MLA 8 th Edition Quick Reference Guide

Transcription

1 Leone 1 MLA 8 th Edition Quick Reference Guide West Island School June 2016 This is a quick reference guide only. For further information please consult the MLA handbook eighth edition in the library workroom.

2 Leone 2 MLA 8 th Edition Quick Reference Guide Plagiarism and Academic Honesty Plagiarism is using someone else s work and submitting it as your own, failing to give appropriate acknowledgement when directly quoting or paraphrasing another, or presenting another s line of thinking without giving credit. NOTE: Never repeat the author s key words or sentence structure when paraphrasing. Commonly known or understood material, such as scientific truths or historical dates do not have to be documented. Nor do proverbs, sayings or clichés. When writing, keep the following in mind: 1. Differentiate between a paraphrase or summary and directly quoted material. 2. Do not copy and paste material directly from a source without citing it. 3. Memorable or key phrases must be reworded unless you are directly quoting it. 4. Document or cite all lines of argument or reasoning. Avoiding Plagiarism Be scrupulous with your research and note-taking Keep a complete and thorough list of all your sources as you discover them Link each source to the information that you have used Take care in your notes to distinguish what is not yours and what is yours Always check with a teacher if you are unsure of what and how to cite. Plagiarism is a serious offence. It is literary theft Plagiarists are seen not only as dishonest, but also as incompetent, incapable of doing research and expressing original thoughts. (MLA8 p 7) Correctly using MLA 8 to cite your work will help you to avoid mistakes that may lead to plagiarism.

3 Leone 3 Website Evaluation Criteria will help identify reliable sources from the internet. 1. Accuracy Is the information factual or just opinion? Can it be backed up? Compare and contrast this information with information from 3 or 4 other sources 2. Authority Who wrote the website? Is there a reputable institution or organisation behind this website? Check the URL domain for.org,.edu,.net,.gov Does it give the author s address so you can contact him or her? Is the person qualified to write this document, are they an expert in this are? 3. Objectivity What is the purpose of this website, what are its goals? Is the information likely to be biased (e.g. is it an advertisement) How detailed is the information? Is the author expressing any opinions? 4. Currency When was this website produced? When was the website last updated? How up to date are the links? 5. Coverage Are the links evaluated and do they complement the website s theme? Are the graphics good? Do any images and graphics used add to the text or just fill in space

4 Leone 4 Part One Basic Information on how to set out your document Margins are to be 2.5 cm (one inch) from the top, bottom and sides. When using Word, go to Page Layout, click on Margins and then select Normal. This will provide the correct margins automatically. Double space everything, including all block quotes, citations and the Works Cited page at the end of your document. Use 12 point Arial No bold, underline or italics for headings or subheadings. Justify to the left hand side of the page. Include a HEADER with your last name and page number in the upper righthand corner. Number each of the pages. Indent the beginning of each paragraph using one tab space and do not leave extra space between paragraphs. Centre the title and main headings and capitalise main words. Left hand justify the sub-headings Each Appendix must be on its own page, which will also be numbered. NOTE: IB/Cambridge/Edexcel et al have varying requirements for what does and doesn t go into a header. Please consult your teacher about these requirements

5 Leone 5 Part Two Basic Information on setting out your Works Cited list Works Cited list must have its own page The title must be centred Each individual citation must be justified to the left NOT centred Citations longer than one line, then the second, third, fourth lines are indented. All citations are in ALPHABETICAL DER Citations starting with a numeral are placed at the top of the list The whole list is double spaced in 12 point Arial, just like the rest of the document Works Cited Dauncey, Guy. The Climate Challenge: 101 solutions to Global Warming, New Society Publishers, Facts about water and sanitation. Water.org, 2016, Holland, Andrew. Reinventing Tomorrow s Climate Wars. Scientific American, vol. 314, no. 6, Jun Water. UN. 2016, Zabarenko, Deborah. Water use rising faster than world population. Reuters, 25 Oct. 2011,

6 Leone 6 Part Three The list of Works Cited The list titled Works Cited identifies the sources that you borrow from and therefore cite- in the body of your research project. Works that you consult during your research but do not borrow from are not to be included in this list. Each entry in that list is made up of core elements given in a specific order. On the following pages, you will see examples of what the Core Elements look like for each of the source types. Core Elements Each entry in the list of works cited is composed of facts common to most works the MLA core elements. They are assembled in a specific order. In many cases, you may need to skip items on the Core Elements template. if the source does not have any other contributors or a version.

