Brought to you by the JBLM Library System APA. A Brief Guide to APA Style

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1 Brought to you by the JBLM Library System A Little Bit of APA Goes a Long Way! A Brief Guide to APA Style Examples are based on the 6 th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, the 2012 edition of the APA Style Guide to Electronic Resources and the following web site: (rev. 2/14) Quick Index: Basic Formatting: Print Sources: Online Sources: Title page p1 Book p6 Ebooks p9 Blog post p12 Abstract p2 Specific edition p6 Electronic-only book p9 Streaming video p12 First page of text p2 Editor instead of author p6 Elect.-only version of print book p9 Twitter p13 Reference list p3 No author or editor p6 Article in online encyclopedia p9 Facebook page p13 Citing sources in-text p4 Corporate author/publisher p6 Ejournal articles w/doi p10 Paraphrasing p4-5 Article or chapter in edited book p7 Ejournal articles w/o DOI p10 Long quotes p4 Article in an encyclopedia p7 Emagazine articles p10 Short quotes p4 Journal articles p7 Enewspaper articles p11 Magazine articles p7 Entire web site p11 Newspaper articles p8 Earticle on web site p11 Motion picture / Televisoin show p8 Wikis p12 Personal communications p8 Electure notes p12 TITLE PAGE - Basic formatting information for entire paper 1) use 12-pt type, 2) double-space and 3) use 1 inch margins Running head: QUIT WHINING AND START 1 Running head for publication an abbreviated title that is printed at the top of the pages of a published article to identify the article for readers. The running head should appear flush left at the top of the title page. It should not exceed 50 characters. NOTE: A running head is usually not required for student papers. Check with your instructor. Quit Whining and Start Writing Trudy Bell Page number number pages consecutively, beginning with the title page. Insert the page number at least 1 inch from right-hand edge of page. Braveheart University Title, author and institutional affiliation type the title in upper- and lowercase letters, centered between the left and right margins and positioned in the upper half of the page. If the title is two or more lines, double-space between the lines. Authors should be listed in order of their contributions using upper- and lowercase letters below the title. Include the institutional affiliation, centered under the author s name. 1

2 ABSTRACT - (an abstract may or may not be required...check with your instructor) QUIT WHINING AND START 2 Abstract Students waste an enormous amount of time whining and complaining about having to write research papers. This paper will examine the primary reasons why so many students dislike and find it so difficult to write research papers and why procrastination is so rampant within the academic environment. Several strategies for increasing enthusiasm and Abstract a brief (not longer than 120 words), but comprehensive summary of the paper. Begin the abstract with the most important information followed by 4 or 5 of the most important findings or concepts of the paper. Use the active rather than the passive voice, but do not use the personal pronouns I or we. Type the abstract as a single paragraph in block format. Do not indent the text on this page; keep it all one paragraph. Use digits (i.e., 1, 30, 15) for all numbers except those that begin a sentence. decreasing procrastination will also be offered. FIRST PAGE OF TEXT - QUIT WHINING AND START 3 Quit Whining and Start Writing Most college students are required to write several research papers during their academic career. The act of Include the title of the paper centered at the top of the page, then double-space and begin typing the paper. researching a topic develops good critical thinking and investigative skills. In addition, current research indicates that taking the information that has been collected and integrating it effectively into a paper develops good composition skills (Block & Marlow, 2010). For some students research and writing are stimulating and interesting activities while other students legitimately struggle with various aspects of completing a research paper. Still other students simply dislike doing research, writing papers, or both. According to a recent study, many students spend more 2

3 REFERENCE LIST - all sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the paper and all sources cited in the paper must be included in the References section. Basic formatting for reference list 1) References begin on a new page with heading centered, 2) the reference list is alphabetized by authors last names, and 3) the entire reference list should be double-spaced. QUIT WHINING AND START 12 References Block, J. K., & Marlow, P. (2004). What s the matter with college The first line of each reference is aligned with left margin; subsequent lines should be indented ½ inch (or five spaces). When a web page has no author, move the title to the first position. When a web page has no date, enter n.d. in parentheses. students today? Journal of College Studies, 24, doi: j.chb Martin, B. J. (2003). Why students procrastinate. The Academic Scholar, 28, Overcoming procrastination: Tips for overcoming the bane of all college students. (n.d.). Retrieved December 21, 2013, from Smith, W. P., Turner, R. E., & Anderson, P. T. (2001). Why so many term papers? Scholastic Journal, 37, Undertow, P. T. (2000). How students can write better papers. The Journal of Education, 33, White, B. (1980). Winning the term paper game. New York: NY: Plenore Press. 3

