colour illustrations. Illustrations in colour can be accepted for publication if the clarity of the presentation is significantly increased and if the authors defray the cost of publication. 8. Proofs. Proofs will be sent directly to the authors by the publisher, and should be returned immediately after correction. 9. Offprints. 25 offprints of each article will provided free of charge to the first-named contributor. Additional offprints may be purchased from the publisher according to a scale of charges. 10. Copyright. Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that a condition of publication is the assignment of copyright to The University of Oxford, including the right to reproduce the article in all forms and media, to be administered by the Publishers. The Copyright Assignment Form, which may be downloaded from our web page, should be signed by the author or first-named author and should accompany the original submission of a manuscript to this journal. The transfer of copyright does not take effect until the manuscript is accepted for publication. However, it is the policy of the Publishers that authors retain all their moral rights, as defined in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988: (a) paternity (the right to be identified as the author wherever the work is reproduced); (b) the right to object to derogatory treatment of their work; (c) the right not to have their work falsely attributed.

5 Furthermore, the Publishers state that authors: (a) retain the right to re-use their own work subsequently in volumes they author or edit; (b) will be consulted before Blackwell grant permission for other publishers to reprint their work in anthologies, and are paid 50% of permission fees; (c) may make copies of their papers for use in classroom teaching and research purposes provided that (i) such copies are not resold and (ii) that reference to the original source of publication and the name of the copyright holder is clearly stated on any copies made of the article. 11. Disc version. Files should be sent on 3.5 disc for Macintosh or preferably PC, together with double-spaced hard / paper copy. Text, references and a list of figure captions should be included, without any character and paragraph style formatting, The preferred format is Microsoft Word 97 or earlier; otherwise files should be sent in Rich Text Format (RTF). Turn off hyphenation; one font size throughout; do not justify at the right; do not indent paragraphs; do not use bold text in headings. Headings and subheadings: type these at the left margin (do not centre or indent), utilizing the following simplified hierarchy: (a) upper case throughout (no full point at the end), preceded and followed by two hard returns; (b) upper (first letter of first word) and then lower case (no full point at the end) preceded and followed by two hard returns; (c) upper (first letter of first word) and then lower case (no full point at the end), preceded and followed by two spaces, then text. Separate all paragraphs by two hard returns. References: separate all references by two hard returns; do not indent turnover lines (the second and subsequent lines of a reference). Tables must be in separate files from the text: the preferred format is Microsoft EXCEL. Figures must be in separate files from the text: the preferred formats are tif or eps.