7 Leone 7 Let s go through each of these core elements Author: Begin each citation with the author s last name comma first name full stop Jacobs, Alan. The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford UP, If a source has two authors then it is last name comma first name comma and first name comma last name full stop (only the lead author s name is last, first. The other author is first, last) Dorris, Michael, and Louise Erdich. The Crown of Columbus. HarperCollins Publishers, Three or more authors you only write the first name on the list followed by et al (which means and others) urdock, Anne, et al. Mice and their habits. HarperCollins Publishers, No author, but an editor? Last name comma first name comma editor full stop Nunberg, Geoffrey, editor. The Future of the Book. University of California, Translated book? Last name comma first name comma translator full stop Sullivan, Alan, and Timothy Murphy, translators. Beowulf. Edited by Sarah Anderson, Pearson, Pseudonyms, including online usernames: people often upload videos on YouTube using a pseudonym, or have twitter feeds using an online name, then use the pseudonym or online name as you would use a regular author We have report of large street battles in east & west Tehran now - #tehranelection. Twitter, 23 June 2009, a.m., twitter.com

8 Leone 8 Title of source: After the author, the next core element in the citation is the title of the source. Write the title exactly as you find it, except that you must standardize all capitalization KISS of the SPIDER WOMAN would become Kiss of the Spider Woman Piug, Manuel, Kiss of the Spider Woman, Translated by Thomas Colchie, Vintage Books, If the title is a title of the whole thing, e.g. a book, then the title must be in italics. Brown, Anthony. Willy the Wimp. HarperCollins, If the title is only part of a bigger thing e.g. an article from a magazine or a web page, then this title is in inverted commas Goldman, Anne, Questions of Transport: Reading Promo Levi. The Georgia Review, vol. 64, no. 1, 2010, pp

9 Leone 9 Title of the container: When the source being documented forms a part of a larger whole, the larger whole can be thought of as a container that holds the source. The container is usually italicized and is followed by a comma. Containers can be websites, magazines, journals, books, TV series Bazin, Patrick. Toward metareading. The Future of the Book. Edited by Geoffrey Nunberg, University of California, 1996, pp Hong Kong. Google Maps Other Contributors: Aside from the author, whose name appears at the start, other people may be credited in the source as contributors. Contributors could come under the descriptors below: adapted by directed by edited by illustrated by introduction by narrated by performance by translated by Brown, Austin. The Order of Government in Eighteenth Century Italy. Translated by Edith Bliss, Sydney University, Dewey, Melville, and Susan Braggs. Culture parks in India. India s Fast Growing Economy, edited by Gordon James, University of London, 2007, pp Hush. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, sesason 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, 1999.

10 Leone 10 Version: If the source carries a notation indicating that it is a version of the work released in more than one form then you need to identify the version. The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, Miller, Casey, and Kate Swift. Words and Women. Updated Ed, HarperCollins Publishers, Newcomb, Horace, editor. Television: The Critical View. 7 th ed, Oxford UP, Scott, Ridley, director. Blade Runner Performance by Harrison Ford, director s cut, Warner Bros, Number: The source you are documenting may be part of a numbered sequence. Some books have multiple volumes because the text is too long to fit in one book. Journals and magazines are usually numbered. They often have volume numbers too. Television shows are numbered in the form of seasons and episodes. Rampersad, Arnold, The Life of Langston Hughes. 2 nd ed, vol.2, Oxford UP, Baron, Naomi S. Redefining Reading. PMLA, vol, 128, no. 8, Jan 2013, pp Hush. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10. Mutant Enemy, 1999.

