[Title] Aloisea Inyumba: Mother of New Rwanda [Header 1, Font 16]

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1 STYLE SHEET FOR JENdA: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies WAR: West Africa Review IJELE: Art Ejournal of the African World JAP: Journal on African Philosophy Proud Flesh: New Afrikan Journal of Culture, Politics & Consciousness [Title] Aloisea Inyumba: Mother of New Rwanda [Header 1, Font 16] [Author] Nkiru Nzegwu Abstract [Header 3, Times New Roman, Font 12] [Normal Time New Roman, Font 10] Aloisea Inyumba, a Senator in the Parliament of Rwanda, has played a critical role in the early days of the post-genocide era in the formation of new Rwanda. dialogues to promote reconciliation between Hutu and Tutsi in post-genocide Rwanda. This compilation examines the work of Inyumba in her role as the mother of a new Rwanda nation.. Keywords: Rwanda, tutsi, hutu, genocide, reconciliation, orphans, motherhood, maternal nation-building, gacaca justice system Mother of a New Nation [Header 2, Font 13] [Normal, Times New Roman, Font 12] To state that Inyumba is the mother of new Rwanda is to say something intrinsically important about her professional skill as well as her administrative role and policies in the post-genocide era. As the Minister of Family and Women s Affairs, Inyumba functioned as the mother of the nation, selflessly concerned about the welfare of all her charges, and intolerant of divisive politics that draw distinctions between Rwandans. Given a background in social work, she devised policies to assuage the trauma of Tutsi victims, allay Hutu fears of collective punishment, and sooth Twa fears of discrimination. She treated everyone as Rwandan, and worked with all families to lay the foundation for an inspiring new nation. Gacaca Judicial System [Header 2, Font 13] [Normal Time New Roman, Font 12] The 1996 Organic law established the trial of genocide crimes in civil and military courts, the rules and procedure for confession and the guilt plea of genocide suspects. The Gacaca system was initially a traditional judicial system which the NURC adopted to legally try suspects. Prior to the implementation of the provisions of the 1996 Organic Law, the NURC utilized the peace volunteers to facilitate a nation-wide open discussion at the local levels about what transpired during the carnage. The initial objective was not reconciliation, but to initiate communication and dialogue. People began discussing the causes and effects of the conflict. While the impact on women whose children had been killed by their neighbors was unimaginable, the Gacaca system which the Commission announced it would

2 work with, promised some catharsis for victims of the genocide. The system s participatory process and restorative philosophy empowered citizens to speak out against atrocities, judge and punish perpetrators of those crimes, with the exception of those in the first category who will be tried by common law. 2 Structure of Gacaca Courts [Header 3, Font 12] [Normal Time New Roman, Font 12] In utilizing the traditional system of justice, the NURC extensively upgraded the Gacaca to bring it in line with the society s present needs, and the government s political objectives in a post-genocide era. The upgraded Gacaca Courts has four levels of jurisdiction, corresponding to the government s administrative units in an ascending order of hierarchy, the Cell Gacaca Courts, the Sector Gacaca Courts, the District Gacaca Courts, and the Province Gacaca Courts for Appeal. In formalizing the traditional system, the law setting up the Gacaca courts defined the various levels of competences of the courts in the system. The Cell Gacaca is competent for the trial of persons in the category 4 and for appeals against sentences given in the absence of prisoners. Example of [Header 4, Font] The Sector Gacaca is competent for the trial of suspects whose acts fall in the third category and for appeals against sentences given in the absence of prisoners. The District Gacaca is competent for the trial persons in the second category, and for appeals against sentences given by the Sector courts and for appeals of sentences given in the absence of prisoners. Lastly, the Province s Gacaca court hears appeals of sentences of the District courts and of sentences given in the absence of prisoners. Conclusion [Header 2, Font 13] As we reflect on the tremendous accomplishments of the new generation of Rwandan women leaders, As we reflect on the tremendous accomplishments of the new generation of Rwandan women leaders, As we reflect on the tremendous accomplishments of the new generation of Rwandan women leaders, As we reflect on the tremendous accomplishments of the new generation of Rwandan women leaders, As we reflect on the tremendous accomplishments of the new generation of Rwandan women leaders. [Endnote] Only endnotes are permitted. These must be entered in using Microsoft or Open Office software. No manual entries of endnotes. Percentages Use a numeral and write out percent NO percentage sign - %

3 3 Dating System Historical nineteenth century NOT 19 th century CITATION FORMAT GUIDELINES Bibliography: = B Text citation: = T Reference citation: R One author B: Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, T: (Doniger 1999, 65) R: Doniger, Wendy Splitting the difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Two authors B: Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Primate Conservation Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, T: (Cowlishaw and Dunbar 2000, 104 7) R: Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar Primate conservation biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Four or more authors B: Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, T: (Laumann et al. 1994, 262) R: Laumann, Edward O., John H. Gagnon, Robert T. Michael, and Stuart Michaels The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author B: Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, T: (Lattimore 1951, 91 92) R: Lattimore, Richmond, trans The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author B: Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, T: (Bonnefoy 1995, 22)

