Chicago Style. Footnotes/Endnotes

Transcription

1 Chicago Style When using The Chicago Manual of Style, you should first establish what type of Chicago citation style you will use, which is usually indicated by your professor or editor. The following are the two ways to cite material according to the new 6 th edition:. Footnotes and/or Endnotes: This method is always accompanied by a Bibliography. 2. Author-date references: A References Page always accompanies this method. Footnotes/Endnotes A footnote is placed at the bottom of a page of text to further explain, expand or cite a source as indicated by a superscript. An endnote is exactly the same as a footnote; however, it is found at the end of the paper in a single list after the heading of Notes. The basic format for a Chicago-style footnote and endnote are as follows: Footnote Firstname Lastname, Title in Italics (City, State of publication: Publisher, Year of publication) pg.- pg. Endnote Lastname, Firstname. Title in Italics. City, State of publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. A footnote or endnote entry of a book with a single author is as follows: Footnote Gordon MacKenzie, Orbiting the Giant Hairball: A Corporate Fool s Guide to Surviving with Grace (New York: Penguin, 998) Ibid., MacKenzie, Orbiting the Giant Hairball, 79. Endnote MacKenzie, Gordon. Orbiting the Giant Hairball: A Corporate Fool s Guide to Surviving with Grace. New York: Penguin, 998.

2 A few tips The state of publication can be omitted in footnotes and endnotes if the city is commonly known (e.g., New York, Chicago). Notice that the abbreviation Ibid. is used when the same work is cited in the note immediately preceding. This abbreviation cannot be used if more than one work is in the previous citation. If a work is cited again later in the footnote or endnote, you may simply use the last name of the author, an abbreviated title, and the page number, omitting publication information (see Footnote #5 above). Chicago style allows users to not only add citation material in notes, but also commentary or additional material, such as extra quotations. If the source material in the footnote or endnote is exactly the same as the one immediately preceding it, Chicago style allows users to use Ibid. The word Ibid may take the place of all the identical material; different page numbers may be added. A shortened footnote, like the example 5 above under footnote, is unlike Ibid in that it may not come immediately after a previous MacKenzie note. Users may use shortened notes if the source has previously been used and noted. Notes pages have single-spaced entries with double-spacing between each entry. Table of Examples: Foot/Endnotes Book with One Author (p. 695) Book with Two or Three Authors or Editors (p ) Book with Four to Ten Persons (p. 696) Anonymous Works (9. 697) BOOKS Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling (New York: Penguin, 2005), Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, 307. Donna Smith and Doug Ames, Dogs in Ireland (New York: Random House, 200), Smith, Jones, and West, Vamps in Graceland, 88. Alton Robinson et al., eds. Farming in America (Boston: Knopf, 2005), Robinson et al., Farming in America, 44. Women and Mental Health (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 996), Women and Mental Health,

3 Article in Print (p. 730) Article in Electronic Form (p. 730) *The addition of a URL or DOI is the only differences between an electronic article citation and a print citation. Magazine in Print (p. 738) Magazine in Electronic Form (p. 739) Newspaper in Print (p. 740) Newspaper with Column Information (p. 740) Website content (p. 752) Blog entry (p. 754) Dissertations (p. 746) Lectures, Papers JOURNAL ARTICLES Christopher S. Mackay, Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian, Classical Philology 94, no. 2 (999): MacKay, Lactantius, 27. Hope A. Olson, Codes, Costs, and Critiques: The Organization of Information in Library Quarterly, , Library Quarterly 76, no. (2006): 20, doi: 0.086/ Olson, Codes, Costs, and Critiques, 25. MAGAZINES Jeffrey Selingo, Tulane Slashes Departments and Lays Off Professors, The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 6, 2005, 7. 3 Selingo, Tulane, 8. Jessica Reaves, A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter Kids, Time, March 4, 200, 3 Reaves, A Weighty Issue. NEWSPAPERS Mike Royko, Next Time, Dan, Take Aim at Arnold, Chicago Tribune, September 23, Royko, Next Time. Gretchen Morgenson, Applying a Discount to Good Earnings News, Market Watch, New York Times, April 23, 2000, doi: 0.546/ Morgenson, Applying a Discount. WEBSITES Style Guide, Wikipedia, last modified July 8, 2008, 2 Kim Kardashian s Facebook page, accessed October 8, 200, SteveCO, comment on Nizza, Go Ahead, Annoy Away. 2 AC, July, 2008 (0:8a.m.), comment on Rhian Ellis, Squatter s Rights, Ward Six (blog), June 30, 2008, MISCELLANEOUS William M. Wisser, Rhetoric and Riot in Rio de Janerio, , (Ph.D diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006), Wisser, Rhetoric and Riot, 45. Stacy D Erasmo, The Craft and Career of Writing (lecture, 3