11 Publisher: The publisher is the organization primarily responsible for producing the source or making it available to the public. Leone 11 Jacobs, Alan, The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction. Oxford University Press, Kuzui, Fran Rubel, director. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Twentieth Century Fox, Clancy, Kate. Defensive Scholarly Writing and Science Communication. Context and Variation, Scientific American Blogs, 24 Apr. 2013, blogs.scientificamerican.com There is no need to add the publisher to a website citation where the publisher is the website title is the same as the publisher. For example YouTube. Publication Date: Sometimes there is more than one date on a source, for example an article on a website may have a different date to that of the website itself. If this is the case, you must put the date that is most meaningful to the source you are using, e.g. the date of the article, not the date of the website. Zabarenko, Deborah. Water use rising faster than world population. Reuters. 25 Oct. 2011, Sometimes books have more than one publication date. Cite the latest date. Green, John. The Fault in our Stars. Penguin Books, (This book has two dates 2012, to show when the original text published and then 2013 to show when this book was published.)

12 Leone 12 Location: Specifying a location depends on the type of source. In print sources a page number or page numbers specifies Baron, Naomi S. Redefining Reading. PMLA, vol. 128, no.1 Jan. 2013, pp In online sources, location is indicated by the URL. Zabarenko, Deborah. Water use rising faster than world population. Reuters. 25 Oct. 2011, In a DVD set it is indicated by the disc number. Hush Buffy the Vampire Slayer: the Complete Fourth Season, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, episode 10, WB Televison Network, 2003, disc 3. With a physical object that is experienced firsthand (not in reproduction), such as a work of art in a museum, gallery, or on a wall the location is the place. Divinci, Leonardo. The Mona Lisa, The Louvre Museum, Paris. Banksy. Son of a Migrant from Syria. Dec. 2015, Jungle Migration Camp, Calais, France. Michelangelo. David , Accademia di Bella Arte Di Firenze. Location of a lecture Clinton, Bill. Foreign Policy Speech. Clinton Lecture Series on Policy, 26 Feb. 1999, Grand Hyatt, San Francisco, California. Rossman, Jeremy, Make School. 22 Jun. 2016, West Island School, Hong Kong.

13 Leone 13 Part four Examples of in-text citations Citing one source Work Cited Baron, Naomi S. Redefining Reading. PMLA, vol.128, no. 1. Jan, 2013, pp Example one: According to Naomi Baron, reading is just half of literacy. (194) Example two: Reading is just half of literacy. (Baron 194) Citing more than one source Works Cited Water. UN. 2016, Zabarenko, Deborah. Water use rising faster than world population. Reuters. 25 Oct. 2011, Example: Experts have stated that water usage is a serious issue. ( Water ; Zabarenko) Notice the semi colon between each of the sources in the bracket.

14 Leone 14 Powerful verbs that can be used for in-text citations to help your writing flow achieved analysed approached arranged assembled assessed benefited broadened categorized circulated clarified classified collaborated collected combined communicated confirmed consolidated constructed critiqued debated decided defined delegated designed differentiated discovered discussed documented earned edited educated eliminated emphasized empowered engineered enhanced enlisted established estimated experimented explained explored extended facilitated factored finalized fine tuned focused formalized formulated furthered gained gathered generated grouped guided halted halved handled honed identified illustrated improved improvised included incorporated increased indicated influenced informed initiated innovated inspired integrated interviewed investigated joined judged justified learned lectured led limited located named navigated negotiated nurtured observed obtained offered offset organized originated outlined overhauled paced participated perceived performed persuaded planned praised predicted prepared presented prevailed prevented processed produced programmed proved provided qualified queried questioned quoted raised realized rearranged reasoned recognized recommended reconstructed recorded reduced referred registered reinforced relied remained reorganized replaced reported responded requested researched retrieved secured selected sequenced shaped shared showed signed simplified sketched solidified specified speculated spoke strengthened structured succeeded suggested summarized supported synthesized tacked targeted tested taught tracked transformed uncovered undertook unearthed unified united updated upgraded urged used utilized validated valued verbalized verified viewed visualized volunteered weathered weighed worked wove yielded

15 Leone 15 Part Five Further examples of Works Cited references and their corresponding intext citations. BOOKS AND BROCHURES Single Author. Parker, Victoria. What s the Big Idea: Women s Rights, Hodder Children s Books, Parker (56) stated that It is suggested that.(parker 56) Two Authors Cheung, Fanny, and Lourdes Quisumbing. Breaking the Silence: Violence Against Women in Asia. HK Equal Opportunities Commission, Cheung and Quisumbing (31) showed that is demonstrated (Cheung and Quisumbing 31). Three or More Authors Belenky, Mary, et al. Women s Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. Basic Books, Belenky et al. (26) explains that knowing is. and therefore knowingness can be.(belenky et al. 26)

16 Leone 16 No Author (book form) NOTE: If there is no author, do not put the word Anonymous, simply go straight to the next core element, which is the work s title Rule of Law and Human Rights in Asia. HK Human Rights Correspondence School, The Rule of Law and Human Rights in Asia (15) provides.. This can be shown by.(rule 15) Note: when giving a shortened form of the title, always include the first word by which the source is alphabetically listed in the Works Cited list. Corporate Author (book form) Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. Sky Walk. Cosmos Books, The Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation department (58) provides.. This can be shown by.(agriculture 58) Note: when giving a shortened form of the title, always include the first word by which the source is alphabetically listed in the Works Cited list. Edited Book Kerr, Joanna, and Caroline Sweetman, editors. Women Reinventing Globalisation. Oxfam, Kerr (28) discusses the successful. Significantly, there is one area.(kerr 28)

17 Leone 17. E-book (various types) Lahiri, Jhumpa. The Namesake. Harper Collins, Wheelers ebook platform, Poe, Edgar Alan. The Masque of the Red Death. The Complete Works of Edgar Alan Poe, edited by James A. Harrison, vol. 4, Thomas Y. Crowell, 1902, pp HathTrust Digital Library, babel.hathtrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo Jhumpa (75) noted that James A Harrison noted that Edgar Alan Poe.(Poe ix) Brochure/Pamphlets University of Western Sydney. Transport Access Guide: Penrith Campus. University of Western Sydney, Buses run on a schedule (University of Western Sydney) The University of Western Sydney Transport Access Guide for the Penrith campus shows us that Translated Book Pevear, Richars, and Larissa Volokhonsky, translators. Crime and Punishment. By Feodor Dostoevsky, Vintage Books, (Pevear) Dostoevsky writes, Pain and suffering are always inevitable for a large intelligence and a deep heart. The really great men must, I think, have great sadness on earth. (Pevear 301)

18 Leone 18 Translated and Edited book Sullivan, Alan, and Timothy Murphy, translators. Beowulf. Edited by Sarah Anderson, Pearson, (Sulivan) Collection of essays, stories or poems with various authors Citing a specific poem, story, essay from this book Adcock, Fleur, editor. The Faber Book of 20 th Century Women s Poetry, Faber and Faber, Mew, Charlotte. The Farmer s Bride. The Faber Book of 20 th Century Women s Poetry. Edited by Charlotte Adcock. Faber and Faber, 1987, p. 17. Collection of essays, stories or poems with one author Silverstein, Shel. Where the Sidewalk Ends, Particular Books, Citing a specific poem, story, essay from this book Silverstein, Shel. Magic. Where the Sidewalk Ends, Particular Books, 2010, p 11.

19 Leone 19 Journal Articles, Magazine and Newspaper Articles Journal Article (print version) Gosling, Mark. Aiming High: Black Power and Civil Rights. 20 th Century History Review, vol. 5, 2010, pp Gosling (20) explained that At the same time, black campaigners began to turn to (Gosling 20) Journal Article (full text from an electronic database) Stopler, Gila. The Liberal Bind: The Conflict between Women's Rights and Patriarchal Religion in the Liberal State. Social Theory and Practice, Vol. 31, 2005: Questia. Stopler (193) found that It is suggested that.(stopler 193) Newspaper Article (print version) Whaley, Floyd. Philippines says it killed a leader of a terror group. International Herald Tribune, 3 Feb 2012, p 1. Whaley (1) explained that the Supreme Court It was explained that terrorism (Whaley 1)

