American Psychological Association (APA) Style Manual

Transcription

1 University of Balamand Libraries American Psychological Association (APA) Style Manual For the Faculties of Social Sciences, Business & Management, Sciences and Health Sciences Adapted from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th ed., Washington, D.C.: Author.

2 2 APA Citation Style Table of contents A. In-Text Citations 3 1. Types and Variations 3 2. Quoting and Paraphrasing 6 B. References 8 1. Types and Variations Periodicals Books Reference Work (Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, etc ) Technical and Research Reports Meetings, Symposia, Conference Paper and Proceedings Doctoral Dissertations and Master s Theses Translated Works Website Content, Software, Blogs, and Data Sets Audio-Visual Media Lecture Notes & PowerPoint Slides 21 Appendix A: References Example 22

3 3 APA Citation Style APA citation style refers to the guidelines established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper. APA style involves both in-text citations and references list. For every in-text citation there should be a full citation in the references list and vice versa. The examples of APA styles and formats listed below include many of the most common types of sources used in academic research. For additional examples and detailed information about APA citation style, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6 th edition) and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References (6 th edition). Also, for automatic generation of citations in appropriate citation style, use a bibliographic citation management program such as RefWorks available through the University Libraries website. A. In-Text Citations In APA style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose work is being acknowledged. 1. Types and Variations Works by a single author The last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point. Example: from theory on bounded rationality (Simon, 1945). If the name of the author appears as part of the narrative text, provide the date and any other info between parentheses. Example: Simon (1945) suggested that

4 4 Works by multiple authors When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical citation join the names with an ampersand (&). Example: as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998). In the narrative text, join the names with the word "and." Example: as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstrated When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. Example: Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found that In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of publication. Example: Kahneman et al. (1991) found that And (Kahneman et al., 1991) at the end of the paragraph Works by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc. The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are spelled out entirely in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. Example: First time citation (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007). Subsequent citation (NIMH, 2007). The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for the reader to locate its source in the reference list without difficulty. Works with no author or anonymous author When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title in the in-text citation, capitalizing the first letter of each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report. Example:

5 5 when temperature change ("Climate and Weather," 1997). Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (1981). When a work s author is designated as anonymous, type the word Anonymous followed by a comma and date. Example: on climate change (Anonymous, 2008). Specific parts of a source To cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations) include the author, year, chapter if available, and specific page(s). Example: (Shimamura, 1989, Chapter 3). (Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96). De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem to be reaching... from the hands of philosophers" (p. 218). If page numbers are not included, provide the paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation "para." Example: (Mönnich & Spiering, 2008, para. 9). For in-text citation of a Wiki engine put the name of the entry between quotation marks followed by a comma and the year, replace the date by n.d. which stands for no date in case the date is not available, and add any specific section in the article. Example: Facebook is one of the most used ( Social media, 1996). ( World economy, n.d., para. 5) Citing a secondary source It is preferable to credit the original work unless it is out of print, or unavailable; in this case only use the citation for the secondary source. Credit the original source right after the quote by adding the words "as cited in..." to show that you have quoted a secondary source, rather than the original. List the secondary source in your references. Example:

6 6...Adams asserts in her book Chicken Little that "without a doubt, the chicken came before the egg" (as cited in Smith, 2005). Multiple in-text citations Include multiple citations inside the same set of parentheses when needed, alphabetize the sources as they would appear in the reference list and separate them by semicolons (;). In running text, you can address sources in whatever order you wish, examples: 2. Quoting and Paraphrasing Quoting is a word-for-word repetition of something written or spoken. Quotes add authenticity and impact to your paper; yet keep them as brief as possible. Use quotation marks directly before and at the end of what has been quoted. Direct quotations should always include the author s last name, year of publication and page number of the quote. If the quotation comprises fewer than 40 words, incorporate it within the text, and follow the proper citation format. Example of a direct quotation within the text Such activity, claims Stein (1990), provides them with a means to explore implications of ideas, to find their strengths and weaknesses, to evaluate their usefulness in real-world situations (p. 25). Example of a standalone direct quotation The low self-monitoring person is generally more attentive to his/her internal attitudes and dispositions than to externally based information such as others reactions and expectations (Baxter, 1983, p. 29).