4 CITING SOURCES WITHIN THE TEXT OF A PAPER - PARAPHRASING (restating an author s words in your own words) Rule: Include the author s last name and the publication date. If no publication date is provided, use (n.d.) Examples of how to properly cite paraphrased text - 1) According to Smith (1997), many students have trouble reading 2) Turner (n.d.) urges employers to treat employees in a fair manner 3) Hooch, Brown and Wallace (2004) have indicated that several groups 4) Many degree candidates have relied heavily on financial aid (Burns & Pope, 2000). DIRECT QUOTATION (using an author s exact words) Short Quotation Rules: quotations less than 40 words long should be enclosed in quotation marks and the author s last name, publication date and page number(s) should be included. If the source is electronic (article from web site, etc.) and does not provide page numbers, an overarching heading and a paragraph number from that section can be used (see example #3): Examples of how to properly format and cite short quotations 1) Men's appetite for invasive cosmetic surgery is dropping off (Voiland, 2008, para. 5). 2) The rules of the employee recruitment game have changed (Smith & Jones, 2006, pp ). 3) According to Turner (2004, Teamwork In Action section, para. 3), when people work together great things happen. Long Quotation Rules: A quotation of 40 words or more should be displayed in a block quote and quotation marks should be omitted. The text should be displayed in a freestanding block. Start the quotation on a new line, indented ½ in. from the left margin. The author s last name, publication date and page number(s) or paragraph number(s) should be included. Doublespace the quote: Example of how to properly format and cite a block quotation According to Breeding (2008): Each page on your site should be designed from two major perspectives. Many web authors or designers just consider how the page will be viewed by end users as they navigate through a site. They will optimize the site for visual appeal, usability, and navigation. It's just as important, however, to optimize the page to maximize its findability in the search engines. (para. 6) In the case of a block quotation, the final punctuation mark goes before the parenthetical citation. 4

5 HOW TO PARAPHRASE PROPERLY AND AVOID PLAGIARIZING A SOURCE - Paraphrasing means restating an author s words in your own words while still giving the author credit for the original words. A paraphrase should be similar or slightly shorter in word count than the original text. Do not alter the meaning of the original text! Paraphrasing is your way of demonstrating an understanding of the original text, so a good way to do this is to read the original text until you understand it and then without looking back at it write down in your own words what the author has said. Restate the author s words the way you would say them if you were telling the information to someone else. Then, always include the author s last name and the publication date if it is provided. Example - Original text By far the biggest mistake people make when trying to change organizations is to plunge ahead without establishing a high enough sense of urgency in fellow managers and employees. This error is fatal because transformations always fail to achieve their objectives when complacency levels are high. Reference: Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. The text appears on page 7 of this book. Example of plagiarizing the original text: One of the biggest errors people make when implementing organizational change is to forge ahead without explaining how urgently the change is needed to other employees and managers. It s a fatal error because change in organizations won t be achieved if most employees don t care about it. This is incorrect because it uses the same basic structure as the original with some word changes and it does not credit the author. Example of how to properly paraphrase the original text: Failure to implement effective organizational change usually occurs when management and employees are not involved in the change from the ground up. Making employees aware of the importance of the change from the very beginning is paramount to its success (Kotter, 1996). 5

6 CREATING REFERENCE LIST ENTRIES PRINT SOURCES Book: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author. Publication Date: Put the date in parentheses followed by a period. Titles: 1) italicize the title and subtitle (if one is included). 2) only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Smith, L. R., & Rogers, P. T. (2007). All about Maynard: The best little town in the United States. Newbury Park, CA: Booksmith, Inc. Place of Publication: give the city, and if the city isn t well known, give the state abbreviation, followed by a colon. Publisher: provide publisher info in as brief a form as possible. Book (Specific Edition): Edition. Potter, A. C. (1995). Management principles (3 rd ed.). New York: Bainbridge Press, Inc. Book (Editors instead of authors): Place the editors names where the authors names would go and include Ed. for one editor or Eds. for two or more editors in parentheses followed by a period. Roth, R. D., & Bird, T. A. (Eds.). (1989). Turtles of the world. Newbury Park, CA: Parker Inc. Book (No author or editor): Place the title in the author position followed by the publication date. Why do we do what we do? (2001). Oxford, England: Border Press. Book (Corporate author and the author is also the publisher): Mead Corporation. (1989). Run for your life! Someone wants your job! New York: Author. The word Author indicates that Mead Corporation is both the author and publisher. 6

