APA A FORMATTING and CITATION STYLE GUIDE

Transcription

1 The ABCs of APA A FORMATTING and CITATION STYLE GUIDE for Desert Hills High School A Guide to APA style based on the following sources: A Guide to APA Citation Style. (2016). Thompson Rivers University Library. Retrieved from The APA Style Blog ( APA Style Guide to Electronic References. (2012). Retrieved from Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). (2009). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

2 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I want to know... Find it on page... IN MY PAPER What order do my pages go in? 4 What goes on my cover page? 5 How do I format my title, headers, and spacing? 6 What s a table, where does it go, and how do I cite it? 7 What s figure, where does it go, and how do I cite it? 8 How do I write a caption sourcing a figure in my paper? 8-9 How do I signal source material in my paper? 10 How do I cite source use within my paragraphs? 11 How do I cite a source with multiple authors in my paper? 12 How do I cite an online source with no author in my paper? 13 ON MY REFERENCES PAGE What information do I need to put in my references list? 14 How can I remember the basic citation information? 15 How do I alphabetize my references list? How do I list a source with no author (a corporate author)? 17 How do I cite an entire website? 18 How do I cite a webpage? How do I cite online journal articles 20 How do I cite an article from a database? 20, 22 How do I cite online newspaper and magazine articles? 21 How do I cite an online newspaper editorial? 22 How do I cite a non-periodical online document? 22 How do I cite an online government document? 23 Can I abbreviate names of government agencies and organizations? 23 How do I cite an online book? 24 How do I cite a work from an online reference book? 25 Can I use and cite Wikipedia in my paper? 26 How do I cite a blog post? 26

3 3 How do I cite a YouTube video? 27 How do I cite a movie, film, or DVD? 28 How do I cite a podcast? 28 How do I cite a Tweet? 29 How do I cite a print article? 30 How do I cite a print editorial? 30 How do I cite a letter to the editor? 31 How do I cite a print book? 31 How do I cite a story from an anthology? 31 How do I cite a brochure, report, or other stand-alone print document? 32 How do I cite a passage from scripture? 32 How do I cite an interview or ? 32 How do I cite a lecture? 33 How do I cite handouts from class? 33 How do I cite a source quoted within another source? 33 Can I reuse a paper for another class? How do I cite myself? 34

4 4 APA PAGES FORMATTING Essay Content Order o title page o [abstract (optional; rarely used in high school and undergraduate college essays)] o text of paper o references list o tables o figures o [other appendices (rarely used: explanatory notes; research notes; supplemental material)] o [footnotes (rarely used)] Title Page Page one of your essay is a title page. It will have a header in which you type the following beginning at the left margin: Running head: A SHORTENED TITLE IN ALL CAPS Insert a page number at the top right margin. Page numbering will begin with the title page. Centered with the bottom line at the middle of the page, type the following: Your Essay Title Your Name Desert Hills High School Class, Period Date

5 5 Running head: APA FORMATTING 1 Formatting an Essay in APA Style Ima Goode Ryder Desert Hills High School / Dixie State University My Subject-area Class Per. # Date

6 6 Formatting an Essay in APA Style Type your essay in Times New Roman 12 and double space the entire essay, including your References page. Your pages should have one-inch left and right margins, as well as top and bottom. Your shortened title should appear in the header on every page, at the top left in all capitals. The page number should appear in the header at the top right. Set your word processing program to not add extra spacing between paragraphs. The text should be evenly double spaced throughout the essay. If you use headings to guide your reader through sections of your essay, center your header and type it in bold, capitalizing all words of four or more letters. (See the example that follows.) Indenting Paragraphs Indent new paragraphs one tab space (1/2"). If you use a direct quotation of more than 40 words, use block formatting, in which the entire quotation is indented 1/2" (use the ruler bar or the paragraph settings window). Indent another 5 spaces for any paragraph breaks within a block quote. The paragraph below is an example of a block quotation, described in the Norton text: The block quotation usually is introduced with a full sentence that gives the source and ends with a colon to introduce the quotation. Because the block formatting shows the text is a long quotation, no quotation marks are used. The quotation ends with a period, followed by the page number(s), if applicable. (571) References Following your discussion type a References page on which you list every source cited in the text of your essay. Centered at the top of the page, type References, and use a hanging indent and double spacing to type your list of sources cited in your essay. Tables and Figures Tables and figures follow your references list, with tables first. Each table or figure has its own page, numbered in sequence (in italics), and captioned with a description and source. See the next page.

7 7 TABLES AND FIGURES NOTE: Cite the source material in a note below a Table or Figure and do not repeat the citation on the References page. Use Retrieved from (copied-and-pasted from a source); or Adapted from (retrieved from a web source but altered for your use). Copyright dates are not needed for an image used an essay that will not be published for the public. Note. (for a Table) / Figure 1. Short-term memory test involving pictures. Reprinted [or adapted] from Short-term Memory Loss (p. 73), by K. M. Pike, 2008, New York, NY: Mackerlin Press. Copyright 2008 by the Association for Memory Research. Reprinted with permission. [Cite the copyright information only if reprint permission was necessary to obtain; most sources follow fair-use laws (your use is limited and not for profit).] Tables In APA style, a table presents information in tabs rows and columns. Tables should be used to help your reader visualize information in your essay. The material presented should be discussed in your essay, not just appear in your table. In discussing the findings or conclusions from the data, refer to the table in your text. (See Table 1.) Each table appears on its own page following the References page(s), and they are labeled in sequence: Table 1, Table 2, etc. Type the word Table and the table number above the table, flush left (not in italics). Double space and below Table #, type a descriptive title in italics, upper and lower case, above the table. Double- or triple-space before and after the table; be consistent. Information regarding abbreviations or symbols used in a table and source information, must be located in a note below the table (Note.).

8 8 Table 1 Comparison of Boys and Girls by Height and Weight Sample Table and Caption Variable Average height Average weight Average behavior incident Average truancy Boys (n = 60) 5 ft 1 in 120 lbs 14 6 days Girls (n = 62) 5 ft 2 in 105 lbs days Note. Retrieved from Analysis of Middle School Hormones, by W. Steeves, 2001, Journal of Despair, 98, p. 11. Caption for a table from a digital source: Note. Retrieved from "Analysis of Middle School Hormones," by W. Steeves, Journal of Despair, 98, p. 11, Figures In APA style, a figure is any representation of information that does not use rows and columns (e.g., a line graph, pie chart, map, drawing, or photograph). Figures are placed following tables and are numbered in sequence, with each figure on its own page. Figures are labeled BELOW the image, in italics (Figure 1). Do not give the source citation for an image on your references page unless you also use additional information from the same source elsewhere in your essay. As with tables, discuss the information presented in the figure in the text of your essay, and refer to the figure (see Figure 1). Beneath the figure, type any explanatory notes and cite the source of your figure. Use the phrase "Retrieved from" for a figure you copied and pasted to your essay. Use the phrase "Adapted from" if you made any changes to the image for use in your essay. If you created the image yourself, do not cite yourself, but cite the source of any information it contains (From... ). See the next page for an example:

9 9 Sample Figure and Captions Figure 1. Bar graph showing hours of television watched per week by age group. Reprinted from Impact of Television on Teenagers, by A. B. Alphabet, 2010, Journal of Television, 4(1), p Template for a caption of an image from a website: Figure X. Descriptive phrase that serves as title and description. Reprinted [or adapted] from Title of Website, by Author First Initial. Second Initial. Surname, Year, Retrieved from URL. Caption for a digital image with a personal author: Figure 2. The Pony Express route from Missouri to Santa Fe in Adapted from "The Pony Express," by A. A. Jones, 2003, Retrieved from Caption for a digital image with a corporate author: Figure 3. Graph of the Sales of Luxury Accessories by Category: Value Reprinted from Euromonitor International, January 8, 2013, Retrieved from

10 10 I N - T EXT D OCUMENTATION Signaling Sources in Your Work Why? When you use sources in a research paper whether quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing you are required to cite the source, letting readers know that the information has been borrowed from somewhere else, and showing them how to find the original material. How: Avoid giving a paragraph of information with a source plunked beneath it. Instead, introduce all borrowed material, whether summarized, paraphrased, or quoted directly. Readers should always be able to distinguish between your ideas and those you have borrowed from other authors. So you must provide a SIGNAL whenever source material is going to be used. Think of it as framing this material to set it off from your own words. In a long paragraph that includes your own words and reference to someone else's words, you cannot just plunk a source at the bottom of the entire passage of text. You must signal where your own ideas end and your source's ideas begin in the paragraph. A signal phrase identifies the author, title, or source you are about to use and establishes the source's reliability. Whenever you use ideas from a source, follow this pattern: Introduce (signal) Use (quote, paraphrase, or summary of information from source) Comment (explain, discuss, amplify, relate) Many of today s highways follow the routes of ancient hunting paths that grew by frequent use into major trading and migration trails, which later were paved as modern use proliferated. In fact, Arizona Highways magazine (2015, April 6) notes that Highway 40 follows Old Route 66, which itself was built upon the well-worn wagon route across the plains to newly opened territories of the West ("Route 66"). An earlier view of this well-traveled wagon route would reveal hunter-gatherer tribes crossing the plains by foot to trade goods with pueblo people of the Southwest. Civil War soldiers suffered more amputations than even today's soldiers in places where IEDs are planted by the thousands. According to a U.S. government document, Civil War amputations exceeded 1 in every 12 soldiers, compared to 1 in every 200 in today's army (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). The document explains that the type of bullets used in Civil War battles accounts for the horrible carnage.