4 4 R: Bonnefoy, Yves New and selected poems. Ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Chapter or other part of a book B: Wiese, Andrew. The House I Live In : Race, Class, and African American Suburban Dreams in the Postwar United States. In The New Suburban History, edited by Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, T: (Wiese 2006, 101 2) R: Wiese, Andrew The house I live in : Race, class, and African American suburban dreams in the postwar United States. In The new suburban history, ed. Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Chapter of an edited volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources) B: Cicero, Quintus Tullius. Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship. In Rome: Late Republic and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908). T: (Cicero 1986, 35) R: Cicero, Quintus Tullius Handbook on canvassing for the consulship. In Rome: Late republic and principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of University of Chicago readings in western civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Originally published in Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, trans., The letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908). Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book B: Rieger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, T: (Rieger 1982, xx xxi) R: Rieger, James Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Book published electronically If a book is available in more than one format, you should cite the version you consulted, but you may also list the other formats, as in the second example below. If an access date is required by your publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the first example below. B: Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Also available in print form and as a CD- ROM. T: (Kurland and Lerner 1987)

5 5 R: Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds The founders Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Journal article Article in a print journal B: Smith, John Maynard. The Origin of Altruism. Nature 393 (1998): T: (Smith 1998, 639) R: Smith, John Maynard The origin of altruism. Nature 393: Article in an online journal Include access date parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the fourth example below. B: Hlatky, Mark A., Derek Boothroyd, Eric Vittinghoff, Penny Sharp, and Mary A. Whooley. Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (February 6, 2002), T: (Hlatky et al. 2002) Popular magazine article B: Martin, Steve. Sports-Interview Shocker. New Yorker, May 6, T: (Martin 2002, 84) R: Martin, Steve Sports-interview shocker. New Yorker, May 6. Newspaper article Newspaper articles may be cited in running text ( As William Niederkorn noted in a New York Times article on June 20, 2002,... ) instead of in a note or an in-text citation, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography or reference list as well. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations. B: Niederkorn, William S. A Scholar Recants on His Shakespeare Discovery. New York Times, June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition. T: (Niederkorn 2002) Book review B: Gorman, James. Endangered Species. Review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth Gilbert. New York Times Book Review, June 2, T: (Gorman 2002, 16) R: Gorman, James Endangered species. Review of The last American man, by Elizabeth Gilbert. New York Times Book Review, June 2.

6 Thesis or dissertation B: Amundin, M. Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from the Harbour Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena. PhD diss., Stockholm University, T: (Amundin 1991, 22 29, 35) Paper presented at a meeting or conference B: Doyle, Brian. Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59. Paper presented at the annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, June 19 22, T: (Doyle 2002) R: Doyle, Brian Howling like dogs: Metaphorical language in Psalm 59. Paper presented at the annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, June 19 22, in Berlin, Germany. Web site Web sites may be cited in running text ( On its Web site, the Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees states... ) instead of in an in-text citation, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography or reference list as well. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations. If an access date is required by your publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the second example below. B: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, : A Decade of Outreach. Evanston Public Library. (accessed June 1, 2005). T: (Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees) Weblog entry or comment Weblog entries or comments may be cited in running text ( In a comment posted to the Becker-Posner Blog on March 6, 2006, Peter Pearson noted... ) instead of in a note or an in-text citation, and they are commonly omitted from a bibliography or reference list as well. The following examples show the more formal versions of the citations. If an access date is required by your publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the first example below. B: Becker-Posner Blog, The. T: (Peter Pearson, The Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6, 2006) 6 message messages may be cited in running text ( In an message to the author on October 31, 2005, John Doe revealed... ) instead of in a note or an in-text citation, and they are rarely listed in a bibliography or reference list. The following example shows the more formal version of a note. N: 2. John Doe, message to author, October 31, Item in online database

7 7 Journal articles published in online databases should be cited as shown above, under Article in an online journal. If an access date is required by your publisher or discipline, include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the first example below. B: Perseus Digital Library. T: (Pliny the Elder, Perseus Digital Library) [Style 1] Bibliography [Header 2, Font 13] Newsmaker: Aloisea Inyumba, Feminist Wire, MS Magazine, January 9, 2001 < com/news/uswirestory.asp?id=6176>. Black, Debra. Women rebuild a ravaged nation: Senator Aloisea Inyumba, The Star, Sep 08, :30 AM. < Carlin, John. Beautiful Game Heals An Ugly Past, The Independent, Monday, 12 April 2004; < Cenedella, Peter. School Campaign Supports Girls Education and Achievement in Rwanda, Rwanda Newsline, United Nations Girls Educational Initiative (UNGEI), July 2007; < [Style 2] Bibliography [Header 2, Font 13] Alleyne, Mervyn The Construction and Representation of Race and Ethnicity in the Caribbean and the World. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press. Anderson, Clive The Bleaching Syndrome. The Jamaica Gleaner 1-2. Beckles, Hilary and Verene Shepherd, editors Caribbean Slave Society and Economy. New York: The New Press. Blay, Y. A. (2007). Yellow Fever: Skin Bleaching and the Politics of Skin Color in Ghana. Doctor of Philosophy, Temple University, Philadelphia.