7 PRINT SOURCES cont d Article or chapter in an edited book: Publication Date: Put the date of the book (not the article or chapter) in parentheses followed by a period. Title of the article or chapter. Editor of the book that the article or chapter appears in. Initials first, then last name. Title of the edited book that the article or chapter appears in. Should be italicized. Author of the article or chapter. Rodman, T. A. (1992). Why ADHD is hard to treat. In B. T. Smith (Ed.), The psy- chology of happiness (pp. 2-15). New York: Bingham Pub. Provide page number(s) for the article or chapter. Article in an encyclopedia: Publication date of encyclopedia. Title of the article. Title of the encyclopedia that the article appears in. Include volume Author of the article in the encyclopedia. Smith. T. (2006). Cloning. In The new encyclopedia of technology (Vol. 2, pp ). San Francisco, CA: Brown Press. Provide page number(s) for the article or chapter and volume number for the encyclopedia, if available. Journal Articles: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author. Article Title: only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Zukerman, C. M. (2004). Road rage: Causes, prevalence and treatment. Journal of Psychology, 34(3), Journal: italicize the title and volume number, followed by the issue number in parentheses (if one is provided) and then the page numbers. Magazine Articles: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author. Publication Date: Provide the date shown on the publication month for monthlies or month and day for weeklies. Bundy, B., Smith, P., & Brown, P. R. (1999, November 23). The first person to win the lottery. Time, 133, Article Title: only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Magazine: italicize the title and volume number, followed by the page numbers. 7

8 PRINT SOURCES cont d Newspaper Articles: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author. Article Title: only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Hope, P. (2006, April 5). What happened to Harry? The Boston Times, p. 15. Publication Date: Provide the date shown on the publication. Newspaper: italicize the title and include a p. for a one page article or pp. for multiple pages. Motion Picture / Television Broadcast / Television Series / Television Series Episode: Director and/or Producer: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author 4) include the director or producer, or both. Movie Title: 1) italicize the title and subtitle (if one is included) 2) capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns 3) identify whether it is a motion picture, television broadcast, television series or television series episode in brackets after the title. Hurd, G. A. (Producer), & Cameron, J. (Writer/Director). (1986). Aliens [Motion picture]. United States: Twentieth Century Fox. Give the country of origin of the item. Provide the name of the movie studio. Personal Communications (memos, discussions, s, personal interviews, phone conversations, letters, non-published lecture notes, etc.): Examples: Do not include personal communications in the reference list. Cite in text only. (T. P. Potts, lecture, September 3, 2006) or (N. Brown, personal interview, November 4, 2003) or N. Brown claims that many students have difficulty remembering what they have read (personal interview, November 3, 2002) 8

9 ONLINE SOURCES EBooks: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author. Publication Date: Put the date in parentheses followed by a period. Titles: 1) italicize the title and subtitle (if one is included). 2) only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Smith, L. R., & Rogers, P. T. (2007). All about Maynard: The best little town in the United States. Retrieved from Include the home page of the online library (ebrary, netlibrary, etc.). You may need to use Google to find the ebook provider s home page and provide its URL. Electronic-only book: Stevens, K. (2012). The dreamer and the beast. Retrieved from Include the home page of the online library (ebrary, netlibrary, etc.). You may need to use Google to find the ebook provider s home page and provide its URL. Electronic-only version of print book: Silvia, P. J. (2007). How to write a lot: A practical guide to productive academic writing [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from Include the type of e-book version (i.e., Kindle DX, etc.) in brackets. If a DOI is not available include the URL from which you downloaded the e-book. Article in an online encyclopedia: Publication Date of the encyclopedia. Article Title: Only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Editor(s) of the encyclopedia. Title of the encyclopedia. Author of the article in the encyclopedia. Falcon, A. (2008). Aristotle on causality. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from URL for the article. 9

