The section can be divided into subsections:

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1 APPENDIX E Instructions on how to write the report Below is a summary of main functions and contents of the parts of a scientific report. Try to write in a CONCISE, PRECISE, CLEAR, and CONSISTENT way! DON T COPY text from articles, books or the web (plagiarism) instead REPHRASE necessary parts (and reference the original source!)). Usually, paragraphs should keep about similar length to provide for easy reading. Paragraphs longer than lines are generally hard to understand and more than lines are unacceptable. Use the grammar and spelling checking feature of your word editor program before submitting any material for review by your supervisor! The Structure and Contents of Scientific Publications The first page The TITLE should state the subject of the report; the type of study (comparison, experiment, survey, model); the scope (limited details). All Authors names, affiliations and addresses should be given. The supervisor(s) and examiner(s) names and affiliations should also be stated. Keywords: 3-5 are useful but not necessary. The second page The ABSTRACT and SUMMARY normally contains background (optional); purpose and scope of the article; method(s); results; conclusions; and is one paragraph (about 10 lines) long. Note that it preferably should give a brief summary of each of the sections in the article. No references, tables or figures in this part! For a report in English a bit more extended Swedish summary is needed along with the short English abstract and vice versa. The third page of your report should contain a TABLE OF CONTENTS including page numbers. The forth-xxth pages: The INTRODUCTION normally contains A broad opening statement to establish the generality or importance of the research area; A review of previous literature on the area, moving towards... (usually) the identification of a gap in the research (that the present article addresses); A statement of the (specific) objective(s) of the present study. The METHODS section is the next section to come. This should give a detailed account for the procedures and materials used in the study (to make it possible to reproduce your study!). Don t do the common mistake to give results in this section! Describe main aspects of the methods and reference the original publication from where it was adopted and detail any changes made. Write in such great detail (but not more) that it is possible to reproduce your work! The section can be divided into subsections:

2 Field sampling In your case, you should here state where 1, when, and how you sampled. You should give information on how you preserved the samples. Chemical analyses State what analyses that was done! If standard analytical procedures are used, it is normally enough to give a broad statement of the procedure (e.g.... volumetric titration using hydrochloric acid was used to determine... ) and give a reference to that standard method. If you used other than standard methods, you must in detail describe the analytical procedure. Kommentar [F1]: Fotnot: 1 Here is the point to give a site description as often needed for your report. If the site description (or description of a plant) is long (half a page or more; as often is the case for the kind of studies you are doing, it should better be cut out and put in an own section, FIELD SITE or XX PLANT or something, prior to the methods section! Calculation of results If you used any maths (other than applying the stoichiometric relations on your analytical data) to obtain results the equations used should be presented and explained here. Don t forget to identify parameters and variables in your equations! Remember to number any equations and to in the text refer to the equations using this number ( The dilution, as calculate by Equation 4, was... ) Modelling If you used chemical modelling to interpret your results (recommended where applicable) you should shortly account for the methods (explain) and codes (give name and type of computer program and a reference, for example) Other investigation methods Interviews etc. Detail how many, which groups etc and append the questionnaire. The RESULTS section should highlight your results provide figure(s) and table(s) to illustrate the data. Don t double present your data, it is often quite enough to have a value shown either in a table or in a figure! Note that the text in this section should present and discuss the important data in your work! All tables and figures need to be referred to in the text. If you don t find the need to introduce the reader to the data in a table, the data presumably need not to be presented at all. Take the opportunity to, in the text, tell the reader why he/she should be interested in the results! You might want to divide the section into appropriate subsections. A rule of thumb: Repetitive determinations should be presented in tables or figures rather than only in the text. Figures are preferred if you want to illustrate trends. Tables are preferred if the reader needs the exact values of the data. An interpretation and ANALYSIS of the results can be in a separate chapter, in connection to the results or in the discussion part. The DISCUSSION section normally contains: summary of main results comparison of your results with others (if available) a discussion of the limitations of your study a discussion of the significance of your study indication of possible (interesting) future work