7 7 Example of a long quotation A long quotation (more than 40 words) should be placed in a freestanding block of text where no quotation marks are required, cite the quoted source in parentheses after the final punctuation mark. Example: Aniline is the prototypical aromatic amine with the formula C6H5NH2. It can be utilized to determine the aromaticity of oil products such as FCC feedstock. Aniline point is the lowest temperature at which an equal volume of aniline and an oil sample are completely miscible. The mixture is heated until there is single phase and then it is cooled. (Issa, 2015, p. 16) Paraphrasing is a restatement of written or spoken text in different words. It does not require special punctuation even though you may be using some words from the original text along with your own words. Summarizing is also often used to brief a great deal of information into a few words. Paraphrasing and summarizing information requires the author s last name and year of publication. Provide page, section, or paragraph number if available. Examples of paraphrasing and summarizing Officials at the University of Delaware thought that letting parents know when students violate regulations on alcohol use would alter students drinking habits (Reisberg, 1998). According to Baxter (1983), if a person has a low self-monitor, then he/she tends to pay more attention to his/her attitudes, rather than to the ways others might expect him/her to behave.

8 8 B. References A good reference contains enough information to lead your reader to the source you used, sources cited or used in the text of a paper must appear in the references list. Follow the below instructions when formatting and typing your references. Title: Start the list on a new page titled: References (centered and 12pt.) Font: Use Times New Roman, size 12pt. Line spacing: Use double space. Margins: Use uniform margins of 1 inch (2.54cm) at the top, bottom, and left. Leave the right margin ragged (not justified). Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order (A-Z) by authors' last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list. Authors: Write out the last name and initials of the first and middle name for all authors of the used work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work. e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. Use a full stop and one space after each initial. Indentation: The first line of the entry is aligned with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented 1/2 inch (1.27cm) or use tab button to form a "hanging indent". Entry titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title, as well as titles of journals. Italics: Use italics for titles of works (e.g., books, journals, e-books, report [technical, government, etc.], dissertation, thesis, film, video, television series, podcast, YouTube video, artwork, map, music album, unpublished manuscript) and volume numbers of periodicals. Do NOT italicize issue numbers. Pagination abbreviation: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers; the same applies to encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.

9 9 1. Types and Variations For online accessed works, and besides following the basic format of each type and variation, additional two pieces of information should be included: Internet address: A stable internet address should be included to direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital object identifier (DOI) 1, use it. If there is no DOI, use a stable uniform resource locator (URL). If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-based databases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from. Break long URL before major punctuation (/ or -) and remove hyperlink. Example: _style_guide.pdf Date: If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia entry, include the date that you retrieved the information. 1.1 Periodicals (Articles in Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, & Newsletters) Articles in Journals References for periodicals articles should include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if available), and page number(s). In case accessed online and has an assigned DOI number, include it at the end after the pages. If no DOI assigned, add retrieved from followed by the exact URL. Basic format: Family name, Initial., Family name, Initial., & Family name, Initial. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. doi: xx.xxx/yyyyy-zzzz.xx 11 A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a unique alphanumeric and permanent identifier, usually found on the abstract page, which will take you straight to a document no matter where it is located on the Internet. Example: doi: /

10 10 Journal article Jacoby, W. G. (1994). Public attitudes toward government spending. American Journal of Political Science, 38(2), Journal article, one author, accessed online, with DOI Ku, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in escalation of commitment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105(2), doi: /j.obhdp Journal article, two authors, accessed online Sanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities consultation and outreach strategies for university settings. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 59(4), doi: / Journal article, more than two authors, accessed online Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past. American Psychologist, 63(3), doi: / x Journal article, more than seven authors, accessed online In this case cite the first 6 authors followed by and the last name and initials of the last author such as: Terracciano, A., Abdel-Khalek, A. M., Adam, N., Adamovova, L., Ahn, C., Ahn, H.,... McCrae, R. R. (2005). National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 310, doi: /science Journal article without DOI Parris, K. M., Velik-Lord, M., & North, J. M. (2009). Frogs call at a higher pitch in traffic noise. Ecology and Society, 14(1), Retrieved from