11 11 How to Cite Sources within Your Paragraphs In-text citations have the three elements and are meant to briefly identify the source of information cited and guide readers to locate the source on the References page. In the text of your essay, provide: 1. author 2. publication year, and 3. page or paragraph number. The page or paragraph number where you find information is required for all quotations but is optional [follow your instructor's directions] for paraphrased information. Failure to cite sources properly could result in plagiarism. It is not necessary to cite common knowledge (e.g., you do not need to cite that George Washington was our first president). However, give attribution in your essay to any and all sources of specific information, data, and ideas you did not already know. Example of in-text Citation: Researchers found many students are highly confused about citation in essays (True & Noble, 2009, para. 13). They also indicated some professors are too lenient with students, causing even more confusion In fact, Jones and Roberts (2011) found 99 out of 100 students agreed that citing work could seem like a "complex, maddening process" (p. 64). Sources are cited whenever the essay writer refers to information from a source, whether quoted, paraphrased, or summarized in the essay writer's paper. The full word and is used for in-text citations, while the ampersand symbol (&) is used inside parentheses. More Examples: According to Henshaw (2012, p. 15), "Worker dissatisfaction is the main cause of absenteeism." "Worker dissatisfaction is the main cause of absenteeism" (Henshaw, 2012, p. 15). Edwards (2014) explained chronic pain as "unpleasant nerve stimulation persisting continually for more than four days" (p. 2).

12 12 Citing Author and Year in Your Text ONE AUTHOR Templates:... (Author, Year). Author (Year) verb... Examples:...(Smith, 2009). Smith (2008) found... TWO AUTHORS Names that occur inside the parentheses are connected by "&, but names that occur outside of the parentheses are connected with and." Templates:... (Author & Author, Year). Author and Author (Year) verb... Examples...(Lind & Cohen, 2009). Lind and Cohen (2009) found... THREE TO FIVE AUTHORS The first citation lists all of the authors' names, while the subsequent citations give only the first author s name followed by "et al." first citation Templates:... (Author, Author, & Author, Year). Author, Author, and Author (Year) verb... Examples:...(Peters, Clark, & Ball, 2010). Peters, Clark, and Ball (2010) say... subsequent citations: Templates:... (Author et al., Year). Author, et al. (Year) verb... Examples:...(Peters et al., 2010). Peters et al. (2010) say...

13 13 SIX OR MORE AUTHORS The name of the first author is given, followed by et al. Templates... (Author et al., Year). Author et al. (Year) verb... Examples...(Jones et al., 2012). Jones et al. (2012) determine... CORPORATE AUTHOR When an organization or government agency rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work, the organization is treated as a collective, or corporate author....(corporate Author, Year). Corporate Author (Year) verb (Food and Drug Administration, 2013). The Food and Drug Administration (2013) states... NO AUTHOR NOTE: In most cases, a source that appears to have no author will in fact have a corporate author, but if this is not the case, then first few words of the title are used in place of the author's name. Book Article...(Title of Book, Year).... ("Title of Article," Year). Title of Book (Year) states "Title of Article" (Year) states... Book Article... (Human Psychology, 2013).... ("Communication Clues," 2013). According to Human Psychology (2013)... "Communication Clues" (2013) states... For a chart showing when to use capitalization, italics, and quotation marks for titles of works, go to:

14 14 R E FERENCES PAGE D OCUMENTATION FORMATTING YOUR REFERENCES LIST The references list is evenly double spaced with no extra spacing between entries. Each entry is formatted with a hanging indent. The author's last name is given first, followed his or her initials. The date is enclosed in parentheses and followed by a period. Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of books and articles are in sentence case, with only the first word, the first word after the colon, and proper nouns capitalized. Titles of journals are in title case, with all major words capitalized. Authors first and middle names are not spelled out. Titles of journal articles are not italicized. CITING SOURCES IN YOUR REFERENCES LIST The four elements in every APA references page citation are, in order: 1. Author Last name, First initial(s) Thomlinson, J. A. Nelson, B., & Brown, S. Jackson, T., Myerson, P., & Stoddard, M. 2. Date of Publication (2010) (2014, October) (2013, June 28) 3. Title of Work Education affects economic, social status. Report of educational outreach. 4. Publication Information doi:xxx / Retrieved from... The Washington Post, pp. A1. Journal of Psychology, (39)12, New York, NY: Hyperion [an article or webpage,] [a report or document] [web location: DOI or URL] [print: newspaper section and page] [print, web: (volume)issue number] [print book: location and publisher]

15 15 A TIP FOR MAKING SENSE OF SOURCE DOCUMENTATION When you give your readers the sources of the information you use quote directly, paraphrase, or summarize give your readers four basic facts: 1. WHO (who wrote it?) Author(s) Last, First Initials 2. WHEN (when was it published?) year, Month day 3. WHAT (what is it titled?) Title 4. WHERE (where did you find it?) Publication title and location City: ST, Publisher (printed book) doi:xx or Retrieved from URL (web doc) ALPHABETIZING YOUR REFERENCES LIST Alphabetize references according to the last name of the author: Andrews, A. A. Butler, B. B. The Financial planner. Ignore "A," "An," "The" when alphabetizing: Blackstone, J. L. The Financial planner. Giardino, T. If a title begins with a number, alphabetize it as though the number were spelled: Hollywood during the war. The 1930s in review. ("Nineteen") Oliphant, B.

16 16 If there is no author, then alphabetize the reference by the first word in the entry (a title or agency): O'Toole, O. O. Oxford English Dictionary. Peters, P. P. United states Interior Department. If there is more than one reference by the same author, arrange them in chronological order: Smith, S. S. (2000).... Smith, S. S. (2010).... If more than one reference by an author has been published in the same year, assign a different letter to each one and use it in both the in-text citations and the references: Example In-text Citations:... (Jones, 2012a).... (Jones, 2012b). Example References List: Jones, J. J. (2012a).... Jones, J. J. (2012b).... HOW TO LIST BY ONE OR MORE AUTHORS ONE AUTHOR The author's last name comes first, followed by his or her initials in normal order. Author, A. A. (Year).... Smith, J. P. (2008).... TWO AUTHORS The names are separated by a comma and "&." Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year)....

17 17 Lind. R., & Cohen. J. (2009).... THREE TO SEVEN AUTHORS The names are separated by commas and the last two are also separated by &. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year).... Example Peters, L., Clark, W., & Ball, C. (2010).... MORE THAN SEVEN AUTHORS The names of the first six authors are followed by ellipses (...), then the name of the last author. Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., & Author, F. F.,... Author, Z. Z. (Year).... Example Jones, R., Skitter, L, March, N., Potter, L., Crowley, D., Smith, F.,... Hilbert, B. (2012)... A CORPORATE AUTHOR When an organization, rather than an individual, takes responsibility for the creation of a work, that organization is treated as a collective or corporate author. Corporate Author. (Year). Title of Book or Report.... Bureau of Canadian Statistics. (2013). Gross domestic product by industry, July Retrieved from NO AUTHOR A source that appears to have no author usually has a corporate author, but if there is no author at all, then use the title in place of the author's name: Title of article: Subtitle of article. (Year).... Example Castles of Spain: A Medieval tour. (2013)....

18 18 R E FERENCES PAGE DOCUMENTATION ONLINE SOURCES A WEBSITE When you refer to an entire website, not a specific work on a website, give the URL in parentheses in an intext citation. Do not list the website in your list of references. The website of the National Science Foundation lists many museums with children's programs ( nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_children.id_nsf). A WEBPAGE WEBPAGE WITH AN AUTHOR If a webpage (not an article, but a page of a website) has a personal author, then the citation begins with the author s last name. If a webpage has no author, begin with the title of the webpage, just as you would for an online article (see the next section). Author, A. A. (Year). Title of webpage. Retrieved from Reid, C. (2013, October 4). Message from the CEO: BC Hydro workers dedicated to keeping the power on. Retrieved from ceo-message-employee-salaries.html NOTE: If a webpage names a particular group of people as authoring the webpage, cite the name as the webpage s author(s): Group author. (Year). Title of webpage. Retrieved from Compensation board. (2013). Fish & wildlife compensation program. Retrieved from

19 19 WEBPAGE WITH NO AUTHOR When there is no author for a web page, the title of the material moves to the first position of the reference entry, as it does for an article without an author. Start the citation with the title of the webpage. Title of webpage. (2010). Retrieved from Examples: New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved from /health/story_13178.asp Children removed from abusive home. (2012, July 15). Retrieved from _news In-text citation:... ("Children Removed From Abusive Home," 2012). (Use a shortened title for a long title.) WEBPAGE (NO AUTHOR, NO DATE) Most webpages have a date somewhere look for a copyright symbol or a "last updated" statement. But if there really is no date, put "n.d." for "no date" in place of the date. Title of webpage. (n.d.). Retrieved from Shaping the future: Careers in architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved from In-text citation:... ("Shaping the future," n.d.) (Use a shortened title for a long title.) NOTE: Citing a retrieval date (e.g., Retrieved May 16, 2017 from is necessary only when a source is likely to change frequently, such as a Wiki or a Blog.

20 20 ARTICLES (Periodicals) JOURNAL ARTICLE WITH DOI (DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER) The DOI goes at end of the citation. Notice that if there is a DOI, then the citation is the same regardless of whether the article has been accessed in print or online. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, volume (issue), page range. doi:xxxxxxxxx Simons, M., Berhardt, C., & Slinger, J. (2012). Active gaming in Dutch adolescents: A descriptive study. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), doi: / JOURNAL ARTICLE WITHOUT DOI (URL) If an article accessed online does not have a DOI, then the citation ends with the URL of the journal's website, even if you actually retrieved the article through a database. Use Google to find the URL of the journal s website. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, volume (issue), page range. Retrieved from Sidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), Retrieved from JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM A DATABASE Wysong, S., Kissel, G. J., & Beldona, S. (2008). "Made in China The effect of country association on a brand s personality. American International College Journal Of Business, 17: Retrieved from Business Source Complete. Accession number: [OR doi].

21 MAGAZINE ARTICLE If a magazine article has been accessed online, then the citation ends with the URL of the magazine's website, even if you actually retrieved the article through a database. (Use Google to find the URL of the magazine s website.) Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Magazine, volume (issue), page range. Retrieved from Amiel, B. (2013, November 25). I'd take Rob Ford over some I could name. Maclean's, 126(46), 12. Retrieved from NOTE: If an article is only available through a database (as for instance, when the magazine is no longer being published and so does not have a website) give the name of the database and the accession number of the article (or whatever unique number the database has assigned to the article). Hunt, T. (2005, 12). 12 steps to nowhere: As an alcoholic who has not had a drink in five years, I've made it a point to avoid Alcoholics Anonymous. Saturday Night, 120, Retrieved from CBCA Reference & Current Events. ProQuest document ID: NEWSPAPER ARTICLE If a newspaper article has been accessed online, then the citation ends with the URL of the newspaper's website, even if you actually retrieved the article through a database. (Use Google to find the URL of the newspaper s website.) Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from Khan, S. (2013, February 28). Beyond tolerance lies true respect. The Washington Post. Retrieved from If an article is only available through a database (as for instance, when the newspaper is no longer being published and so does not have a website) give the name of the database and the accession number of the article (or whatever unique number the database has assigned to the article). We thought it would last forever. (2014, Jan 11). Kamloops Daily News. Retrieved from Canadian Newsstand Complete. ProQuest document ID:

22 22 EDITORIAL (Unsigned) Editorial: Putting the care in healthcare. [Editorial]. (2017, March 7). Washington Post. Retrieved from DATABASE ARTICLE The preferred permanent link to an online source is the DOI. If a DOI is given, you will find it somewhere on the first page of an online article. It might appear hidden behind a button. You can also check this link for a doi: DATABASE ARTICLE WITH A DOI: Swann, W. B., Jr., Sellers, J.G., & McClarty, K. L. (2006). Tempting today, troubling tomorrow: The roots of juvenile crime. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(1), doi:10.117/ DATABASE ARTICLE WITHOUT A DOI: Swann, W. B., Jr., Sellers, J.G., & McClarty, K. L. (2006). Tempting today, troubling tomorrow: The roots of juvenile crime. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(1), Retrieved from DOCUMENTS or REPORTS (Non-Periodical Material) GENERAL NON-PERIODICAL ONLINE DOCUMENT The general format for non-periodical document, such as a report or a posted whole document, follows the basic formula of author, date, title, and publication information. Template for a personally authored online document: Author, A. A. (Date). Title of document. Retrieved from the Agency Name website: Chastain, F. (2013, February 21). The bubble of academia: How colleges deflect learning. Retrieved from the Center for National Leadership website: Template for a corporate-authored online document: Corporate Author. (Date). Title of document. Retrieved from website:

23 23 Grant Valley School of Agriculture. (2010). FFA membership statistics. Retrieved from GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS If an online government document has a personal author, then the publishing entity (the government agency) is indicated by the name of the website from which the document was retrieved. Any additional identifying information, such as a report number or catalogue number, goes in parentheses after the title. Template for a personally authored government document: Author, A. A. (Date). Title of government document (Report No. xxx). Retrieved from Agency Name website: Nagorsen, D. W. (1995, March). Status of the western harvest mouse in North Dakota. (Wildlife Working Report No. WR-71). Retrieved from the United States Forest Service website: Template for a corporate-authored government document: If a government document has a corporate author, then that entity is assumed to be the publisher and the name of the website is omitted. The government agency is the corporate author. Corporate Author. (Date). Title of government document (Report No. xxx). Retrieved from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2010). Disability assistance and trusts. (HUD Publication No ). Retrieved from pdf/disabilitiestrusts.pdf ABBREVIATING NAMES OF ORGANIZATIONS ON SECOND USE: On first use of the source in your paper, give the organization's official abbreviation in brackets within your in-text citation: Counselors must perform 60 hours of internship before certification (Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification [CRCC], 2010). On second and further reference to the source in your paper, give the abbreviation: Certification programs must be authorized by an approved agency (CRCC, 2010).

24 24 ONLINE BOOKS BOOK WITH DOI (DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER) The DOI goes at the end of the citation. Notice that if there is a DOI, then the citation is the same regardless of whether the book has been accessed in print or online. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxxxx Moghissia, H. (2013). Women, power and politics in 21st century Iran. doi: / BOOK WITHOUT DOI (ONLINE) If a book that has been accessed online does not have a DOI, then the citation ends with the URL of the provider's website, even if you actually retrieved the book through the TRU Library Catalogue. Use Google to find the URL of the provider s website. Template Author A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved from Examples: Austen, J. (1815). Emma. Retrieved from Halberstam, J. J. (2012). Gaga feminism: Sex, gender, and the end of normal. Retrieved from Richardson, D. (2000). Rethinking sexuality. Retrieved from DEVICE-SPECIFIC VERSION OF BOOK If you have used a device-specific version of an ebook, the device version goes in square brackets immediately after the title. Author A. A. (Year). Title of work [Device version]. Retrieved from Walker, R., Whelan, A., & Moore, C. (2013). Zombies in the academy [Kindle version]. Retrieved from

25 25 CHAPTER OR SECTION OF AN EDITED BOOK The editor's name is given in normal order between the chapter title and the book title and is followed by "Ed." in parentheses. If there is more than one editor, then Eds. is used instead of Ed. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter: Subtitle of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book: Subtitle of book (pp. xx-xx). doi: or Retrieved from URL. Sweller, J. (2005). Implications of cognitive load theory for multimedia learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp ). doi:10.107/cb AN ENTRY IN AN ONLINE REFERENCE BOOK An entry in a reference book such as an encyclopedia is cited as a chapter in an edited book. If the reference work has more than one volume, then the volume number goes immediately before the page numbers. Author, A. A. (Year). Article title. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference book: Subtitle of reference book (Vol. X, pp. xx-xx). Retrieved from URL Bukowski, P. (2012). Basics of quantitative equity investing. In P. P. Drake & J. Fabozzi, J.(Eds.) Encyclopedia of financial models (Vol. II, pp ). Retrieved from ONLINE REFERENCE WORK Author, A. A. (Year). Article title. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference work (Edition information if available). Retrieved from Driver, J. (2009). The history of utilitarianism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2009 Edition). Retrieved from /sum2009/entries/utilitarianism-history

26 26 WIKIPEDIA ENTRY Avoid using and citing Wikipedia. If you need to use information from Wikipedia, look in the "References" and "External Links" sections for credible sources for that information. If you can't find a better source for the information and simple must use it, then include the date that you accessed it in your citation. Title of Entry. (n. d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved Month Day, Year from Utilitarianism. (n. d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved December 1, 2013 from Utilitarianism BLOG POST A citation for a blog post has "Blog post" in square brackets after the title. Notice that the titles of blog posts are not italicized. Author, A. A. (Year, Day Month). Title of blog post [Blog post]. Retrieved from Perelman, D. (2012, November 26). Sweet potato cake with marshmallow frosting [Blog post]. Retrieved from If the blogger uses a screen name but you know their real name, alphabetize the reference by the real name and put the screen name in square brackets. Author, A. A. [Screen Name]. (Year, Day Month). Title of blog post [Blog post]. Retrieved from Whipple, T. [librariantiff].(2012, September 23). Nothing like the scent of a new book [Blog post]. Retrieved from