3 CONCLUSIONS What are your conclusions (that is, have you met your main objectives? If not, why not? If yes, what is your answer to your question?) Often a paper contains an ACKNOWLEDGEMENT section. You acknowledge important help with pursuing your project. If you made a study visit it is appropriate to acknowledge the company and maybe also the person(s) from the company that you were in contact with. Be specific in your acknowledgement so that it is clear what you are acknowledging someone for2. The REFERENCES must give the last name and initials of all authors of a source; the year of publication (normally within brackets); if a book: the title of the book and the editors name; the publisher of the book or the journal name (with volume number); the page numbers you are referring to. Kommentar [F2]: Fotnot: 2 For published reports/articles you should ask the permission to acknowledge someone! It might be that this person does not like your job and do not want to be associated with it! Some examples on how references should be listed (note: alphabetically but not sorted by journal/book/report/internet) are shown below: Reference list Andersson A.-C., Andersson O., Gustafson G. (1984) Brunnar: undersökning dimensionering borrning drift, Byggforskningsrådet Rapport 14, R42:1984, Stockholm, Sweden. (in Swedish). Boliden Mineral (1994) Efterbehandlingsplan Kristineberg. Magasin 3 och 4, Boliden Mineral AB, Boliden, Sweden (in Swedish). General format for reports: author (year) title, report number (if in series) publisher, city, country : Chou L., Garrels R.M., Wollast R. (1989) Comparative study of the kinetics and mechanisms of dissolution of carbonate minerals, Chem. Geol., 78: General format for journal articles: author (year) title, journal abbreviation, issue:page number : Naturvårdsverket (2007) Övergödande ämnen. assessed (in Swedish) General format for internet: author, year, title, URL address, assessment date : Paktunc A.D. (1999) Characterization of mine wastes for prediction of acid mine drainage, In: Azcu J.M. (ed) Environmental impacts of mining activities, Springer, Germany, p General format for books: author (year) title, publisher, city, country, pages referred to Note the example is for a book with separate authors for different chapters (Paktunc) with an editor of the book (Azcu). For books, the publisher must be stated and for journals the issue and the page must be stated. If the reference is in other language than your report, state the language in brackets (see example above).

4 Note that it is not sufficient to provide a list of all-literature-we-used as the references. References should be made explicitly for each specific citation in the text on the form3: Smith (1992), Anderson and Person (1932), Müller et al. (1983) and Martinet (2000, personal communication) found.... Don t cite articles/books you didn t read! If there are more than two authors, you write the first authors name followed by et al.. Note that there are no initial along with the family name in the reference! If you reference several articles by the same author and year, you distinguish them by a letter, e.g. Paktunc (1999a) followed by Paktunc (1999b), both in the text and the reference list. Kommentar [F3]: Fotnot: 3 You can alternatively reference with numbers in the text, for example It has been reported that thesis writing is hard (10). The references need then to be ordered in the sequence they appear in the text. Every reference has only one number in the reference list! Be consistent with your type of referencing, e.g. don t mix Smith (1990) with (10). If you reference contents in a book, it is normally not sufficient to reference the whole book! Normally, you need to state which chapter or pages you are referring to. (Your readers don't want to read through the whole book to find the one sentence you are talking about!) For this to be meaningful, you also need to state which edition you are referring to! Note that preparing a correct reference list is a tedious job where great care must be taken to get all details right! FIGURES, TABLES, AND APPENDICES Figures In your report, the figures should appear at appropriate points in the text. They should be consecutively numbered and be referred to in the text by the number ( Figure 7 shows the... or... the sulphate concentration increase with temperature (see Figure 7) ). Each figure should be accompanied by a figure caption (placed just below the figure) that gives a brief but complete description of the figure. Note that the caption should not describe what your message with the figures is, just what it shows! Note that photos and drawings are figures! Tables In your report the tables should appear at appropriate points in the text. They should be consecutively numbered and be referred to in the text by this number (e.g., "Table 2 shows." or "the time it took to write different parts of this report was notably long (see Table 2)"). Each table should be accompanied by a table heading (placed just above the table) that gives a brief but complete description of the contents of the table. Note that the heading should not describe what your message with the table is, just what it shows! You may want to use Appendices to present material that is too detailed for the main body of your report If you have more than one appendix you should number them. Make sure to refer to each appendix in the main body of the report using the appropriate appendix number (e.g., "Appendix 1 lists all experimental results"). A word on the way.. One should be able to read the report. That is, there should be no sections that start with something else but text (i.e. you cannot start with a bullet list, a table, or a figure). Write full sentences, using correct spelling and grammar!

5 Checklist for Writing the Final Report This is a list that could help you to check your final report before handing it in to the supervisor/examiner/opponent Report Scope Does the teport give sufficient basis for an assessment of the entire thesis? Are all the choices made between alternative models, boundaries, alternative set-ups and designs, justified in the report? The report should normally not exceed words excluding references and appendices. The report is printed double sided. The report's outline Is the report logically divided into chapters and paragraphs? The report's readability Can the reader clearly distinguish between fact and conjecture? Can the reader clearly distinguish between the opinions of the author and others? Are all unnecessary repetitions of reasoning, arguments etc. removed? Is this report correctly formatted, language reviewed, etc.? Are all the concepts explained the first time they appear? Are the tenses correctly used throughout? Is every sentence logically structured? Are all the sentences of moderate length? Is the spelling and hyphenation correct? Tables and figures Is the distribution of tables and figures between the main report and appendices well balanced? Are all tables and figures mentioned in the text? Do all the tables have a number and relevant table text above the table? Do all the figures have a number and relevant figure text below the figure? Is each table and figure suitably placed within the text that it can be read and understood without having to scroll back and forth in the report? References Is it clear who is behind the different views and knowledge mentioned in the text? Is all the information traceable to its source?