11 11 Articles in magazines, newspapers, and newsletters Provide specific date (year, month day) when available. Magazine article Kluger, J. (2008, January 16). The science of romance: Why we love. Time, 171(4), Magazine article, accessed online Nasar, S., & Gruber, D. (2006, August). Manifold destiny. The New Yorker. Retrieved from Newspaper article, no author As prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9. In case accessed online As prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9. Retrieved from Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages Delaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5). Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its online options. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12. Newsletter article, accessed online Gordon, R. (2010). The passage of trauma through life. ACCSA Aware, 24. Retrieved from Abstract as original source Aunola, K., Jari, E., Onatsu, T., & Pulkkinen, L. (1999). The role of parents self-esteem, mastery-orientation and social background in their parenting styles. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40, Abstract retrieved from the

12 Books References for books should include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title and subtitle (edition if applicable), place of publication, and the name of the publisher. In case no author and no editor available, the title of the book or the chapter will take the first place in the reference. In case accessed online, you may include the [e-reader book format] in brackets after the title. Add the DOI if available or retrieved from the URL at the end of the reference. Basic format: Family name, Initial(s). Or Editor(s). (year). Book title: Subtitle (xxx ed.). Place: Publisher. One author Castells, M. (2000). End of millennium (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell. Two authors Frank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2001). Principles of economics. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Corporate author, author as publisher Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Tasmanian yearbook 2000 (No ). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Edited book Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of color: Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Essays or chapters in edited books References to an essay or chapter in an edited book should include the following elements: essay or chapter author(s), date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.

13 13 Chapter in an edited book Lawrence, J. A., & Dodds, A. E. (2003). Goal-directed activities and life-span development. In J. Valsiner & K. Connolly (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychology (pp ). London, England: Sage Publications. E-Book In case the book was accessed online, follow the basic format of referencing a book and add doi or retrieved from URL. Rodriguez-Garcia, R., & White, E. M. (2005). Self-assessment in managing for results: Conducting self-assessment for development practitioners. Washington, DC: The World Bank. doi: / Ochs, S. (2004). History of nerve functions: From animal spirits to molecular mechanisms. West Nyack, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from Reference Work (Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, etc ) References for encyclopedias should include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title of the entry, title of the work and pages, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online, include the retrieval date after the title as the entry may be edited over time and add the URL. In case the author is not available the entry of the title will take the place of the author. Basic format: Family name, Initial(s)., Family name, Initial(s)., & Family name, Initial(s). (year). Title of entry. In title of the work (xx ed., Vol. xx, pp. x-xx). Place: Publisher.

14 14 Entry in a reference book Moore, C. (1992). Mass spectrometry. In Encyclopedia of chemical technology (4th ed., Vol. 15, pp ). New York, NY: Wiley. Entry in a reference work, no author, no editor, no date, accessed online Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved July 14, 2010 from Entry from an online encyclopedia, no author, accessed online Containerization. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from Entry in Wikis (Wikipedia) Kindly note that Wikis are not recommended in academic research, yet we included an example, since it is included in APA style. Social media. (1996). In Wikipedia. Retrieved February 1, 2016, from wiki/social_media 1.4 Technical and Research Reports References for reports shall include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title of document, place of publication, name of publisher, retrieved from URL. In case the organization assigned a number (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. In case accessed online, include the URL. Working paper with report number Holmes, P. (2000). The intercultural communication experiences of ethnic Chinese students in a Western tertiary institution: Implications for education providers (Working paper ). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of Management Communication.

15 15 Corporate author, government report, accessed online U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005). Medicaid drug price comparisons: Average manufacturer price to published prices (OIG publication No. OEI ). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from oei pdf Research report from non-governmental organization, accessed online Deming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood (NBER Working Paper 14124). Retrieved from the National Bureau of Economic Research website: Report from a private institution, accessed online Victor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain (Working paper #71). Retrieved from Stanford University, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development website: publications/ gazprom_gas_giant_under_strain/ 1.5 Meetings, Symposia, Conference Paper, and Proceedings Proceedings of meetings and symposia may be published in book or periodical form; for referencing use the same format as for a chapter in a book or journal article. Basic format : Family name, Initial(s)., Family name, Initial(s)., & Family name, Initial(s). (year, month if applicable). Title of the work. Paper presented at the meeting/conference of Organization Name, Location. Retrieved from URL. Paper presented in a conference/meeting Taylor, J. A. (2006). Assessment: A tool for development and engagement in the first year of university study. Paper presented at the Engaging Students: 9th Pacific Rim in Higher Education (FYHE) Conference, Griffith, Australia. Retrieved from /past_papers/2006/papers/taylor.