4 Presented at Meetings, and the Like (p. 747) Interviews (p. 744) unpublished Northwestern University, Evanston IL, April 26, 2000). 3 D Erasmo, The Craft. Andrew MacMillian (principal adviser, Investment Center Division, FAO), in discussion with the author, September 998. Or Benjamin Spock, interview by Milton J.E. Senn, November 20, 974, interview 67A, transcript, Senn Oral History Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. Author-Date References Author-Date References are used in place of foot/endnotes. Making a decision about whether to use intext citations versus footnotes depends on the preference. Many disciplines in the physical, natural, and social sciences use the author-date reference style of citation, but if unsure, users should check with a professor. Placement of In-Text Citations: In-Text Citations are usually placed just before a mark of punctuation and include the author s last name, the publication date, and a page number if needed. A few tips If the author s name appears in a text, it need not be repeated in the parenthetical citation (p. 797): Litman (983) finds that Academy Award nominations or winnings are significantly related to revenues. Although a citation of a source normally follows a direct quotation, it may precede the quotation if the ordering of words permits (p. 798). For example: As Edward Tufte (200, 39) points out, A graphical element may carry data information and also perform a design function usually left to non-data-ink. Bibliography and Reference pages have single-spaced entries with double-spacing between each entry. 4

5 Table of Examples: Author-Date References Single Author (p. 790) Two or Three Authors (p. 790) More than Four or more (p. 79) Multiple References (p. 800) Citations with Author(s) (Pacini 997, 40) (Smith and Ames 996, 42) (Zipursky et al. 997) (Armstrong and Malacinski 989; Beigl 989; Pickett and White 985) or: Another example: (Wong 999, 328; Garcia 998, 67) Citations Without Author(s) Simply refer to your References List, and whatever the first words are in a given citation, use these words in the parenthetical citation. An example can be seen below: Reference: Writing Center, Chicago/Turabian Style The Writing Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In-Text Citation: (Writing Center 2005) Bibliography/References Page According to The Chicago Manual, the primary distinction between these two rest in whether or not the writer is using author-date references or foot/endnotes. As stated before, if the writer is using the authordate system, a References Page should be used, and if foot or endnotes are used, then a Bibliography is needed. This is because reference pages only include sources cited directly in the paper, while a bibliography can include sources that are not necessarily cited but had an influence on the research. However, it is always important to check with your professor or editor. (**BIB= Bibliography Page; REF=References Page) BOOKS Book with One Author BIB: Fielding, Henry. The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling. New York: Penguin, REF: Fielding, H The History of Tom Jones: A Foundling. New York: Penguin. Book with Two Authors BIB: Smith, Donna and Doug Ames. Dogs in Ireland. New York: Random House,

6 Book with Multiple Authors Article in Print Article in Electronic Form Webpage with Author/Publisher (if no author/publisher, leave that material out) Lectures, Papers Presented at Meetings, and the Like Interviews REF: Smith, Donna, and Doug Ames Dogs in Ireland. New York: Random. BIB: Sechzer, John Adams, Stephanie Pfaffilin, Florence Denmark, Adrianna Griffin, and Steve J. Blumenthal, eds. Women and Mental Health. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 996. REF: Sechzer, J.A., S.M. Pfaffilin, F.L. Denmark, A. Griffin, and S.J. Blumenthal, eds Women and Mental Health. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. JOURNAL ARTICLES BIB: MacKay, Christopher S. Lactantius and the Succession to Diocletian. Classical Philology 94, no. 2 (999): REF: Terborgh, James Preservation of Natural Diversity: The Problem of Extinction-Prone Species. BioScience 24: BIB: Warr, Mark and Christopher G. Ellison. Rethinking Social Reactions to Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear in Family Households. American Journal of Sociology 06, no. 3 (2000): /AJS/journal/issues/v06n3/05025/05025.html. REF: Testa, Bess, and Lance Kier Emergence and Dissolvence in the Self-Organisation of Complex Systems. Entropy 2, no. (March): MISCELLANEOUS BIB: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, : A Decade of Outreach. Evanston Public Library. Last modified November 23, REF: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, : A Decade of Outreach. Evanston Public Library. Accessed July 9. BIB: D Erasmo, Stacy. The Craft and Career of Writing. Lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, April 26, REF: D Erasmo Stacy. April 26, The Craft and Career of Writing. Lecture, Northwestern University, Evanston IL. BIB: Bellour, Raymond. Alternation, Segmentation, Hypnosis: Interview with Raymond Bellour. By Janet Bergstrom. Camera Obscura, nos 3-4 (Summer 979): REF: unneeded if personal or unpublished 6