27 27 If the blogger uses a screen name and you do not know their real name, alphabetize the reference by the screen name. Screen Name. (Year, Day Month). Title of blog post [Blog post]. Retrieved from liberal japonicus. (2013, September 29). Sabotage and Obamacare [Blog post]. Retrieved from YOUTUBE VIDEO A citation for an online video has "Video file" in square brackets after title. Note that the author of a video posted on YouTube or a similar site is generally presumed to be the person who posted the video. Notice that YouTube is treated as a publication similar to a magazine, which is why the URL given is that of YouTube s homepage. Author/Poster A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from Cummins, B. (2010, January 16). TRU service-learning 100 all videos [Video file]. Retrieved from If the author/poster uses a screen name but you know their real name, alphabetize the reference by the real name and put the screen name in square brackets. Author/Poster A. A. [Screen Name]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from Richards, A. [adriarichards]. (2011, June 4) Camtasia Studio, Snagit and Jing review [Video file]. Retrieved from If the author/poster uses a screen name and you do not know his or her real name, alphabetize the reference by the screen name. Screen name. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from

28 28 Browseroperations. (2011, December 22). Tile Tabs - Firefox extension in action [Video file]. Retrieved from A FILM / VIDEO / DVD Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, A. A. (Director). (Year). Title of film [Motion picture] / [Video]. Place of Publication: Publisher. Merrick, D. (Producer), & Lumet, S. (Director). (2009). Secondhand Lions [Motion picture]. United States: Warner. PODCAST When citing a podcast, include "Audio podcast" in square brackets after title. Author/Performer, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of podcast. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from Bazelon, E., Dickerson, J. & Plotz, D. (2013, December 5) The motor city massacre gabfest [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from If the author/performer uses a screen name but you know their real name, alphabetize the reference by the real name and put the screen name in square brackets. Author/Performer, A. A. [Author/Performer's Screen Name]. (Year, Day Month). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from If the author/performer uses a screen name and you do NOT know their real name, alphabetize the reference by the screen name. Screen name, A. A. (Year, Day Month). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from htttp://...

29 29 A TWEET Author, A. A./Corporate Author. (Year, Month Day). Title or subject of Tweet [Twitter moment]. Retrieved from Reuters Top News. (2016, November 1). Inside David Bowie's art collection [Twitter moment]. Retrieved from In-text Citation for a Tweet: David Bowie collection includes three original Picasso paintings (Reuters Top News, 2016). or: Reuters Top News (2016) says that David Bowie's collection includes three original Picasso paintings.

30 30 R E FERENCES PAGE D OCUMENTATION PRINT SOURCES ARTICLES (Periodicals) JOURNAL ARTICLE Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, volume (issue), page range. Sidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. National Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), MAGAZINE ARTICLE Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Magazine, volume (issue), page range. Amiel, B. (2013, November 25). I'd take Rob Ford over some I could name. Maclean's, 126(46), 12. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Newspaper, p. x. Kahn, S. (2013, February 28). Beyond tolerance lies true respect. The New York Times, p. A.15. AN UNSIGNED EDITORIAL Editorial: Title of editorial. [Editorial]. (year, Month day). Title of Publication, p. xx Editorial: National parks our best legacy. [Editorial]. (2014, August 18). The Salt Lake Tribune, p. A4.

31 31 A LETTER TO THE EDITOR Author, A. (year, Month day). Title of the letter. [Letter to the editor]. Title of Publication, p. xx Thompson, F. (2015, June 8). Taxpayers need relief. [Letter to the editor]. The Los Angeles Times, p. B3. BOOKS Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. City, State: Publisher. Chandler, C. K. (2012). Animal assisted therapy in counseling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. SPECIFIC EDITION OF A BOOK If an edition is specified, it goes in parentheses after the title. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book (xth ed.).... Examples: Steinbeck, J. (2005). Of mice and men (1937.). New York, NY: Bantam. Thaler, B. The evolution of liberalism (6th. ed.). New York, NY: Collier. Vossburg, S. A. (2013). Canada s legal system (3rd U.S. ed.). Boston, MD: Viking. SECTION OF AN EDITED COLLECTION (Such as a short story in an anthology) For an edited collection of others works, the author of the cited work and the original publication date are given, followed by the editor s name and the title of the collection. Use "Ed." in parentheses. If there is more than one editor, then Eds. is used instead of Ed. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of section / story. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book: Subtitle of book (pp. xx-xx). City, State: Publisher Hawthorne, N. (1998). The scarlet letter (1850). In W. Thorpe (Ed.), Four classic American novels (pp ). New York, NY: Signet Classic.

