NOTES. In page references to the works of Bentham and Mill the following abbreviations are used:

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1 NOTES In page references to the works of Bentham and Mill the following abbreviations are used: H W. Harrison (ed.), Jeremy Bentham: A Fragment on Government and An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Oxford, I948). E John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty and Representative Government (Everyman edition, London, I9Io). W M. Warnock (ed.), Utilitarianism (London, I962). I. Bentham, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (I.P.M.L.), ch. I, para. 2. H. p. u6. W. p Bentham, I.P.M.L. ch. I, para. 6. H. p W. p. 3 ~. 3 Bentham, I.P.M.L. ch. I, para. 4 H. p. a6. W. p. 3~ 4 Mill, Utilitarianism (U.), ch. 2. E. p. 6. W. p ~ Bentham, I.P.M.L. ch. I, para. Io. H. p W. p Bentham, I.P.M.L. ch. I, para I. H. p. as. W. p Mill, U. ch. 4 E. p. 3 ~. W. p Mill, U. ch. 4 E. p. 36. W. p Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Pogson Smith (Oxford, I909), part I, ch. 6, p. 41. Io. Cf. British Moralists, ed. Raphael, vol. I, 'Hobbes to Gay' (Oxford, I969), pp. I04-I8. II. Hume, Treatise of Human Nature (ed. Selby-Bigge, Oxford, 1888), Book III, part I, sec. I, p. 457 a. Ibid. Book III, part I, sec. I, p I 3. Ibid. Book III, part I, sec. I, pp Ibid. Book III, part I, sec. 2, p. 47I. 15. Ibid. Book III, part 2, sec. I, p. 48 I. I6: Ibid. Book III, part 3, sec. I, p I7 Ibid. Book III, part 3, sec. I, p. ~81. I 8. Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments, trans. H. Paolucci (New York, I963) 19. Hume, Treatise, Book III, part 2, sec.,i, p E. A. Burtt (ed.), The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill (New York, 1939), P 773 III

2 2I. Ibid. p Paley, Principles of Moral and Political Philosopf?y (London, 1785), Book I, ch. 7, p Bentham, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, preface, para. 7 H. p. I Ibid. ch. I, para. I, footnote x. H. p. I 2 5. W. p Ibid. ch. I 7, part I, 'The Limits between Private Ethics and the Art of Legislation'. H. pp. 4I Ibid. ch. I7, part I, para. I9 H. p Ibid. ch. 17, part I, para. 19. H. p Ibid. ch. r, para. II. H. p W. p Ibid. ch. r, para. 12. H. p W. p. 36. ;o. Ibid. ch. I, para. 13. H. p W. p Ibid. ch. I, para. I4 4 H. p W. p Ibid. ch. 2, para. 19. H. p. I46. W. p Ibid. ch. 4, para. 3 H. pp W. pp Ibid. ch. 7, para. x. H. p Ibid. ch. 17, part I, para. 7 H. p Ibid. ch. 12, para. 34, footnote. H. p Mill, On Liberty, ch. I. E. p. 74 W. p Mill, Utilitarianism, ch. 2. E. p. 7 W. pp Cf. G. H. von Wright, The Varieties of Goodness (London, 1963) chs 4 and Values and Intentions (Stanford, 1969). pp. ;;-8. 4I. Mill, Utilitarianism, ch. 3 E. p. 25. W. p Ibid. ch. 3 E. p. 26. W. p. 28I. 43 Ibid. ch. 3 E. p. 28. W. p Ibid. ch. I. E. p. 4 W. pp Ibid. ch. I. E. p. 4 W. p Ibid. ch. 4 E. p. 35 W. p Ibid. ch. 4 E. p. 36. W. p Ibid. ch. 4 E. p. 26. W. p Cf. The Ground and Nature of the Right(New York, 1955), ch. I. 50. a. A. Quinton, 'The Bounds of Morality', in Ethics and Social Justice, ed. H. E. Kiefer and M. Munitz (Albany, 1970). 51 Cf. D. H. Monro, Empiricism and Ethics (I967), part 3 p. Mill, Utilitarianism, ch. 5. E. pp W. pp Hume, Treatise of Human Nature, Book III, part 2, sec. 1, p H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, Book r, ch. 3, sec. 3 (6th edn, London, 1901), pp Ibid. Book III, ch. II, sec. 2, pp. ;; Ibid. Book III, ch. 13, sec. ;, pp II2