20 Leone 20 Newspaper Article (from a free online database) Wentworth, W. Why We Need a Permanent Base on the Moon. Sydney Morning Herald. 24 Jan. 1984: p. 11. Sydney Morning Herald Archives. Wentworth (11) reports that this demonstrates the need for a permanent base (Wentworth 11) Newspaper Article (from an electronic subscription-only database) Works Cited List Hussain, Wasbir. Strong earthquake kills about 8 in India s remote North East. Associated Press News Service. 4 Jan Newsbank. 10?p=AWNB In-text Citation: Examples of how incorporat e this into your text Hussain reported that eight were killed and over one hundred injured in a. Eight were killed and over one hundred injured in a strong quake in North East India on Sunday. (Hussain) Article (from the Internet) Cooper, Dani. Native Ant May Stop Toad in its Tracks. ABC Science 31 Mar site=science&topic=latest In a recent ABC Science article, Cooper stated that a ferocious ant the ants may be able to help control toad numbers (Cooper).

21 Leone 21 Website (in its entirety) Examples UN. United Nations. 2016, Pinterest. 2016, Bradford, Chris. Chris Bradford Author , Part of a Website (e.g. page, article or definition etc) Examples Globalization. Merriam-Webster Globalisation. Teaching and Learning for a Sustainable Future , ml Hong Kong. United States Census Bureau. June

22 Leone 22 Images, Film/Video Recordings, Television Programmes or Audio Recordings Images (from the Internet) An offering to the ocean in La Punta, Peru. Sydney Morning Herald. 19 May In the photograph ( An offering ) it can be seen An offering, pictured below, shows Images (from a book) Tschichold, Jan. Die Frau ohne Namen (The Woman without a Name) Offset lithograph poster. Clean New World: Culture, Politics, and Graphic Design. MIT, 2001, p 32. In Tschichold s artwork ( Die Frau ) it can be seen Die Frau by Tschichold shows Podcast (from the Internet) Atkin, Michael, reporter. Bermagui Forest Disputed Turf. The Hack Half Hour, 13 Nov NOTE: Bermagui Forest Disputed Turf is title of the episode and The Hack Half Hour is the title of the show. Atkin found that It was found (Atkin)

23 Leone 23 Television programmes Hush. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, The 1990 episode Hush showed that The episode could be describe as ( Hush ) YouTube video Homeless in Hong Kong part 1. YouTube, uploaded by goodtolove10z, 25 Nov, 2008, In the YouTube clip Homeless in Hong Kong, goodtolove10z showed Homelessness is a sign of a struggling economy (Homeless in Hong Kong). Sound Recording (citing a whole CD). Holiday, Billie. The Essence of Billie Holiday. Columbia, This recording of Holiday s greatest songs confirms that The CD could be described as (Holiday)

24 Leone 24 Sound Recording (citing a particular song from an album) Holiday, Billie. God Bless this Child. The Essence of Billie Holiday, Rec. 9 May 1941, Columbia, NOTE: When citing a specific song, the title will be in inverted commas whilst the album title is in italics. God Bless this Child is indicative of Holiday s use of The use of the pentatonic scale ( God ) Sound Recording (citing a particular song from an album online) Beyonce. Pretty Hurts. Beyonce, Parkwood Entertainment, In her song Pretty Hurts Beyonce utilises the.. The use of the base guitar (Beyonce) Film (in its entirety) Goodrich, Frances. It s a Wonderful Life, directed by Frank Capra, performance James Stewart, Donna Reid, and Lionel Barrymore, Liberty films, It s a Wonderful Life utilises the The film uses (It s a Wonderful Life)

25 Leone 25 Film or TV show (contribution of a particular individual) NOTE: Gellar, Sarah Michelle, performer. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Mutant Enemy, Whedon, Joss, creator. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Mutant Enemy Kuzui, Fran Rubel, director. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Twentieth Century Fox, You should generally cite the organization that had the primary overall responsibility for it, e.g. Mutant Enemy in the first two examples and Twentieth Century Fox in the final example Episode from a television series Hush. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, Mutant Enemy, Sarah Michelle Gellar s character Buffy identifies the enemy.( Hush )