16 16 Contribution to a symposium, accessed online Contributor, A. A., Contributor, B. B., & Contributor, C. C. (year, month). Title of contribution. In D. D. Chairperson (Chair), Title of symposium. Symposium conducted at the meeting of Organization Name, Location. Retrieved from URL. McInerney, D. M., Lee, J. Q., Liem, A. D., & Ortiga, Y. Y. (2009, August). Future goals and achievement goals: Expanding the horizons of goal theory. In M. Wosnitza (Chair), Latest developments in research on multiple goals in learning contexts. Symposium conducted at the 13th Biennial Conference: EARLI 2009: Fostering Communities of Learners, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Retrieved from /en/publications/future-goals-and-achievement-goals-expanding-the-horizons-ofgoal Doctoral Dissertations and Master s Theses References for dissertations and theses shall include the following elements: author, year, title, (type of work), name of institution, location. In case accessed online add retrieved from the name of database or the URL. For unpublished work: Identify (Unpublished type of document) in parentheses after the title). If retrieved from a commercial database; use: Available from name of the database followed by the Accession or Order No. in parentheses at the end of the reference. Dissertation/Thesis, unpublished El Mawas, O. (2015). The replication of the two hotspots of breakage located within the human common fragile site FRA111D occurs in mid to late phase: A preliminary study (Unpublished master s thesis). University of Balamand, Lebanon. Dissertation/Thesis, accessed from a commercial database Young, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to sustainable cities (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No )

17 17 Dissertation/Thesis, accessed from the web Reed, L. A. (2015). Digital dating abuse: Digital media as a gendered context for dating violence in the digital world. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan). Retrieved from Translated Works If the original version of a non-english work is used as the source, cite the original version, and give the original title the English translation in brackets right after the title. Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La genèse de l idée de hazard chez l enfant [The origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. If you used the English translation of a foreign work, include the translator s name followed by a coma and Trans. in parentheses after the title, also add (Original work published date xxxx) at the end of the reference. Freud, S. (1963). A general introduction to psychoanalysis (J. Riviere, Trans.). New York: Liveright. (Original work published 1917). 1.8 Website Content, Software, Blogs, and Data Sets For content that does not easily fit into categories such as journals, books, and reports; keep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source material. For electronic and online materials, include the author, date, title, format description in brackets, and source. If a DOI is listed on the database record, include it or provide the stable URL or database name. Basic format: Family name, Initial(s). (year). Title of entry [Description of entry form, i.e. software, blog post, etc ]. Retrieved from Do not italicize the title of entries from a website, the names of software, apps, and programs. Italicize only the title of data set or a published measurement instrument.

18 18 Provide a retrieval date for entries when the content changes over time, such as for non-archival social media pages. Entry from a website Antipolis, S. (2008). Essential step achieved in the creation of the European Air Traffic Management Network. Retrieved from European Telecommunications Standards Institute website: City University of Hong Kong. (2012). Rules on academic honesty: Effective from semester A 2012/13. Retrieved January 10, 2016, from /academic_ honesty/ rules_on_academic_honesty.htm Healthy eating for a healthy weight. (n.d.). Retrieved from U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Timeline [Facebook page]. Retrieved September 27, 2013, from Software Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2006). LISREL 8.80 for Windows [Computer software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International. Mobile application software Skyscape. (2011). Skyscape Medical Resources (Version ) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from Blog post Arrington, M. (2008, August 5). The viral video guy gets $1 million in funding. [Blog message]. Retrieved from

19 19 Data set from a database Bloomberg L. P. (2008). Return on capital for Hewlett Packard 12/31/90 to 09/30/08 [Data file]. Retrieved from Bloomberg database. Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Botswana. (2008). Gross domestic product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008 [Statistics]. Retrieved from CEIC Data database. Entire website When citing an entire website (and not a specific document on that site), no reference list entry is required if the address for the site is cited in the text of your paper. Witchcraft in Europe and America is a site that presents the full text of many essential works in the literature of witchcraft and demonology ( 1.9 Audio-Visual Media References for audio-visual media should include the following elements: name and function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director), copyright year, title, the medium in brackets, location or place of production, and name of the distributor. In case retrieved online include the URL (address of webpage). Basic format: Producer s Family Name, Initial(s). (Producer), & Director s Family Name, Initial(s). (Director). (year). Title of work [DVD, video file, etc.]. Place: Company name. Retrieved from URL DVD/Videocassette Achbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J. (Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer). (2004). The corporation [DVD]. Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation. Television series (Entire)/ Motion picture Gilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/Director). (1980). Nine to five [Motion picture]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox.