32 32 OTHER GENERAL STAND-ALONE PRINT DOCUMENTS (Such as brochures and reports) If you have accessed a document in print, such as a brochure, a report, or a stand-alone document, then cite it as you would a book. If the document has a personal author: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document. Place of Publication. Publisher. Knight, D. (2014). The best and worst place to be a woman in the U.S. Los Angeles, CA: Acorn Press. If the document has a corporate author, then the publisher is listed as the author: Corporate Author. (Year). Title of document. Place of Publication. Author. Rocks and Gems Society. (2013). Rock hunting in the Rockies. Denver, CO: Author. RELIGIOUS AND CLASSICAL WORKS Religious and classical texts are not included in the references but do require in-text citations. An in-text citation for such a work should include the title and any additional information that will assist the reader in locating the material. Template for In-Text Citation:... (Title of Book, Chapter: Verse, Edition). Example of In-Text Citation:... (New Testament, 1 Cor. 13:1 New International Version). PERSONAL COMMUNICATION Personal communication (such as a conversation, or unpublished interview) is not included in the references, but does require an in-text citation. This in-text citation should consist of the words "personal communication," the speaker's name (including initials), and the date. Example of In-text Citation:... (D. Phillips, personal communication, September 18, 2015).

33 LECTURES AND LECTURE NOTES If lectures or lecture notes are not publically available (i.e., if you heard the lecture in person and/or if the notes were handed out in class), then cite them as personal communication. If the lecture notes are posted to course management software (e.g., Moodle or Blackboard), then cite them as you would any other material that has been posted to course management software. 33 COURSEPACK When citing material that has been reprinted in a coursepack (such as an instructor s packet of handout material), cite the original source whenever possible. The compiler of the coursepack should have provided a full citation for the material, but if this is not the case, then try to find out where the material was originally published. If you can't find the original source of the material, then treat the coursepack as if it were a book edited by the compiler and the material that you are citing as if it were a chapter in that book. Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. In C. C. Compiler (Ed.), Coursepack title (Course Name and number). City, State: School. DeCampion, R. L. (2012). The Frontal Cortex. In P. Richardson (Ed.), The Brain (AP Psychology). St. George, UT: Desert Hills High School. SECONDARY SOURCES: CITING A SOURCE WITHIN ANOTHER SOURCE Sometimes the author of a work will refer to a work by another author. The in-text citation should include both the source that you have read and the source that you have not read; but only the source that you have actually read should be included in the references. Example of in-text use of a secondary source: Researchers Greggerson and Michner (1995) described the disturbance of preconceived knowledge as cognitive dissonance in a study conducted of 200 Yale law students (as cited in Sneed & Kirschner 2007). Example of the reference page citation: Sneed, W., & Kirschner, C. (2007). A reconsideration of cognitive load theory. Educational Psychology Review, 19(4), doi: /s In the example above, the source Greggerson and Michner (1995) is not included in the list of references because the writer of the paper has not actually read it. Instead, the author of the paper is citing where he or she retrieved the information: It was cited in an article by Sneed and Kirschner. Your reader will find the source by looking for Sneed in the alphabetized list on the reference page.

34 34 AVOIDING PLAGIARISM WHEN RE-USING YOUR EARLIER WORK It may surprise you, but you are committing self-plagiarism when you reuse an essay from an earlier class without citation of your previous essay in your current essay. If you want to develop ideas from an earlier essay in a later essay, you must first get permission from your course instructor and then cite yourself, just as you would cite material from other sources. How to cite yourself: If you paraphrase or quote your previous work, treat yourself as the author and your previous work as an unpublished paper. For example, If Susan Nunez wanted to cite a paper she previously wrote for another class in 2015, her in-text citation might look like this: In-text citation: Nunez (2015) claimed that stress factors in the workplace result in employee turnover more significantly than as the result of any other factor (p. 2). Reference page citation: Nunez, S. (2015). An analysis of employee turnover. Unpublished manuscript, Desert Hills High School. Copyright May 2017 by Sharon May