3 57 Ibid. Book IV, ch C. D. Broad, Five Types of Ethical Theory (London, I93o), p Sidgwick, op. cit. Book I, ch. ;, sec. ;, p. 34 6o. F. H. Bradley, Ethical Studies (Oxford, 1876), Essay;, p F. H. Bradley, Collected E.mrys (Oxford, 1935), p G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica (Cambridge, 1903), ch. ;, sec. 42, pp ;. Ibid. ch. ;, sec. 43, p P. Schilpp ( ed.), The Philosophy of G. E. Moore (Evanston, 1942), p. x G. E. Moore, op. cit. ch. ;, sec. 50, p Ibid. ch. ;, sec. 52, p J. J. C. Smart, An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics (Melbourne, 1961), pp. 1 I The Nature of Things (London, 1973), ch. 12.

4 BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Histories Leslie Stephen, The English Utilitarians, 3 volumes (London, 1900). Ernest Allbee, A History of English Utilitarianism (New York, 1902). Elie Halevy, The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism, trans. M. Morris (London, 1928). John Plamenatz, The English Utilitarians (Oxford, 1949). II. The Precursors Richard Cumberland, De Legibus Naturae, 167z. Selections with parallel translation in D. D. Raphael (ed.), British Moralists r6}o-r8oo, vol. I, pp (Oxford, 1969). John Gay, Dissertation Concerning the Fundamental Principle of Virtue or Morality (London, 1731): prefixed to Archbishop King's Essay on the Origin of Evil. Reprinted in E. A. Burtt (ed.), The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill (New York, 1939) David Hume, Treatise of Human Nature, Book III (London, 1740). Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (London, 1751). a. V. C. Chappell ( ed. ), Hume: a collection of critical essays, pp. z4o-334 (Garden City, N.Y., 1966; London, 1968). Abraham Tucker, The Light of Nature Pursued, by 'Edward Search' ( ). William Paley, The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy (1785).

5 III. The Main Texts Jeremy Bentham, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789). Edited by W. Harrison, with A Fragment on Government (Oxford, 1948). Cf. David Baumgardt, Bentham and the Ethics of Today (Princeton, N.J., 1952). A. J. Ayer, 'The Principle of Utility', in Philosophical Essays (London, 1954). H. L.A. Hart, 'Bentham', in Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 48 (Oxford, 1962). James Mill, A Fragment on Mackintosh (London, 1835). John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism (London, 1863). (There are many subsequent editions.) Cf. Karl Britton, John St~~art Mill, chap. 2 (Harmondsworth, 1953). J. B. Schneewind (ed.), Mill: A Collection of Critical Essays, pp (Garden City, N.Y., 1968; London, 1969). Alan Ryan, The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill, chaps II and 12 (London, 1970). IV. Nineteenth-Century Criticism and Development John Grote, An Examination of the Utilitarian Philosophy (Cambridge, 187o). Henry Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics (London, 1874). F. H. Bradley, Ethical Studies, chap. 3 (Oxford, 1876). G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica, chap. 3 (Cambridge, 1903). V. Contemporary Writings R. F. Harrod, 'Utilitarianism Revised', in Mind, vol. 45 (1936) PP J. ]. C. Smart, Outlines of a Utilitarian System of Ethics (Melbourne, 1961). David Lyons, Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism (Oxford, 196s). Jan Narveson, Morality and Utility (Baltimore, 1967). D. H. Hodgson, Consequences of Utilitarianism (Oxford, 1967). n6

6 Michael D. Bayles (ed.), Contemporary Utilitarianism (Garden City, N.Y., 1968). Cf. also the following works, which are of a broadly utilitarian tendency. W. T. Stace, The Concept if Morals (London and New York, 1937). Moritz Schlick, Problems if Ethics (trans. D. Rynin) (New York, 1939). (1st German edition, Fragen der Ethik, 1930.) C. I. Lewis, Ana(ysis if Knowledge and Valuation, Book III (La Salle, Illinois, 1946). ---The Ground and Nature of the Right (New York, 1955). ---Values and Imperatives (Stanford, California, 1969). II7

2 Plato, Apology, 38a. 3 Campbell in Pyke, Philosophers, p.22.

2 Plato, Apology, 38a. 3 Campbell in Pyke, Philosophers, p.22. Notes Introduction 1 John Campbell in Steve Pyke, Philosophers, Zelda Cheatle Press (1995) p.22. Section 1 Epistemology 1.1 What is knowledge? 1 Linda Zagzebski, What is knowledge? in John Greco and Ernest