20 20 Streaming video, e.g. YouTube video Add the username of the person who posted the video online between brackets after the author. Apsolon, M. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on Video Tape 14 [Video file]. Retrieved from Interview recording, Personal communication that is not recoverable shall not be included in the references list; instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the communication in the main text only. (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002). In case the interview may be found online, use the basic format of the audio-visual media. Television show from a series, episode, or webisode Use the same format as a chapter in a book, replacing the script writer and director in the author position, and the producer in the editor position. Whedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14). Hush [Television series episode]. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin, S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K. (Executive Producers), Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros. Music recording Jackson, M. (1982). Beat it. On Thriller [CD]. New York, NY: Sony Music.

21 21 Work of art (photograph, drawing, painting, sculpture, etc...) Basic format: Artist s Family Name, Initial(s). (year). Title of work [Photo, painting, drawing, etc.]. Work location: Institution, Museum, or Collection. Original work Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina s world [Painting]. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved online Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina s world [Painting]. Retrieved from /explore/collection/index 1.10 Lecture Notes & PowerPoint Slides Basic format: Family name, Initial(s). (year). Title of work [Format]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes, accessed online Hallam, A. (2009). Duality in consumer theory [PDF document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online: PowerPoint slides, accessed online Blampied, N. M. (2015). Learning and behaviour change [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes, not accessed online Lecture notes taken by a person are considered 'personal communication' as they are unpublished and 'non-retrievable'. For this reason, they are only cited within in the text and not included in the references list. For example, lecture notes taken for a lecture given by Professor N. M. Johnson: It is reported that... (Professor N. M. Johnson, personal communication, May 15, 2015)

22 22 APPENDIX A: References Example References Apsolon, M. [markapsolon]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on Video Tape [Video file]. Retrieved from As prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Tasmanian yearbook 2000 (No ). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Containerization. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2008, from El Mawas, O. (2015). The replication of the two hotspots of breakage located within the human common fragile site FRA111D occurs in mid to late phase: A preliminary study (Unpublished master s thesis). University of Balamand, Lebanon. Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of color: Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Hallam, A. (2009). Duality in consumer theory [PDF document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online: Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster s online dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved from Lawrence, J. A., & Dodds, A. E. (2003). Goal-directed activities and life-span development. In J. Valsiner & K. Connolly (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychology (pp ). London, England: Sage Publications. Nasar, S., & Gruber, D. (2006, August). Manifold destiny. The New Yorker. Retrieved from

23 23 Ochs, S. (2004). History of nerve functions: From animal spirits to molecular mechanisms. West Nyack, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from Parris, K. M., Velik-Lord, M., & North, J. M. (2009). Frogs call at a higher pitch in traffic noise. Ecology and Society, 14(1), Retrieved from Reed, L. A. (2015). Digital dating abuse: Digital media as a gendered context for dating violence in the digital world. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan). Retrieved from Social media. (1996). In Wikipedia. Retrieved February 1, 2016, from wiki/social_media Taylor, J. A. (2006). Assessment: A tool for development and engagement in the first year of university study. Paper presented at the Engaging Students: 9th Pacific Rim in Higher Education (FYHE) Conference, Griffith, Australia. Retrieved from /past_papers/2006/papers/taylor. Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past. American Psychologist, 63(3), doi: / x Victor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain (Working paper #71). Retrieved from Stanford University, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development website: publications/gazprom_gas_giant_under_strain/ Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina s world [Painting]. Retrieved from /explore/collection/index

24 24 Other citation guides and useful websites: American Psychological Association's Website Purdue University Online Writing Lab's APA Formatting and Style Guide Prepared by University of Balamand Libraries, Graduate Services Office March 2018 Licensed Under Creative Commons