26 Performances, Musical Scores and Art Play, Opera, Dance or Concert Performance (in its entirety) Leone 26 Shaw, George Bernard. Heartbreak House, directed by Robin Lefevre, performance by Philip Bosco and Swoosie Kurtz, Roundabout Theatre Company, 1 Oct. 2006, American Airlines Theatre, New York. In his adaptation of Shaw s work, director Robin Lefevre Heartbreak House saw a movement away from (Shaw) Play, Opera, Dance or Concert Performance (contribution of particular individual) Culkin, Kieran, performer. Suburbia, 16 Sept. 2006, Second Stage Theatre, New York. Culkin s performance in Act One of Suburbia The skilled use of still image created a moving statement (Culkin) Musical Score (from the Internet) Volante, Ilio. Malverida. Freescores, Alicante, 2011, Volante s use of The composer s use of (Volante)

27 Leone 27 A work of Visual Art (seen in person) Heckman, Albert. Windblown Trees, Lithograph on paper, Private Collection. Or Pembrandt Harmensz van Rijn. Aristotle with a Bust of Homer, Oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Or Evans, Walker. Penny Picture Display, 1936, Photograph, Museum of Mod. Art, New York. Evans use of repeated pattern Formatting of the smaller photographs encourages (Evans) Citing Interviews, Tweets, s or Lectures. Interviews (conducted by you) Pitt, Brad. Personal Interview, 22 July Jolie, Angelina. Telephone Interview, 13 August During the interview, Brad described his acting in terms of.(pitt) Jolie discussed the. Lectures (Teachers, visiting guests ) Colfer, Eoin. The Writer s Craft. Hong Kong Literary Festival, 2 Mar. 2012, Hong Kong Public Library, Causeway Bay. Address. In his lecture on the craft of writing, Colfer explained how Writers are forever. (Colfer)

28 Leone 28 s Playford, James. Re: Chair Design. Received by Annette Leone, 21 June In his titled Chair Design, Playford explained how Designers are forever. (Playford) Fun Fact: Emperor Denzong s decreed sleeve limit was 2.65 m Twitter, 16 June 2016, 7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor The Art Gallery of NSW explained that..(@artgalleryofnsw) The sleeve length limit was 2.65m (@ArtGalleryofNSW) Other materials Maps (from the Internet) Sydney, Australia. Google Maps, 15 May 2011, , ,9z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b f39a743f:0x3017d681632a850!8m2!3d !4d Erosion is shown clearly ( Sydney ) The Google Maps image of Sydney, Australia clearly shows extensive erosion of the shoreline in Coogee.

29 Leone 29 Part Five: Setting up figures, photographs, musical illustrations, tables or graphs IMPTANT: Centre the image on your page. Place the table, figure or excerpt as close as possible to the parts of the text to which they relate. BUT do not wrap the text around the image. Label each appropriately, for example Table 1, Fig. 1, Ex. 1. Place the citation below the image as per the examples below. Note the citation is only single spaced not double spaced. Place any notes directly below the citation To delineate the notes from the citation, you may use a line between if you wish. TABLES: Example Table 1: Hong Kong s annual quantity of water supply Source: Water supply management: Annual report Water Supplies Department, 2015, Note: We benefit greatly from the strong and amicable partnership nurtured between Hong Kong and Guangdong water officials.

30 Leone 30 FIGURES/PHOTOGRAPHS: If your research paper has a figure or photograph, then this is labelled Fig. and numbered. Then provide a caption. Example Fig. 1: Sandzen, Birger. Breakers. Lithograph, 1917, Birger Sandzen Memorial Gallery, Kansas. MUSICAL ILLUSTRATIONS: If your research paper uses musical illustrations then label these Example (Usually abbreviated Ex.) then number each one and provide a caption. Example Ex. 1. Ludwig von Beethoven, Symphony no. 3 in E Flat, op. 55 (Eroica), first movement, opening. Bars A citation, label or caption should appear directly below the example, within the body of your text, and have the same one inch margins as the rest of the text.