10 ONLINE SOURCES - cont d ejournal Articles (If DOI is provided): Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author. Article Title: only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Guadagno, R. E., Okdie, B. M., & Eno, Cassie A. (2008). Who blogs? Personality predictors of blogging. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), doi: /j.chb Digital Object identifier (DOI) - include if available. Journal: italicize the title and volume number, followed by the issue number in parentheses (if one is provided) and then the page numbers. NOTE: It is no longer necessary to include (library) database retrieval information or a retrieval date. ejournal Articles (If DOI is not provided): Kwallek, N. (2012). Ellen Swallow Richards: Visionary on home and sustainabil- ity. Phi Kappa Phi Forum, 92(2), 8+. Retrieved from Include the URL of the journal s home page. You may need to use Google to find the URL. Simply do a basic Google search for the name of the journal (e.g., Phi Kappa Phi Forum). emagazine Articles: Author: this article doesn t have an author so the citation begins with the article title. Article Title: only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Publication Date: provide the date shown on the publication month for monthlies or month and day for weeklies. A bloody day on the Rez. (2005, April 4). Newsweek. Retrieved from For articles found on the Web provide the homepage URL if the web site offers a way to search for articles within their site. This avoids URLs that eventually become nonworking. Otherwise, if a direct URL to the article is given, provide that. If the article was retrieved from a library database provide the URL of the magazine s home page. You may need to use Google to find the URL. Simply do a basic Google search for the name of the magazine (e.g., Newsweek). Magazine: italicize the title and volume number, if one is given, followed by the page numbers if available. 10

11 ONLINE SOURCES - cont d enewspaper Articles: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author. Publication Date: provide the date shown on the publication. Article Title: only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Hope, P. (2006, April 5). What happened to Harry? The New York Times. Retrieved from For articles found on the Web provide the homepage URL if the web site offers a way to search for articles within their site. This avoids URLs that eventually become nonworking. Otherwise, if a direct URL to the article is given, provide that. If the article was retrieved from a library database provide the URL of the newspaper s home page. You may need to use Google to find the URL. Simply do a basic Google search for the name of the newspaper (e.g., New York Times). Newspaper: italicize the title. Entire Web Site: The web site FunBrain offers math-oriented games and activities for students ( NOTE: It is not necessary to include a citation in the reference list. Simply give the address of the web site in the text. earticle on Web Site: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author. Publication Date: provide the date shown on the publication. Article Title: only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Stopler, M. (2007). Anorexia Nervosa. Retrieved May 1, 2008, from Include a retrieval date because the date of the most recent update or change might not be clear. 11

12 ONLINE SOURCES - cont d Wikis: Article Title: only capitalize the first word of the title (and subtitle if one is included) and any proper nouns. Publication Date: since the content is always changing a publication date should not be given - (n.d.) is used to indicate (no date). Author: Wikis can be authored or edited by anyone, so the author/editor should not be given. Hate crime. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved May 5, 2007, from Title of Wiki. Retrieval Statement: include the date of retrieval and the URL. electure Notes: Authors: 1) last name first, 2) use initials for first & middle name (if given), 3) if there are two or more authors place an ampersand (&) before the last author. Publication Date Lawrence, T. (2008). Lecture 5: Employee recruitment and selection [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from Lecture title & format: provide the format of the lecture in brackets after the title. Retrieval Statement: include the URL. NOTE: When lecture notes are only available via your instructor through course management software such as Blackboard or a student who took notes during a class, then cite the notes as you would a personal communication. Blog Post: Author of post. Date blog was posted. Title of post. Do not italicize. Raeke, D. (2009, October 13). Tough guy who chronically abused puppy gets 30 days jail [Blog post]. Retrieved from Format. Source URL. Streaming Video: Author of video. If the author s name isn t available use their screen name. Date video was posted. Title of video. Format. Walden, R. (2007, October 30). How to get started with blogger.com [Video file]. Re- trieved from Source URL. 12

13 ONLINE SOURCES - cont d Twitter update (tweet): Author of tweet: Give the user s actual name, if known, followed by the screen name in brackets. If the person s real name isn t known then provide the screen name without brackets. Date tweet was posted. Include entire twitter post. Obama, B. [BarackObama]. (2009, July 15). Launched American Graduation Initiative to help additional 5 mill. Americans graduate college by 2020: gctx7 [Tweet]. Retrieved from Include format type in brackets. Source URL. Facebook page: Author. If it s an individual author, provide name in standard format (full last name, initials for first and middle). Then provide the full first name in brackets Date. If you only have an approximate date use ca. (for circa) followed by the year inside brackets. Title of page followed by item type in brackets. Federal Emergency Management Agency. [ca. 2011]. Fire safety [Facebook page]. Retrieved June 22, 2011, from Source URL. QUESTIONS? Contact Cindy Spano, reference librarian at JBLM LIBRARIES cindy.spano@us.af.mil ph: